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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YB3Bh6T3trkKYsG6yqHwzjs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000900303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escores de Risco Cardiovascular entre Adultos Assintom&#225;ticos com Hemofilia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9025-0289</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camelo</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Mesquita</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3161-5684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caram-Deelder</surname>
            <given-names>Camila</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7930-3316</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Pontes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4270-0545</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia Carolina Braga de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3048-4408</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Neuza Cavalcanti de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5556-6122</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Iris Maciel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6950-2015</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Maria Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1957-4122</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gouw</surname>
            <given-names>Samantha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3083-7093</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Suely Meireles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9095-2475</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bom</surname>
            <given-names>Johanna van der</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">HEMOPE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Pernambuco (HEMOPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Clinical Epidemiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Leiden University Medical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Leiden</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="NL">Pa&#237;ses Baixos</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden &#8211; Pa&#237;ses Baixos</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Sanquin</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">LUMC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Leiden</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="NL">Pa&#237;ses Baixos</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/LUMC, Leiden &#8211; Pa&#237;ses Baixos</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Enfermagem Nossa Senhora das Gra&#231;as</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Enfermagem Nossa Senhora das Gra&#231;as, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pediatric Hematology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Emma Children&#8217;s Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Amsterdam</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Amsterd&#227;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="NL">Pa&#237;ses Baixos</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pediatric Hematology, Emma Children&#8217;s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam,Amsterd&#227; &#8211; Pa&#237;ses Baixos</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Mesquita Camelo &#8226; Rua Lorena, 1020-101. CEP 30730-170, Padre Eust&#225;quio, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rmcamelo@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230004</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Figura Central</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <caption>
              <title>: Escores de Risco Cardiovascular entre Adultos Assintom&#225;ticos com Hemofilia</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Desde o desenvolvimento de produtos mais eficazes e seguros para tratar o tratamento da hemofilia, as pessoas que vivem com a doen&#231;a est&#227;o vivendo mais. Al&#233;m disso, esses indiv&#237;duos passaram a desenvolver doen&#231;as cardiovasculares caracter&#237;sticas do envelhecimento. Propomos que hematologistas e outros profissionais de sa&#250;de que cuidam de indiv&#237;duos com hemofilia realizem avalia&#231;&#245;es regulares e formais dos fatores de risco cardiovascular nesses pacientes e, quando presentes, recomendamos que tais condi&#231;&#245;es sejam tratadas de acordo com protocolos estabelecidos. Quando necess&#225;rio, os pacientes devem ser encaminhados para um especialista. (PCER, Pooled Cohort Equations Risk)</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/YB3Bh6T3trkKYsG6yqHwzjs/e137a933b8acaa0558b4355c9df9fddc59877d0a.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/YB3Bh6T3trkKYsG6yqHwzjs/66d422d5891a98a94859e5e368a45ea6af3c9d4f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/YB3Bh6T3trkKYsG6yqHwzjs/9fe80a7bc300f639b879e8d2c0b0e9e3ca486478.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A taxa de mortalidade de pessoas com hemofilia (PCH) no Brasil est&#225; diminuindo, mas a incid&#234;ncia relativa de mortes associadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) tem aumentado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Nosso objetivo foi descrever o escore de risco de DCV de PCHs de acordo com a ferramenta <italic>Pooled Cohort Equations Risk</italic> (PCER) <italic>Calculator</italic> e suas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, foram comparadas as estimativas da PCER com o respectivo escore de risco de Framingham (FRS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo transversal incluiu PCHs do sexo masculino, com idade igual ou superior a 40 anos, tratados no Centro de Tratamento Integral de Hemofilia de Pernambuco (Recife/Brasil). PCHs com um evento cardiovascular pr&#233;vio ou colesterol lip&#237;dico de baixa densidade &#8805; 5,0 mmol/L foram exclu&#237;das. Entrevistas, revis&#245;es de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e exames de sangue foram realizados. A ferramenta PCER foi utilizada para estimar o risco de DCV e compar&#225;-lo com o respectivo FRS. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Trinta PCHs foram inclu&#237;das. A idade mediana foi de 51,5 [intervalo interquartil-IIQ; 46,0-59,5] anos. A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesterolemia e hipoHDLemia foi de 20%, 67%, 24%, 14%, 47% e 23%, respectivamente. O escore mediano da PCER foi de 6,9% [IIQ; 3,1-13,2], com 50% de alto risco (PCER &#8805; 7,5%). O uso de estatina foi sugerido para 54% das PCHs. A press&#227;o arterial estava mal controlada em 47% das PCHs. A concord&#226;ncia entre PCER e FRS foi de 80% (&#954; = 0,60; p = 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Metade dos homens com hemofilia, com 40 anos de idade ou mais, teve um alto risco de desenvolver DCV em 10 anos, com fortes recomenda&#231;&#245;es para melhorar o controle da dislipidemia e da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hemofilia A</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemofilia B</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco de Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hemofilia &#233; um dist&#250;rbio hemorr&#225;gico raro heredit&#225;rio ligado ao cromossomo X, caracterizado pela redu&#231;&#227;o ou aus&#234;ncia da atividade do fator de coagula&#231;&#227;o VIII (na hemofilia A) ou do fator IX (na hemofilia B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em 2020, havia 209.614 pessoas com hemofilia (PCH) em todo o mundo, das quais 165.379 tinham hemofilia A, 33.076 tinham hemofilia B e os 11.159 restantes tinham um tipo desconhecido de hemofilia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais comum da doen&#231;a &#233; a hemorragia espont&#226;nea, principalmente nas articula&#231;&#245;es, mas tamb&#233;m em outros locais (por exemplo, epistaxe ou sist&#234;mica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Portanto, a hemofilia &#233; considerada uma doen&#231;a potencialmente grave por causa de suas morbidades e mortalidade.</p>
