<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ssT5jRPjgY7dddJ6DrTs9yF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000900502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Na Era da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca, Ainda Existem Pacientes Portadores de Angina Refrat&#225;ria &#8220;Sem Op&#231;&#227;o&#8221;?: Um Relato de Caso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3546-4166</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Oliveira Cascaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jord&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Paix&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assump&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Regina Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Luciana Oliveira Cascaes Dourado &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Unidade de Coronariopatia Cr&#244;nica, andar AB. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>luciana.dourado@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>9</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230007</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca baseada em exerc&#237;cios, um tratamento adjuvante eficaz e seguro recomendado para pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, &#233; pouco aplicada em pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria (AR) devido a dificuldades relacionadas &#224; seguran&#231;a, prescri&#231;&#227;o do treinamento e o seu manejo cl&#237;nico. Este relato de caso apresenta um paciente &#8220;sem op&#231;&#227;o&#8221; com AR, inclu&#237;do em um programa de exerc&#237;cios de 12 semanas de dura&#231;&#227;o, composto de 40 minutos de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em esteira por sess&#227;o, tr&#234;s vezes por semana, e intensidade prescrita entre limiares isqu&#234;micos/anginosos e limiar ventilat&#243;rio 1, conforme obtidos no teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar; angina leve a moderada foi permitida durante o treinamento. Al&#233;m disso, foram realizados 15 minutos de treinamento de resist&#234;ncia de intensidade moderada (exerc&#237;cios de grandes grupos musculares, duas s&#233;ries de 8 a 12 repeti&#231;&#245;es). Ao final do protocolo, o paciente apresentou melhora importante no desempenho funcional (VO <sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo de 17,0 ml/kg/min para 27,3 ml/kg/min), limiar anginoso (FC de 68 bpm para 95 bpm) e na intensidade da dor tor&#225;cica (n&#237;vel 7 para 5) sem eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos durante o per&#237;odo. A reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca baseada em exerc&#237;cios se mostrou segura, mesmo na ocorr&#234;ncia de angina/isquemia durante o treinamento, de acordo com a tolerabilidade aos sintomas e outros sinais cl&#237;nicos de alerta.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A angina refrat&#225;ria (AR) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica caracterizada por angina debilitante n&#227;o controlada pela combina&#231;&#227;o de tratamentos m&#233;dicos em pacientes n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, seja por doen&#231;a coronariana difusa, ou por alto risco de complica&#231;&#245;es, ou mesmo aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana epic&#225;rdica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses pacientes, referidos como &#8220;sem op&#231;&#227;o&#8221;, frequentemente apresentam m&#225; qualidade de vida e depress&#227;o, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e seu tratamento passa a ser um desafio. Muitos tratamentos alternativos, alguns experimentais, foram propostos e os resultados s&#227;o vari&#225;veis na melhora dos sintomas e da qualidade de vida. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca baseada em exerc&#237;cios (RCE), um tratamento adjuvante eficaz e seguro recomendado para pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> tem sido pouco aplicada em pacientes com AR <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> devido ao receio da ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos durante o treinamento f&#237;sico, uma vez que esses pacientes apresentam baixo limiar isqu&#234;mico, tornando a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios particularmente desafiadora. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Aqui, apresentamos o caso de um paciente com AR considerado &#8220;sem op&#231;&#227;o&#8221;, inclu&#237;do em um protocolo cl&#237;nico de RCE para pacientes com AR. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa (CAAE: 24308213.7.0000.0068), enviado e aprovado em Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos (NCT03218891). As investiga&#231;&#245;es seguiram a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. O paciente deu seu consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 52 anos, apresentava DAC est&#225;vel com angina progressiva debilitante de limiar vari&#225;vel, ocorrendo em repouso uma vez por semana, com necessidade de uso de nitrato sublingual, e em atividades cotidianas, apesar de terapia medicamentosa otimizada incluindo aspirina, 80 mg de atorvastatina, 10mg de Ezetimibe, 25 mg de Atenolol duas vezes ao dia, 5 mg de Amlodipina duas vezes ao dia, 20 mg de Mononitrato de isossorbida duas vezes ao dia e 35 mg de Trimetazidina duas vezes ao dia. O paciente apresentava o diagn&#243;stico de hipercolesterolemia familiar e, h&#225; seis anos, foi submetido &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) associada &#224; terapia celular ou placebo em um ensaio cl&#237;nico projetado para pacientes com angina e DAC difusa, em que o territ&#243;rio coronariano foi considerado desfavor&#225;vel &#224; CRM convencional. Persistiu assintom&#225;tico por dois anos ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o quando voltou a apresentar angina. Na ocasi&#227;o, foi realizada cineangiocoronariografia ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ), evidenciando enxertos p&#233;rvios e DAC multiarterial difusa. O exame cl&#237;nico revelou aus&#234;ncia de anormalidades ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ) e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) de 27,6 kg/m <sup>2</sup> . Os achados laboratoriais s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Foi realizado ecocardiograma de esfor&#231;o, demonstrando fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal e isquemia dos segmentos &#226;ntero-apical e septal-apical.