      <p>A terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de fator proporcionou um aumento na expectativa de vida das PCHs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Sendo assim, PCHs est&#227;o vivendo mais e a incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares (por exemplo, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico) tem aumentado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>De acordo com diretrizes internacionais, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) devem ser tratadas com medicamentos antitromb&#243;ticos durante o evento agudo e para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o existem estudos controlados randomizados sobre o tratamento ideal das DCVs entre PCHs. Os m&#233;dicos podem basear seus tratamentos em opini&#245;es de especialistas, equilibrando os riscos de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos (evitando ou reduzindo a profilaxia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de fator e/ou prescrevendo medicamentos antitromb&#243;ticos) e coagula&#231;&#227;o (prescrevendo profilaxia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de fator e/ou evitando medicamentos antitromb&#243;ticos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Identificar e tratar fatores de risco de DCVs para preveni-las pode representar um desafio menor do que tratar um evento de DCV j&#225; instalado, uma vez que o controle de peso, a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, tratamentos de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM) e dislipidemia como preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria n&#227;o est&#227;o associados ao risco aumentado de hemorragias.</p>
      <p>O Brasil tem uma das maiores popula&#231;&#245;es hemof&#237;licas do mundo (n = 13.149).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, ap&#243;s a ado&#231;&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es de atendimento para o tratamento da hemofilia, a expectativa de vida da PCH brasileira aumentou.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Como consequ&#234;ncia, a mortalidade relacionada a DCVs tamb&#233;m tem aumentado proporcionalmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O objetivo da an&#225;lise atual do Estudo HemoCardio foi descrever o escore de risco para DCV entre PCHs utilizando a ferramenta <italic>Pooled Cohort Equations Risk</italic> (PCER) <italic>Calculator</italic> e suas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de tratamento. Uma an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria comparou esses resultados com o escore de risco de Framingham (FRS).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo, cen&#225;rio e elegibilidade do paciente</title>
        <p>O Estudo HemoCardio transversal foi realizado no Centro de Tratamento Integral de Hemofilia de Pernambuco (CTIH-HEMOPE), em Recife/Brasil. Em 2016, 711 PCHs estavam registradas no estado Pernambuco, 227 das quais tinham 40 anos ou mais, e aproximadamente 76 foram acompanhadas no CTIH-HEMOPE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O estudo foi oferecido a todos os homens com hemofilia com idade igual ou superior a 30 anos, registrados no ambulat&#243;rio durante consulta eletiva no CTIH-HEMOPE entre 1&#186; de agosto de 2018 e 31 de julho de 2019, totalizando 82 participantes. Na an&#225;lise atual, foram usados dados de homens com hemofilia com 40 anos ou mais, uma vez que representam a faixa et&#225;ria-alvo para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do PCER (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Pacientes com hist&#243;rico de DCV ou colesterol lip&#237;dico de baixa densidade (LDLc) de 5,0 mmol/L ou mais alto foram exclu&#237;dos, pois essas caracter&#237;sticas indicam muito alto risco de evento de DCV precocemente, e o c&#225;lculo do PCER n&#227;o &#233; recomendado para esses casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Todos os dados foram coletados por meio de um formul&#225;rio padronizado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados relacionados &#224; hemofilia</title>
        <p>Uma descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada dos dados relacionados &#224; hemofilia pode ser encontrada no <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2023-0004_AO_Supplemental-Material.pdf">Material Suplementar</ext-link>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfil de fator de risco cardiovascular</title>
        <p>Uma descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada do perfil do fator de risco cardiovascular pode ser encontrada no <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2023-0004_AO_Supplemental-Material.pdf">Material Suplementar</ext-link>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ferramentas de estimativa de risco cardiovascular</title>
        <p>A ferramenta PCER Calculator (www.cvriskcalculator.com) foi usada para estimar o risco de DCV em dez anos (doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico), pressupondo-se que a pessoa n&#227;o teve um ataque card&#237;aco ou acidente vascular pr&#233;vio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Esta calculadora foi desenvolvida pelo <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> (ACC) e pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA), e oferece uma maneira simplificada de seguir o algoritmo de tratamento de DCVs de acordo com dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais e risco estratificado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> As vari&#225;veis com seus respectivos intervalos consistem em idade (40-79 anos), sexo (masculino/feminino), ra&#231;a (afro-americano/outro), Tc (3,4-8,3 mmol/L), HDLc (0,5-2,6 mmol/L), PAS (90-200 mmHg ) e PAD (30-140 mmHg), tratamento para HAS (sim/n&#227;o), DM (sim/n&#227;o) e tabagismo (sim/n&#227;o). Um escore espec&#237;fico &#233; atribu&#237;do ao valor/resposta de cada vari&#225;vel. A soma desses escores resulta no escore de risco total. Definiu-se que uma pessoa possui alto risco de um evento de DCV em dez anos quando o escore PCER calculado era &#8805; 7,5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Estimar o risco de DCV por meio da PCER n&#227;o &#233; recomendado para pessoas consideradas de risco muito alto precocemente, o que inclui pacientes com eventos de DCV conhecidos (hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina est&#225;vel, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana/outra, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE), ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio ou doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica por aterosclerose) e pessoas com n&#237;veis extremamente elevados de LDLc (&#8805; 5,0 mmol/L) . Portanto, a ferramenta PCER &#233; apropriada apenas para pessoas sem eventos de DCV pr&#233;vios e com n&#237;veis de LDLc de 1,8-4,9 mmol/L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Finalmente, a ferramenta PCER oferece recomenda&#231;&#245;es de tratamento para dislipidemia, controle da press&#227;o arterial e preven&#231;&#227;o de DCV segundo as diretrizes do ACC/AHA 2013.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A ferramenta FRS foi desenvolvida com base no risco preditivo de DCV em um grande estudo de coorte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Esta ferramenta prev&#234; o risco de dez anos de grandes eventos de DCV (doen&#231;a coronariana - doen&#231;a arterial cr&#244;nica, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica, ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram inseridas em uma calculadora on-line (http://www.zunis.org/FHS_CVD_Risk_Calc_2008.htm): idade, sexo, Tc, HDLc, PAS, tabagismo e tratamentos para HAS e DM. Um escore espec&#237;fico &#233; atribu&#237;do a uma caracter&#237;stica (por exemplo, &#8220;sim&#8221; ou &#8220;n&#227;o&#8221;) ou um valor para cada vari&#225;vel. A soma desses pontos resulta na estimativa de risco para DCV do paciente. O FRS estimado para eventos de DCV em dez anos foi categorizado como alto risco (&gt; 20%), risco intermedi&#225;rio (5-20%) e baixo risco (&lt; 5%). Conforme declarado pela ferramenta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, cerebrovascular ou ateroscler&#243;tica obstrutiva perif&#233;rica, com manifesta&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas (ou seja, documentadas por metodologia diagn&#243;stica) ou cl&#237;nicas (eventos de DCV), procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o arterial, DM ou doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada inferior a 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>) foram considerados de alto risco precocemente. Sendo assim, n&#227;o calculamos seu risco usando a ferramenta FRS. Al&#233;m disso, pessoas com risco intermedi&#225;rio, cuja condi&#231;&#227;o foi agravada por pelo menos um fator agravante, foram reclassificadas como de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Os fatores agravantes foram (a) s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e (b) hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV prematura. Por fim, os pacientes com baixo risco estimado e hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para DCV prematura foram reclassificados para a categoria de risco intermedi&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Avaliamos os dados existentes sem realizar ajustes pela falta de dados. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de normalidade foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Devido ao pequeno tamanho da popula&#231;&#227;o, as distribui&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram param&#233;tricas. Consequentemente, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como medianas e intervalo interquart&#237;lico (IIQ). As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram avaliadas por um teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico (teste U de Mann-Whitney). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas (porcentagens). As diferen&#231;as entre as frequ&#234;ncias foram avaliadas pelo teste &#967;<sup>2</sup> de Pearson. A concord&#226;ncia entre a ferramenta PCER e a FRS foi avaliada pelo teste do coeficiente &#954; de Cohen. A for&#231;a de concord&#226;ncia foi definida de acordo com a m&#233;dia do coeficiente &#954;: ruim (&lt; 0,00), leve (0,01-0,20), regular (0,21-0,40), moderada (0,41-0,60), substancial (0,61-0,80) e quase perfeita (0,81-1,00). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es. Os dados foram analisados por meio do software SPSS&#174; Statistical, vers&#227;o 26 (IBM, Armonk, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente</title>
        <p>Trinta e sete PCHs foram inclu&#237;das (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). O valor de LDLc estava ausente para um paciente e o consideramos abaixo de 5,0 mmol/L. Dois pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de dados de fatores de risco para DCV. Cinco das 35 PCHs restantes foram exclu&#237;das porque apresentavam risco muito alto precocemente (tr&#234;s tinham hist&#243;rico de evento cardiovascular e dois tinham n&#237;veis extremamente altos de LDLc). Duas PCH tinham n&#237;veis de Tc abaixo da faixa adequada para a ferramenta PCER, sendo reconsiderados como o n&#237;vel imput&#225;vel mais baixo (3,4 mmol/L). A an&#225;lise final incluiu 30 (81%) PCHs.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Inclus&#227;o de pacientes de acordo com o estudo e os crit&#233;rios da ferramenta PCER (Pooled Cohort Equations Risk) Calculator. A: anos; HDLc: colesterol lip&#237;dico de alta densidade; Tc: colesterol total; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; LDLc: colesterol lip&#237;dico de baixa densidade; FRS: Escore de Risco de Framingham.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230004-30004-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A idade mediana [faixa interquartil; IIQ] das PCHs foi de 51,5 [IIQ; 46,0-59,5] anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Doze (43%) PCH eram graves, 80% tinham hemofilia A, 57% estavam em profilaxia e 57% tinham infec&#231;&#227;o atual ou anterior por VHC.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Perfis hemof&#237;licos e cardiovasculares e escore estimado da PCER</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>Todos os pacientes (n = 30)</th>
                  <th>Faltosos</th>
                  <th>PCER &lt; 7,5% (n = 15)</th>
                  <th>PCER &#8805; 7,5% (n = 15)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,5 [46,0-59,5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">47,0 [45,0-51,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">59 [54,0-62,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branco</td>
                  <td align="center">11/30 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">5/15 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">6/15 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,705<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade no momento do diagn&#243;stico de hemofilia (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,5 [13,8-25,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">15,0 [9,5-19,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">21,0 [18,0-26,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemofilia A</td>
                  <td align="center">24/30 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">14/15 (93)</td>
                  <td align="center">10/15 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,068<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemofilia grave</td>
                  <td align="center">13/30 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6/15 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">7/15 (47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,713<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Profilaxia</td>
                  <td align="center">17/30 (57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">9/15 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">8/15 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,713<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inibidor positivo</td>
                  <td align="center">2/30 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1/15 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/15 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HIV positivo</td>
                  <td align="center">0/30 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0/15 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/15 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HCV positivo</td>
                  <td align="center">17/30 (57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6/15 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">11/15 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,065<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Perfil de risco cardiovascular</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">91,5 [82,3-97,5]</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">88,5 [80,8-94,5]</td>
                  <td align="center">92,0 [84,3-103,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,329*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,0 [22,0-27,3]</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">24,0 [22,0-26,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">25,0 [21,0-31,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,653*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">6/30 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2/15 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">4/15 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,361<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagista</td>
                  <td align="center">4/30 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1/15 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3/15 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,283<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">134,0 [116,0-140,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">120,0 [112,0-136,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">140,0 [126,0-141,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,5 [80,0-90,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">82,0 [76,0-93,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">86,0 [81,0-90,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,713*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva</td>