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Angiografia coron&#225;ria demonstrando doen&#231;a arterial coronariana difusa em paciente com angina refrat&#225;ria. LCx: ramo circunflexo esquerdo; TCE: tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda; ADA: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; EVS: enxerto de veia safena; ADP: art&#233;ria descendente posterior; Dglis: ramus diagonalis; Dg: ramo diagonal; AMID: art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna direita; AMIE: art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna esquerda.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230007-30007-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e final do programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca baseado em exerc&#237;cios de 12 semanas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Dados do paciente</th>
                  <th>Inicial</th>
                  <th>Final</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Achados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">110</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">85</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CA (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">95</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,6</td>
                  <td align="center">81,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Achados laboratoriais</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,7</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose em jejum (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">99</td>
                  <td align="center">97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina glicosilada (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">101</td>
                  <td align="center">93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">95</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Achados do TECP</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carga de trabalho m&#225;xima (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (L/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (mL/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,0</td>
                  <td align="center">27,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC LT1 (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                  <td align="center">81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulso de O <sub>2</sub> (mL/batimento)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,1</td>
                  <td align="center">18,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Limiar de angina (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da angina (escala)</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; TECP: teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar; LV1: limiar ventilat&#243;rio 1.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O paciente foi encaminhado para RCE em um hospital terci&#225;rio com experi&#234;ncia em AR. Foi realizado teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP) inicial em esteira (2,5 mph + 2% a cada minuto) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ) e n&#227;o foram encontradas anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas durante o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>O programa de RCE foi realizado em um centro de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular de um hospital terci&#225;rio, dentro de uma sala de treinamento com temperatura controlada, equipada com bicicletas, esteiras, aparelhos de muscula&#231;&#227;o, pesos livres, colchonetes, bolas e faixas, contando tamb&#233;m com o aux&#237;lio de profissionais de reabilita&#231;&#227;o qualificados (m&#233;dico, profissional da educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, fisioterapeuta).</p>
        <p>A RCE incluiu 36 sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios, ao longo de 12 semanas (tr&#234;s vezes por semana). As sess&#245;es consistiam em um total de 40 minutos de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos: 5 minutos de aquecimento, 30 minutos de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico cont&#237;nuo em esteira &#224; FC prescrita entre o limiar isqu&#234;mico/anginoso e o limiar ventilat&#243;rio 1 (LV1) obtido no TECP, correspondendo a uma FC entre 68 a 75 bpm, e 5 minutos de desaquecimento. O exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo foi recomendado; no entanto, breves interrup&#231;&#245;es ou redu&#231;&#245;es na intensidade foram permitidas caso o paciente apresentasse angina moderada. O exerc&#237;cio era reiniciado ao desaparecerem os sintomas. O paciente foi continuamente monitorado por telemetria. Cinco miligramas de dinitrato de isossorbida sublingual eram administradas conforme necess&#225;rio. Ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico, foram realizados 15 minutos de exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia de grandes grupos musculares (duas s&#233;ries de 8 a 12 repeti&#231;&#245;es) a 65% da carga m&#225;xima por repeti&#231;&#227;o, medida pela escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de resist&#234;ncia OMINI (4 a 6 n&#237;veis). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O paciente foi instru&#237;do a expirar durante a fase conc&#234;ntrica, inspirar durante a fase exc&#234;ntrica e evitar a manobra de Valsalva.</p>