                  <td align="center">14/30 (47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4/15 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">10/15 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">20/30 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">7/15 (47)</td>
                  <td align="center">13/15 (87)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8 [5,1-6,5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2 [4,9-5,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 [5,8-11,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medica&#231;&#227;o para controle da glicose</td>
                  <td align="center">5/29 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0/14 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5/15 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">7/29 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0/15 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7/14 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 [0,9-1,6]</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 [0,8-2,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 [1,0-1,5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,821*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertrigliceridemia</td>
                  <td align="center">4/28 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">4/15 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/13 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,044<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tc (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9 [4,1-6,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2 [4,3-6,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6 [3,6-6,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,233*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipercolesterolemia</td>
                  <td align="center">14/30 (47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">8/15 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">6/15 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,464<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLc (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8 [2,1-3,6]</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8 [2,1-3,4]</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8 [1,8-4,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,847*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDLc (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 [1,0-1,6]</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 [1,2-1,6]</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3 [0,9-1,5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,116*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HipoHDLemia</td>
                  <td align="center">7/30 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2/15 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">5/15 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,195<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">0/29 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0/14 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/15 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">8/28 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">3/14 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center">5/15 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,403<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AAS</td>
                  <td align="center">0/30 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0/15 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/15 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como mediana [intervalo interquart&#237;lico]. As frequ&#234;ncias foram expressas como afetados/total (%). *Teste U de Mann-Whitney; <sup>&#8224;</sup>Teste do &#967;<sup>2</sup> de Pearson. HIV: v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana; VHC: v&#237;rus da hepatite C; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; Tc: colesterol total; LDLc: colesterol lip&#237;dico de baixa densidade; HDLc: colesterol lip&#237;dico de alta densidade; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; PCER: Pooled Cohort Equations Risk; NA: n&#227;o aplicado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfil cardiovascular</title>
        <p>Um total de seis (20%) PCHs eram obesas e quatro (13%) eram tabagistas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A HAS foi diagnosticada em 67% das PCHs, e 47% estavam em tratamento anti-hipertensivo. Sete (24%) PCHs tinham DM. A hipertrigliceridemia foi identificada em 14% das PCHs. Embora nenhuma PCH estivesse utilizando estatina, 47% apresentavam hipercolesterolemia e 23% apresentavam hipoHDLemia. Oito (29%) PCHs tinham s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Nenhuma PCH estava em tratamento com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estimativas de risco cardiovascular</title>
        <p>O escore mediano [IIQ] da PCER foi de 6,9 [IIQ; 3,1-13,2], e metade das PCHs apresentava alto risco de evento cardiovascular em dez anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). As PCHs com alto risco de DCV segundo a ferramenta PCER eram mais velhas do que aquelas sem alto risco (p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, tinham PAS (p = 0,041) e HAS (p = 0,020) mais altos e estavam mais frequentemente em tratamento anti-hipertensivo (p = 0,028) do que PCHs que n&#227;o apresentavam alto risco de DCV segundo a ferramenta PCER. A mediana da glicemia em jejum (p = 0,002) e a preval&#234;ncia de pessoas em tratamento antidiab&#233;tico (p = 0,018) e com DM (p = 0,002) foram maiores entre PCHs de alto risco segundo a PCER, em compara&#231;&#227;o com suas contrapartes. Por fim, a preval&#234;ncia de PCHs com hipertrigliceridemia foi menor entre PCHs com alto risco de DCV segundo a ferramenta PCER, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem alto risco de DCV (p = 0,044).</p>
        <p>Houve uma concord&#226;ncia moderada de 80% entre os instrumentos PCER e FRS [&#954; = 0,60 &#177; 0,15 (IC 95%; 0,31-0,89); p = 0,001]: Quarenta por cento (40%) foram considerados de alto risco em ambas as ferramentas e 40% foram considerados de n&#227;o alto risco em ambas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Concord&#226;ncia entre as estimativas de risco cardiovascular das ferramentas <italic>Pooled Cohort Equations Risk</italic> e Escore de Framingham em pessoas com hemofilia com 40 anos de idade ou mais*</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Ferramenta</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">n (%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>PCER</th>
                  <th>FRS</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Concord&#226;ncia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">alto risco</td>
                  <td align="center">alto risco</td>
                  <td align="center">12/30 (40%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">n&#227;o alto risco</td>
                  <td align="center">n&#227;o alto risco</td>
                  <td align="center">12/30 (40%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Concord&#226;ncia total</td>
                  <td align="center">24/30 (80%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Discord&#226;ncia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">alto risco</td>
                  <td align="center">n&#227;o alto risco</td>
                  <td align="center">3/30 (10%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">n&#227;o alto risco</td>
                  <td align="center">alto risco</td>
                  <td align="center">3/30 (10%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Discord&#226;ncia total</td>
                  <td align="center">6/30 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Teste do coeficiente &#954; de Cohen, &#954; = 0,60 &#177; 0,15 (IC 95%, 0,31-0,89), valor-p (&#967;<sup>2</sup> de Pearson) = 0,001. *Considerou-se alto risco de DCV em dez anos conforme as respectivas diretrizes: risco considerado no PCER quando &#8805; 7,5%,<sup>11</sup> e no FRS quando &gt; 20,0%. Valores de risco inferiores a esses foram considerados n&#227;o risco alto para eventos de DCV em dez anos.<sup>18</sup> PCER: Pooled Cohort Equations Risk; FRS: Escore de Risco de Framingham; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Entre as 30 PCHs, os tratamentos com AAS e estatina foram recomendados para quatro (14%) e 16 (54%) delas, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). A press&#227;o arterial estava mal controlada em 14 (47%), das quais seis pacientes n&#227;o estavam em tratamento para HAS e foram indicados para inici&#225;-lo. As outras oito PCHs faziam uso de anti-hipertensivos e foram orientadas a intensificar o tratamento. Tr&#234;s (10%) PCHs receberam indica&#231;&#227;o de AAS e estatina de alta intensidade juntamente com melhor controle da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ferramenta PCER para todos os 30 pacientes, de acordo com o escore de risco estimado em dez anos*</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th align="left">A&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AAS</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nenhum benef&#237;cio</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (63%)</td>
                  <td>Nenhuma a&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio (considere discutir)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (23%)</td>
                  <td>Considere iniciar o AAS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Benef&#237;cio</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (14%)</td>
                  <td>Iniciar AAS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o de estatina</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nenhuma indica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (46%)</td>
                  <td>Nenhuma a&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regime de intensidade moderada/moderada a alta</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (27%)</td>
                  <td>Iniciar estatina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regime de alta intensidade</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (27%)</td>
                  <td>Iniciar estatina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Bem controlada</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16 (53%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>sem medicamentos anti-hipertensivos</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (63%)</td>
                  <td>Nenhuma a&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>com medicamentos anti-hipertensivos</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (27%)</td>
                  <td>Nenhuma a&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mal controlada</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14 (47%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>sem medicamentos anti-hipertensivos</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (43%)</td>
                  <td>Iniciar medicamentos anti-hipertensivos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>com medicamentos anti-hipertensivos</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (57%)</td>
                  <td>Ajustar medicamentos anti-hipertensivos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Benef&#237;cio AAS + estatina regime de alta intensidade + press&#227;o arterial mal controlada</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
                  <td>Iniciar AAS (todos os tr&#234;s) Iniciar estatina (todos os tr&#234;s) Iniciar medicamentos anti-hipertensivos (1) ou ajustar medicamentos anti-hipertensivos (2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>*As recomenda&#231;&#245;es foram baseadas nas diretrizes do ACC/AHA.<sup>11</sup> PCER: Pooled Cohort Equations Risk; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Mostramos que metade das PCHs assintom&#225;ticas, com 40 anos ou mais, apresentava alto risco de eventos cardiovasculares nos dez anos seguintes, de acordo com a ferramenta PCER.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Resultados compar&#225;veis foram obtidos quando usamos a ferramenta FRS. Al&#233;m disso, metade das PCH deve realizar tratamento com estatina e/ou deve ter seu tratamento da press&#227;o arterial otimizado, de acordo com as diretrizes do ACC/AHA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> At&#233; onde sabemos, esta &#233; a primeira publica&#231;&#227;o em que uma ferramenta foi usada para avaliar o risco de DCV entre PCHs, adicionando recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais de tratamento &#224; estimativa final.</p>
      <p>Alguns de nossos resultados corroboram estudos anteriores sobre o perfil de fatores de risco para DCV entre PCHs, embora a preval&#234;ncia pare&#231;a maior para algumas caracter&#237;sticas. Biere-Rafi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> avaliaram os fatores de risco de DCV entre 100 PCHs (67% tinham 40 anos ou mais e 24% eram graves). Metade dessa popula&#231;&#227;o tinha HAS, mas pouqu&#237;ssimos tinham dislipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Uma coorte holandesa/brit&#226;nica com 709 PCHs (com idades variando de 30 a 88 anos) mostrou uma preval&#234;ncia de 49% de HAS, 15% de obesidade e 6% de DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de DCV foram projetados para avaliar o risco individual de um primeiro evento de DCV na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. No entanto, ressalvas importantes devem ser consideradas ao usar tais escores de risco. Em primeiro lugar, o ACC/AHA desenvolveu a ferramenta PCER para estimar os riscos para o desenvolvimento de um primeiro evento de DCV em dez anos e ao longo da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Participantes de diversos grandes estudos de coorte foram finalmente inclu&#237;dos para an&#225;lise e desenvolvimento de equa&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No entanto, pode haver uma limita&#231;&#227;o significativa quando usado em popula&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o se assemelham &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de origem quanto ao interesse e &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas sociais, culturais e &#233;tnicas (por exemplo, homens de Recife/Brasil).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em segundo lugar, como esperado devido &#224; raridade, pessoas com dist&#250;rbios hemorr&#225;gicos heredit&#225;rios n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das em nenhum dos estudos referidos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> o que poderia argumentar contra seu uso para predizer risco em PCHs, por exemplo. Finalmente, foi relatado que a ferramenta PCER superestimou sistematicamente os riscos em cerca de 75-150% com base em seu desempenho em cinco coortes de valida&#231;&#227;o externa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Isso provavelmente se deve ao uso de dados de coortes realizadas h&#225; mais de duas d&#233;cadas, que podem n&#227;o refletir os n&#237;veis atuais de morbidade ou as melhorias na sa&#250;de geral e nos cuidados de sa&#250;de desde ent&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Isso sugere a necessidade de realizar novos estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o externos para qualquer um desses modelos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco em coortes contempor&#226;neas para manuten&#231;&#227;o do valor preditivo do modelo. Pennells et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> recentemente realizaram essa recalibra&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o tivemos acesso a esse documento atualizado antes de iniciar o Estudo HemoCardio.</p>