        <p>Uma escala visual num&#233;rica de dor <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> foi adotada e utilizada para determinar a interrup&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio ou reduzir sua intensidade. A escala foi graduada de 0 (sem dor) a 10 (dor intensa). A dor avaliada at&#233; 3 (leve a moderada) foi considerada o n&#237;vel m&#225;ximo de tolerabilidade permitido para o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico cont&#237;nuo. Quando a dor atingia intensidade superior a 3 (moderada), o exerc&#237;cio era interrompido ou sua intensidade era diminu&#237;da. A press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi medida antes, durante e ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> demonstra o protocolo de RCE, assim como o monitoramento e os cuidados com a angina.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pontos de verifica&#231;&#227;o para uma reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca segura baseada em exerc&#237;cios em pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria. RPT: repeti&#231;&#245;es; 1- RM: carga m&#225;xima para uma repeti&#231;&#227;o; LV1: limiar ventilat&#243;rio 1; PA: press&#227;o arterial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230007-30007-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ao longo do programa de RCE de 12 semanas, o paciente completou 28 (78% de ades&#227;o) sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios. Apesar da prescri&#231;&#227;o, a FC m&#233;dia do treinamento aer&#243;bico foi de 81 bpm, j&#225; que o paciente tolerou uma maior intensidade de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico. A intensidade inicial da esteira foi fixada na velocidade de 3,0 km/h com 1% de inclina&#231;&#227;o, evoluindo para 4,5 km/h com 2% de inclina&#231;&#227;o ao final do programa. O paciente apresentou angina em 12 sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios (sete epis&#243;dios no primeiro m&#234;s, quatro no segundo e um no terceiro) graduada de 2 a 4, com FC m&#233;dia de 77 bpm, sem necessidade de uso de nitratos sublinguais nem interrup&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios. A PA m&#233;dia foi de 105/70 mmHg no in&#237;cio, 120/70 mmHg durante e 125/70 mmHg ao final da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do programa de exerc&#237;cios, embora seu tratamento farmacol&#243;gico permaneceu inalterado, seus sintomas foram significativamente reduzidos, apresentando apenas um epis&#243;dio de angina em repouso nas &#250;ltimas quatro semanas e sem angina durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de suas atividades. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o nos par&#226;metros do exame cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>O TECP final revelou aumento de 60% do VO <sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo, aumento de 27bpm do limiar de angina e diminui&#231;&#227;o da intensidade da angina de 7 para 5. N&#227;o foram observadas anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas durante o teste de esfor&#231;o.</p>
        <p>O paciente continuou praticando exerc&#237;cios tr&#234;s vezes por semana durante os dois anos seguintes ao t&#233;rmino do programa hospitalar, com melhora progressiva dos sintomas e da qualidade de vida.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Uma importante melhora cl&#237;nica de um paciente com AR considerado &#8220;sem op&#231;&#227;o&#8221; foi relatada ap&#243;s um programa individualizado de RCE de 12 semanas, executado com seguran&#231;a, apesar do treinamento de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos ter sido realizado acima do limiar de isquemia/angina obtido no TECP, o que refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia dessa parte adjuvante, mas essencial, do manejo cl&#237;nico desses pacientes.</p>
      <p>A RCE, embora recomendada em algumas diretrizes, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> raramente &#233; aplicada em pacientes com AR devido &#224;s poucas evid&#234;ncias de seguran&#231;a, efic&#225;cia e peculiaridades quanto &#224; sua aplica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica. Ela foi estudada nessa popula&#231;&#227;o pela primeira vez por Asbury et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> demonstrando melhora na dura&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Progressive Shuttle Walking Test</italic> , ansiedade e percep&#231;&#227;o de angina em um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o de oito semanas. Mais recentemente, Montenegro et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram a seguran&#231;a do exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com AR, j&#225; que uma sess&#227;o aer&#243;bica de 40 minutos, mesmo na presen&#231;a de angina, n&#227;o aumentou a troponina-us e, portanto, n&#227;o provocou les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>Da mesma forma, Corre et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> relataram o caso de um paciente com AR que treinou com base em um protocolo de 20 sess&#245;es com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos intervalados de alta intensidade, incluindo isquemia intermitente, e apresentou melhora importante dos sintomas anginosos e do limiar isqu&#234;mico. Tal estrat&#233;gia demonstrou ser segura previamente <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> em 11 pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>Vale ressaltar que os epis&#243;dios de angina durante o treinamento f&#237;sico, quando ocorridos, foram a uma FC superior ao limiar de angina do TECP. Essa diferen&#231;a pode ser justificada, em parte, pelas diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es impostas a um teste de exerc&#237;cio em laborat&#243;rio e a um treinamento da vida real, como o incremento progressivo de carga que ocorre no TECP, somado &#224; aus&#234;ncia de per&#237;odos de aquecimento e desaquecimento do teste. Assim, a FC do limiar de angina do TECP &#233; uma vari&#225;vel importante para orientar a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos, mas n&#227;o uma limita&#231;&#227;o para o treinamento na vida real.</p>