      <p>Essas desvantagens podem ser ilustradas pela publica&#231;&#227;o de van der Valk et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Uma incid&#234;ncia de DCV menor do que a esperada, conforme avaliada pelo escore QRISK2-2011,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> foi encontrada ap&#243;s o acompanhamento de 579 PCHs assintom&#225;ticas com 30 anos ou mais por cinco anos (redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta do risco de 2,4%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O fen&#243;tipo hemorr&#225;gico da hemofilia pode ter favorecido a menor incid&#234;ncia de eventos de DCVs. No entanto, o QRISK2-2011 n&#227;o foi validado para PCHs, assim como as terapias para evitar eventos de DCV (por exemplo, dietas, exerc&#237;cios, anti-hipertensivos e estatinas) ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o do fator de risco de DCV. Avaliamos o risco de DCV usando as ferramentas PCER e FRS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>Acompanharemos prospectivamente esses pacientes para avaliar seus resultados.</p>
      <p>No entanto, ferramentas de risco s&#227;o amplamente utilizadas para promover uma discuss&#227;o sobre mudan&#231;a de comportamento e instigar o tratamento medicamentoso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A ferramenta PCER sugeriu terapia com AAS para 11 (37%) PCHs no Estudo HemoCardio, de acordo com as diretrizes do ACC/AHA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o existem ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados sobre a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia dos antitromb&#243;ticos para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de eventos de DCV em PCHs. A prescri&#231;&#227;o de agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios ou anticoagulantes deve ser considerada por uma equipe composta por um cardiologista e um hematologista, juntamente com a administra&#231;&#227;o eficaz e segura de fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Um estudo franc&#234;s multic&#234;ntrico, aberto e n&#227;o intervencionista comparou o risco de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos em PCHs sob terapia antitromb&#243;tica (ambos agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios ou anticoagula&#231;&#227;o) para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de DCVs para PCHs sem terapia antitromb&#243;tica (sem evento DCV pr&#233;vio).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> O risco de hemorragias foi semelhante entre os grupos, embora hemorragia grave tenha ocorrido em ambos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#227;o sobre reposi&#231;&#227;o de fator durante os tratamentos. Sendo assim, o equil&#237;brio entre tratamentos anti e pr&#243;-coagulantes pode ser um desafio entre PCHs.</p>
      <p>Enquanto quase metade das PCHs era hipercolesterol&#234;mica e 23% eram hipoHDL&#234;micos, nenhum paciente estava em tratamento com estatina. A ferramenta PCER sugeriu o tratamento com estatina para 16 (54%) pacientes, oito dos quais deveriam receber um regime de alta intensidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> De fato, n&#227;o h&#225; ensaios cl&#237;nicos dispon&#237;veis sobre a seguran&#231;a das estatinas para PCHs. Uma declara&#231;&#227;o recente da AHA sobre a seguran&#231;a e a tolerabilidade das estatinas sugeriu que as estatinas mais eficazes poderiam produzir uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia no LDLc de 55% a 60% na dosagem m&#225;xima na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> O risco de les&#227;o muscular grave induzida por estatina foi menor de 0,1%, e o risco de hepatotoxicidade grave foi ainda menor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, embora o uso das estatinas como preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria possa aumentar o risco de AVE hemorr&#225;gico em pessoas com AVE isqu&#234;mico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> esse n&#227;o parece ser o caso para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Assim, o tratamento com estatina em intensidades moderada ou alta parece ser uma boa estrat&#233;gia para prevenir eventos cardiovasculares em PCHs.</p>
      <p>Das 19 (63%) PCHs com HAS, 74% (14/19) tinham PA mal controlada, incluindo oito que tomavam medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que sexo masculino, HAS e envelhecimento n&#227;o s&#227;o apenas fatores de risco para doen&#231;as aterotromb&#243;ticas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> mas tamb&#233;m fatores de risco para AVE hemorr&#225;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Sua associa&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a hemorr&#225;gica heredit&#225;ria, principalmente quando o paciente n&#227;o est&#225; em profilaxia e/ou &#233; inibidor positivo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> pode aumentar significativamente o risco de AVE hemorr&#225;gico espont&#226;neo. Uma vez que n&#227;o existem ensaios cl&#237;nicos sobre a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos para PCHs, e esses medicamentos n&#227;o est&#227;o relacionados a um risco aumentado de hemorragia, entendemos que a PCH com press&#227;o alta n&#227;o controlada deve ser monitorada de perto (por exemplo, mudan&#231;as comportamentais, medica&#231;&#227;o e verifica&#231;&#227;o regular de ades&#227;o), para normalizar a PA de acordo com as diretrizes internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo apresentou diversas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, conforme discutido acima, nenhuma ferramenta populacional foi formalmente validada para prever o risco individual de DCV em PCHs. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o existem ensaios cl&#237;nicos sobre a melhor op&#231;&#227;o de manejo na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares entre PCHs. E, por fim, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de AAS deve ser cuidadosamente discutida com outros especialistas (por exemplo, um cardiologista) individualmente, devido ao risco de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos em PCHs. Em segundo lugar, nossos resultados referem-se a uma popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica e pequena de um &#250;nico centro, o que afeta a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Atualmente, estamos planejando um estudo multic&#234;ntrico para avaliar o risco de DCV em uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior. Finalmente, a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo VHC pode ter influenciado os resultados, uma vez que um grande estudo recente mostrou que ela est&#225; associada a um aumento de 2,5-3,5% no risco absoluto de DCV em dez anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> No entanto, essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi confirmada por dois grandes estudos que avaliaram fatores de risco para DCV e eventos entre PCHs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta an&#225;lise do Estudo HemoCardio, a preval&#234;ncia de HAS e dislipidemias entre PCHs sem DCV, com 40 anos ou mais, foi significante. Portanto, metade desses pacientes apresentou um alto escore de PCER em dez anos. Hematologistas podem ser os &#250;nicos m&#233;dicos em contato regular com PCHs e, portanto, nossa orienta&#231;&#227;o &#233; que sigam as diretrizes do ACC/AHA para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de DCV para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e recomendamos que avaliem os fatores de risco de DCV tradicionais e estimem o risco de DCV em dez anos (ferramentas PCER ou FRS) a cada 4-6 anos. Sempre que um risco de DCV &#233; diagnosticado, os hematologistas podem trat&#225;-lo e/ou encaminhar para um especialista. Neste ambiente, os cardiologistas podem ser profissionais importantes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado de Pernambuco sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 86067818.6.0000.5195. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2023-0004_AO_Supplemental-Material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: Camelo RM recebeu bolsa (PDSE-88881.362041/2019-1) da Funda&#231;&#227;o CAPES, uma ag&#234;ncia do Minist&#233;rio da Educa&#231;&#227;o do Brasil, para conduzir parte de sua pesquisa doutoral como estudante visitante da Leiden University Medical Centre, nos Pa&#237;ses Baixos.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Risk Scores among Asymptomatic Adults with Haemophilia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9025-0289</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camelo</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Mesquita</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3161-5684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caram-Deelder</surname>