      <p>Portanto, a RCE se mostrou uma estrat&#233;gia de tratamento segura e eficaz para este paciente com AR, apesar da ocorr&#234;ncia de angina/isquemia durante o treinamento, respeitando a tolerabilidade do paciente aos sintomas e outros sinais cl&#237;nicos de alerta. &#201; importante ressaltar que pacientes com AR apresentam caracter&#237;sticas de alto risco para eventos induzidos pelo exerc&#237;cio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Dessa forma, as condi&#231;&#245;es apresentadas anteriormente, como estabilidade cl&#237;nica, determina&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos individuais (limiar de angina e n&#237;vel de tolerabilidade &#224; angina) para a prescri&#231;&#227;o e orienta&#231;&#227;o do treinamento, al&#233;m da realiza&#231;&#227;o de RCE de forma supervisionada e em ambiente hospitalar, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para a inclus&#227;o desses pacientes em programas de RCE.</p>
      <p>Dadas as evid&#234;ncias atuais, &#233; importante come&#231;armos a considerar a RCE como parte integrante do tratamento desses pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, estudos maiores e randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para refor&#231;ar essa indica&#231;&#227;o por meio de mais evid&#234;ncias de alta qualidade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Jolicoeur EM, Cartier R, Henry TD, Barsness GW, Bourassa MG, McGillion M, L&#8217;Allier PL. Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Unsuitable for Revascularization: Definition, General Principles, and a Classification. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28(2 Suppl):S50-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.10.015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jolicoeur</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cartier</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henry</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barsness</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bourassa</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGillion</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#8217;Allier</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Unsuitable for Revascularization: Definition, General Principles, and a Classification</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>S50</fpage>
          <lpage>S59</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cjca.2011.10.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Geovanini GR, Gowdak LHW, Pereira AC, Danzi-Soares NJ, Dourado LOC, Poppi NT, et al. OSA and Depression are Common and Independently Associated with Refractory Angina in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Chest. 2014;146(1):73-80. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-2885.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geovanini</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LHW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danzi-Soares</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dourado</surname>
              <given-names>LOC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poppi</surname>
              <given-names>NT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>OSA and Depression are Common and Independently Associated with Refractory Angina in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1378/chest.13-2885</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Gallone G, Baldetti L, Tzanis G, Gramegna M, Latib A, Colombo A, et al. Refractory Angina: From Pathophysiology to New Therapeutic Nonpharmacological Technologies. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13(1):1-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2019.08.055.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gallone</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldetti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tzanis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gramegna</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latib</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colombo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Refractory Angina: From Pathophysiology to New Therapeutic Nonpharmacological Technologies</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2019.08.055</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Carvalho T, Milani M, Ferraz AS, Silveira ADD, Herdy AH, Hossri CAC, et al. Brazilian Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Guideline - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(5):943-87. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200407.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferraz</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silveira</surname>
              <given-names>ADD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herdy</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hossri</surname>
              <given-names>CAC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Guideline - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>943</fpage>
          <lpage>987</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200407.</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Knuuti</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wijns</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saraste</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capodanno</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbato</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Funck-Brentano</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>407</fpage>
          <lpage>477</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Asbury EA, Webb CM, Probert H, Wright C, Barbir M, Fox K, et al. Cardiac Rehabilitation to Improve Physical Functioning in Refractory Angina: A Pilot Study. Cardiology. 2012;122(3):170-7. doi: 10.1159/000339224.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Asbury</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Probert</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wright</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbir</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fox</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Rehabilitation to Improve Physical Functioning in Refractory Angina: A Pilot Study</article-title>
          <source>Cardiology</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>170</fpage>
          <lpage>177</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000339224</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Montenegro CGSP, Dourado LOC, Jord&#227;o CP, Vieira MLC, Assump&#231;&#227;o CRA, Gowdak LHW, et al. Does Myocardial Injury Occur after an Acute Aerobic Exercise Session in Patients with Refractory Angina? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;119(5):747-53. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210564.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Montenegro</surname>
              <given-names>CGSP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dourado</surname>
              <given-names>LOC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jord&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>MLC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assump&#231;&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>CRA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LHW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Does Myocardial Injury Occur after an Acute Aerobic Exercise Session in Patients with Refractory Angina?</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>747</fpage>
          <lpage>753</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210564</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Carvalho T, Milani M, Ferraz AS, Silveira ADD, Herdy AH, Hossri CAC, et al. Brazilian Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Guideline - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(5):943-87. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200407.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferraz</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silveira</surname>
              <given-names>ADD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herdy</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hossri</surname>
              <given-names>CAC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Guideline - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>943</fpage>
          <lpage>987</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200407.</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Robertson RJ, Goss FL, Rutkowski J, Lenz B, Dixon C, Timmer J, et al. Concurrent Validation of the OMNI Perceived Exertion Scale for Resistance Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(2):333-41. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000048831.15016.2A.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Robertson</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goss</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rutkowski</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lenz</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dixon</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Timmer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Concurrent Validation of the OMNI Perceived Exertion Scale for Resistance Exercise</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>333</fpage>
          <lpage>341</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1249/01.MSS.0000048831.15016.2A</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Corre J, Douard H, Ronchard T. Cardiac Rehabilitation with Intermittent Myocardial Ischaemia as a New Therapeutic Option in Refractory Angina? ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8(3):2316-19. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13335.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Corre</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douard</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ronchard</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Rehabilitation with Intermittent Myocardial Ischaemia as a New Therapeutic Option in Refractory Angina?</article-title>
          <source>ESC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>2316</fpage>
          <lpage>2319</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ehf2.13335</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. No&#235;l M, Jobin J, Marcoux A, Poirier P, Dagenais GR, Bogaty P. Can Prolonged Exercise-Induced Myocardial Ischaemia be Innocuous? Eur Heart J. 2007;28(13):1559-65. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm152.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>No&#235;l</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jobin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcoux</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poirier</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dagenais</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bogaty</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Can Prolonged Exercise-Induced Myocardial Ischaemia be Innocuous?</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1559</fpage>