            <given-names>Camila</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7930-3316</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Pontes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4270-0545</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia Carolina Braga de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3048-4408</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Neuza Cavalcanti de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5556-6122</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Iris Maciel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6950-2015</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Maria Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1957-4122</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gouw</surname>
            <given-names>Samantha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3083-7093</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Suely Meireles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9095-2475</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bom</surname>
            <given-names>Johanna van der</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Pernambuco (HEMOPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="NL">The Netherlands</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden &#8211; The Netherlands</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="NL">The Netherlands</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/LUMC, Leiden &#8211; The Netherlands</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Enfermagem Nossa Senhora das Gra&#231;as, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="NL">The Netherlands</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pediatric Hematology, Emma Children&#8217;s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam &#8211; The Netherlands</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Ricardo Mesquita Camelo &#8226; Rua Lorena, 1020-101. Postal Code 30730-170, Padre Eust&#225;quio, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rmcamelo@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <label>Central Illustration</label>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <caption>
              <title>: Cardiovascular Risk Scores among Asymptomatic Adults with Haemophilia</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Since the development of more effective and safe products to treat haemophilia, people with haemophilia are growing older. In addition, these individuals are developing cardiovascular diseases which are characteristic of ageing people. We propose that Haematologists and other clinicians that treat people with haemophilia formally and routinely evaluate cardiovascular risk factors among these individuals and, when present, the diseases should be treated according to estabilished protocols. When required, the patients should be referred to a specialist. PCER: pooled cohort equations risk.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230004-30004-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The mortality rate of Brazilian people with haemophilia (PwH) is decreasing, but the relative incidence of deaths associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> We aimed to describe the CVD risk score of PwH according to Pooled Cohort Equations Risk (PCER) Calculator tool and its treatment recommendations. We also compared the PCER estimates with the respective Framingham Risk Score (FRS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This cross-sectional study included male PwH &#8805; 40 years treated at the Comprehensive Haemophilia Treatment Centre of Pernambuco (Recife/Brazil). PwH with a previous CVD event or a low-density lipid cholesterol &#8805; 5.0 mmol/L were excluded. Interviews, medical file reviews, and blood tests were performed. The PCER tool was used to estimate the CVD risk and compare it with the respective FRS. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Thirty PwH were included. Median age was 51.5 [interquartile range-IQR; 46.0-59.5] years. The prevalence of obesity, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, and hypoHDLaemia were 20%, 67%, 24%, 14%, 47%, and 23%, respectively. The median PCER score was 6.9% [IQR; 3.1-13.2], with 50% having a high risk (PCER &#8805; 7.5%). Statin use was suggested for 54% of PwH. Blood pressure was poorly controlled in 47% of PwH. The agreement between PCER and FRS was 80% (&#954; = 0.60; p = 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Half of the male people with haemophilia aged 40 years or older had a 10-year high risk of developing CVD with strong recommendations to improve control of dyslipidaemia and blood pressure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hemophilia A</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemophilia B</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Disease Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Haemophilia is a hereditary X-linked rare bleeding disorder characterized by the reduced or absent activity of coagulation factor VIII (in haemophilia A) or factor IX (in haemophilia B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In 2020, there were 209,614 people with haemophilia (PwH) worldwide, of which 165,379 had haemophilia A, 33,076 had haemophilia B, and the remaining 11,159 had unknown haemophilia type.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The most common clinical presentation of the disease is spontaneous bleeding, mainly in the joints but also in other sites (e.g., epistaxis or central nervous system).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Therefore, haemophilia is considered a potentially severe disease because of its morbidities and mortality.</p>
        <p>Factor replacement therapy provided an increase in the life expectancy of PwH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Therefore, PwH are living longer and the incidence of cardiovascular events (e.g., myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke) is increasing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> According to international guidelines, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) should be treated with antithrombotic drugs during the acute event and for secondary prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, there are no randomized controlled trials on the optimal treatment of CVD among PwH. Physicians may base their treatments on expert opinions, balancing the risks of bleeding (due to avoiding or reducing factor replacement prophylaxis and/or prescribing anti-thrombotic medications) and clotting (due to prescribing factor replacement prophylaxis and/or avoiding anti-thrombotic medications).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Identifying and treating CVD risk factors to prevent it may pose fewer challenges than treating a CVD event <italic>per se</italic> because weight control, cessation of smoking, treatments of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM), and dyslipidaemia as primary prevention are not associated with increased risk of haemorrhages.</p>
        <p>Brazil has one of the largest populations with haemophilia worldwide (n = 13,149).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the last decade, after the adoption of the standard-of-care recommendations for haemophilia treatment, the life expectancy of Brazilian PwH has increased.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In consequence, CVD-related mortality is proportionally increasing too.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The aim of the current analysis of the HemoCardio Study was to describe the CVD risk score among PwH according to Pooled Cohort Equations Risk (PCER) Calculator tool and its treatment recommendations. A secondary analysis compared these results with the Framingham Risk Score (FRS).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design, setting, and patient eligibility</title>