          <lpage>1565</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehm152</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, B&#228;ck M, B&#246;rjesson M, Caselli S, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines on Sports Cardiology and Exercise in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(1):17-96. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa605.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pelliccia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gati</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#228;ck</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;rjesson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caselli</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2020 ESC Guidelines on Sports Cardiology and Exercise in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>96</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa605</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 20308213.7.0000.0068. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>In the Cardiac Rehabilitation Era, is There a &#8220;No-Option&#8221; Refractory Angina Patient?: A Case Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3546-4166</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Oliveira Cascaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jord&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Paix&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assump&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Regina Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Luciana Oliveira Cascaes Dourado &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Unidade de Coronariopatia Cr&#244;nica, andar AB. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: luciana.dourado@incor.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation, an effective and safe adjuvant treatment recommended to patients with coronary artery disease, is scarcely applied to patients with refractory angina (RA) due to difficulties related to safety, trainning prescription and their clinical management. This case report presents an instance of a &#8220;no-option&#8221; patient with RA, who was included in a 12-week exercise program, in sessions consisted of 40 minutes of treadmill aerobic exercise, three times a week, and intensity prescribed between ischemic/angina threshold and ventilatory threshold 1, obtained in the cardiopulmonary exercise test; mild to moderate angina was allowed during training. Furthermore, 15 minutes of moderate-intensity resistance training (large group muscle exercises, two sets of 8 to 12 repetitions) was performed. At the end of the protocol, the patient presented an important improvement in functional performance (VO <sub>2</sub> peak 17.0 ml/kg/min to 27.3 ml/kg/min), angina threshold (HR 68 bpm to 95 bpm), and intensity chest pain (levels 7 to 5) with no clinical adverse events during the period. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation was safe, even in the occurrence of angina/ischemia during training, according to tolerability to symptoms and other warning clinical signs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Refractory angina (RA) is a chronic condition characterized by debilitating angina that is not controlled by the combination of medical treatment in patients not suitable to coronary revascularization either by a diffuse coronary disease, or high risk of complications, or even absence of epicardial coronary disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These patients, treated as &#8220;no-option,&#8221; frequently present a poor quality of life and depression, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and their treatment is a challenge. Many alternative treatments, some experimental, have been proposed, and the results are variable in improving symptoms and quality of life. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (ECR), an effective and safe adjuvant treatment recommended to patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> has been scarcely applied to RA patients <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> by fear of adverse events during physical training since these patients present low ischemic threshold, making the prescription of exercises a challenge. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We present a case of a patient with RA considered as a &#8220;no-option,&#8221; included in a clinical protocol of ECR in patients with RA. The study was approved by the ethics and research committee (CAAE: 24308213.7.0000.0068), submitted to and approved in Clinical Trials (NCT03218891). Investigations followed the Declaration of Helsinki. The patient provided written informed consent.</p>
        <sec sec-type="cases">
          <title>Case presentation</title>
          <p>A 52-year-old male patient presented a stable CAD with debilitating progressive angina with variable threshold, occurring at rest once a week, with the need of sublingual nitrate use, and at ordinary activities, despite optimal medical therapy including Aspirin, Atorvastatin 80 mg, Ezetimibe 10mg, Atenolol 25 mg bid, Amlodipine 5 mg bid, Isosorbide mononitrate 20 mg bid, and Trimetazidine 35 mg bid. The patient had the diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia, and he was submitted six years ago to a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) associated with cellular therapy or placebo in a clinical trial designed for patients with angina and diffuse CAD, in which a coronary territory was considered unfavorable to conventional CABG. He persisted asymptomatic for two years after the intervention when presented angina again. At that time, a coronary angiography ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ) was performed, showing previous grafts and diffuse multivessel CAD. Clinical examination revealed no abnormalities ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ) and a body mass index (BMI) of 27.6 kg/m <sup>2</sup> . Laboratory findings are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . An exercise echocardiogram was performed, demonstrating a normal ejection fraction and ischemia of anteroapical and septal apical segments.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Coronary angiography demonstrating diffuse coronary artery disease in a patient with refractory angina. LCx: left circumflex branch; TLMCA: left main coronary artery; SVG: saphenous vein graft; PDA: posterior descending artery; Dglis: ramus diagonalis; Dg: diagonal branch; RIMA: right internal mammary artery.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230007-30007-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patient evolution from initial evaluation to the end of the 12-week exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Patient data</th>
                    <th>Initial</th>
                    <th>Final</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Clinical findings</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">120</td>
                    <td align="center">110</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">85</td>
                    <td align="center">78</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">51</td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AC (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">95</td>
                    <td align="center">96</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">81.6</td>
                    <td align="center">81.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Laboratory findings</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.7</td>
                    <td align="center">15.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fasting glucose (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">99</td>
                    <td align="center">97</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glycosylated hemoglobin (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.5</td>
                    <td align="center">5.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">101</td>
                    <td align="center">93</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">43</td>
                    <td align="center">39</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglicerides (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">95</td>
                    <td align="center">79</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>CPET findings</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maximal workload (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VO <sub>2</sub> peak (L/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3</td>
                    <td align="center">2,2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VO <sub>2</sub> peak (mL/kg/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.0</td>
                    <td align="center">27.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VT1 HR (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">75</td>
                    <td align="center">81</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>O <sub>2</sub> pulse (mL/beat)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.1</td>
                    <td align="center">18.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angina threshold (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">68</td>
                    <td align="center">95</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angina grading (scale)</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; AC: abdominal circumference; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; VT1: ventilatory threshold 1.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The patient was referred to ECR at a tertiary hospital with experience in RA. An initial cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a treadmill (2.5 mph + 2% each minute) was performed ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ), and no electrocardiographic abnormalities were found during the exercise.</p>
          <p>The ECR program was performed in a tertiary hospital cardiovascular rehabilitation center, inside a temperature-controlled training room equipped with cycles, treadmills, strength exercise equipment, free weights, mats, balls, and bands, also assisted by qualified rehabilitation professionals (physician, physical education professionals, physiotherapist).</p>
          <p>ECR included 36 exercise sessions, along 12 weeks (three times a week). Sessions consisted of a total of 40 minutes of aerobic exercises: 5 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of continuous aerobic exercise on a motorized treadmill at HR prescribed between ischemic/angina threshold and ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) obtained in the CPET, corresponding to HR between 68 to 75 bpm, and 5 minutes of cool-down. Continuous exercise was recommended; however, brief interruptions or reductions in intensity were allowed if the patient experienced moderate angina. The exercise was restarted when the symptoms were no longer observed. The patients were continuously monitored by telemetry. A 5 mg of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate was administered as needed. After aerobic exercising, 15 minutes of large muscle groups resistance exercises were performed, on 65% 1-repetition maximum (two sets of 8 to 12 repetitions) measured from OMINI resistance perception scale (4 to 6 levels). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Subjects were instructed to exhale during the concentric phase, inhale during the eccentric phase, and not perform the Valsalva maneuver.</p>
          <p>A visual numeric pain scale <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> was adopted and used either to determine exercise interruption or to reduce its intensity. The scale was graded from 0 (no pain) to 10 (severe pain). Pain rated up to 3 (mild to moderate) was considered the top tolerability level allowed for continuing aerobic exercise. When the pain reached intensity levels higher than 3 (moderate), exercise was interrupted, or its intensity was reduced. Blood pressure (BP) was measured before, during, and after exercise sessions. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> demonstrates the CR protocol, as well as angina monitoring and care.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Checkpoints to a safe exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with refractory angina. RPT: repetitions; 1- RM: one-repetition maximum; VT1: ventilatory threshold 1; BP: blood pressure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230007-30007-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Along the 12-week ECR program, the patient completed 28 (78% adherence) exercise sessions. Despite the prescription, mean aerobic training HR was 81 bpm, since the patient tolerated higher aerobic exercise intensity. Initial treadmill intensity was set at a speed of 3.0 km/h with 1% incline, progressing to 4.5 km/h with 2% at the end of the program. He presented angina in 12 exercise sessions (seven episodes in the first month, four in the second, and one in the third month) graded 2 to 4, at 77 bpm mean HR, with no need for sublingual nitrates nor exercise interruption. Mean BP was 105/70 mmHg at the beginning of the exercise session, 120/70 mmHg in the middle, and 125/70 mmHg at the end.</p>
          <p>On completion of the exercise program, while his pharmacologic treatment was unchanged, his symptoms were significantly reduced, presenting only one episode of angina at rest in the last four weeks and no angina while performing his activities. There was no change in clinical examination parameters.</p>
          <p>The final CPET revealed a 60% VO <sub>2</sub> peak increase, a 27-bpm angina threshold increase, and a decrease of the angina intensity from 7 to 5. There were no electrocardiographic abnormalities during exercise testing.</p>
          <p>Patient continued exercising three times a week for the next two years after the end of the in-hospital program, with progressive improvement in symptoms and quality of life.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>We reported an important clinical improvement of a patient with RA considered &#8220;no-option&#8221; after a 12-week individualized ECR program safely executed, despite aerobic exercise training had been performed above the ischemic/angina threshold obtained in CPT, reinforcing the significance of this adjuvant but essential part of clinical management of these patients.</p>
        <p>ECR, although recommended in some guidelines, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> is rarely applied to RA patients due to little evidence of safety, efficacy, and peculiarities to &#8220;the way to do it.&#8221; It was studied in this population for the first time by Asbury et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> demonstrating an improvement in <italic>Progressive Shuttle Walking Test</italic> duration, anxiety, and angina perception in an eight-week rehabilitation program. Montenegro et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> recently also showed the safety of exercising RA patients, since a 40-minute aerobic session, even in the presence of angina, did not increase us-troponin, therefore, did not provoke myocardial injury.</p>
        <p>In the same way, Corre et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> reported a case of a patient with RA who trained based on a 20-session protocol with high-intensity aerobic interval exercise, including intermittent ischemia, and presented an important improvement in angina symptoms and ischemic threshold. Such a strategy had been demonstrated to be safe previously <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> in 11 patients with ischemic heart disease.</p>
        <p>Noteworthy, angina episodes during exercise training, when occurred, were at higher HR than the CPET angina threshold. This difference can be justified, in part, by different conditions imposed on a laboratory test and real-life training, such as the progressive load increment that occurs in CPET, added to the absence of warm-up and cool down-periods in the test. Thus, the CPET angina threshold HR is an important variable to guide the aerobic exercise prescription but not a limitation to real-life training.</p>
        <p>Therefore, ECR was a safe and effective treatment strategy for this patient with RA, despite the occurrence of angina/ischemia during training, respecting the patient&#8217;s tolerability to symptoms and other warning clinical signs. It is important to remark that, as patients with RA present high-risk features for exercise-induced adverse cardiac events. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Therefore, conditions presented previously as clinical stability, determination of individual clinical parameters (angina threshold and angina level tolerability) to prescribe and guide trainning, as well as supervised and monitored in-hospital ECR are necessary for introducing these patients to exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programs.</p>
        <p>Given the current evidence, it is important to begin considering ECR as part of the treatment of these patients. Furthermore, larger and randomized studies are needed to reinforce this indication through more high-quality evidence.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP under the protocol number 20308213.7.0000.0068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