          <p>The cross-sectional HemoCardio Study was held at the Comprehensive Haemophilia Treatment Centre of Pernambuco (CHTC-HEMOPE), in Recife/Brazil. In 2016, there were 711 PwH registered in Pernambuco state, 227 of whom were 40 years or older, and approximately 76 were followed up at the CHTC-HEMOPE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The study was offered to all men with haemophilia who were 30 years or older and registered at the outpatient clinic during their elective consultation at the CHTC-HEMOPE between August 1<sup>st</sup>, 2018 and July 31<sup>st</sup>, 2019, resulting in 82 participants. In the current analysis, data from men with haemophilia who were 40 years or older were used since this represents the target age group for the PCER evaluation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). Patients with a history of CVD or low-density lipid cholesterol (LDLc) of 5.0 mmol/L or higher were excluded since these characteristics indicate a very high risk of CVD event in advance, and PCER calculation is not recommended for such cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> All data were collected using a standardized form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Haemophilia-related data</title>
          <p>A detailed description of the haemophilia-related data is found in the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2023-0004_AO_Supplemental-Material.pdf">Supplemental Material</ext-link>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular risk factor profile</title>
          <p>A detailed description of the cardiovascular risk factor profile is found in the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2023-0004_AO_Supplemental-Material.pdf">Supplemental Material</ext-link>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular risk estimation tools</title>
          <p>The PCER Calculator tool (www.cvriskcalculator.com) was used to estimate CVD 10-year risk (heart disease or stroke), assuming the person had not had a prior heart attack or stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This calculator was developed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA), and it provides a simplified way to follow the American CVD treatment algorithm according to clinical and laboratory data and stratified risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The variables with their respective ranges consist of age (40-79 years), gender (male/female), race (African American/other), Tc (3.4-8.3 mmol/L), HDLc (0.5-2.6 mmol/L), SBP (90-200 mmHg) and DBP (30-140 mmHg), treatment for SAH (yes/no), DM (yes/no), and smoking status (yes/no). A specific score is assigned for the value/response of each variable. The sum of these scores provides the total risk score. A person was defined as having a high risk of a 10-year CVD event when the calculated PCER score was &#8805; 7.5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Estimating CVD risk by PCER is not recommended for very high-risk people in advance, which includes patients with known CVD events (defined as a history of acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, stable angina, coronary/other arterial revascularization, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, or peripheral artery disease from atherosclerosis) and people with extremely high LDLc levels (&#8805; 5.0 mmol/L). Therefore, the PCER tool is only appropriate for people without previous CVD events and with LDLc levels of 1.8-4.9 mmol/L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Finally, the PCER Calculator tool provides treatment recommendations for dyslipidaemia, blood pressure control, and CVD prevention to the 2013 ACC/AHA guideline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The FRS tool was developed based on the predictive CVD risk of a large cohort study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This tool predicts the 10-year risk of major CVD events (coronary disease &#8211; chronic arterial disease, stroke, peripheral obstructive arterial disease, or heart failure).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The following variables were inputted into a web-based calculator (http://www.zunis.org/FHS_CVD_Risk_Calc_2008.htm): age, gender, Tc, HDLc, SBP, smoking status, and treatments for SAH and DM. A specific score is assigned to a characteristic (e.g., &#8220;yes&#8221; or &#8220;no&#8221;) or a value for each variable. The sum of these points provides the CVD risk estimate of the patient. The estimated FRS for 10-year CVD events was categorised into high (&gt; 20%), intermediate (5-20%), and low risk (&lt; 5%). As stated by the tool,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> patients with coronary artery, cerebrovascular, or peripheral obstructive atherosclerotic disease, with subclinical (i.e., documented by diagnostic methodology) or clinical manifestations (CVD events), arterial revascularization procedures, DM, or chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate lower than 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) were considered as high risk in advance. Hence, we did not calculate their risk using the FRS tool. Additionally, individuals with intermediate risk, whose condition was aggravated by at least one aggravating factor, were reclassified as having high risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The aggravating factors were (a) metabolic syndrome, and (b) family history of premature CVD. Finally, patients with an estimated low risk with a positive family history of premature CVD were reclassified to the intermediate risk category.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>We evaluated the existing data without performing adjustments for the missing data. Normality distribution was evaluated by the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test. Due to the small size of the population, the distributions were non-parametric. Consequently, continuous variables were expressed as medians and interquartile range (IQR). The differences between groups were evaluated by a non-parametric test (Mann-Whitney&#8217;s <italic>U</italic> test). Categorical variables were presented as absolute and relative (percentage) frequencies. Differences between frequencies were evaluated by Pearson&#8217;s &#967;<sup>2</sup> test. The agreement between the PCER and FRS tool was evaluated by the Cohen&#8217;s &#954; coefficient test. The strength of agreement was defined according to the mean &#954; coefficient: poor (&lt; 0.00), slight (0.01-0.20), fair (0.21-0.40), moderate (0.41-0.60), substantial (0.61-0.80), and almost perfect (0.81-1.00). A p-value &lt; 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant for all comparisons. Data were analysed using SPSS&#174; Statistical software, version 26 (IBM, Armonk, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient characteristics</title>
          <p>Thirty-seven PwH were included (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). LDLc value was missing for one patient, and we considered it below 5.0 mmol/L. Two patients were excluded from the analysis due to the absence of CVD risk factor data. Five of the remaining 35 PwH were excluded because they had very high risk in advance (three had a history of CVD event, and two had extremely high levels of LDLc). Two PwH had Tc levels below the range suitable for the PCER tool, and we reconsidered them as the lowest imputable level (3.4 mmol/L). The final analysis included 30 (81%) PwH.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patient inclusion according to the study and PCER (Pooled Cohort Equations Risk) Calculator tool criteria. Y: years; HDLc: high-density lipid cholesterol; Tc: total cholesterol; CVD: cardiovascular disease; LDLc: low-density lipid cholesterol; FRS: Framingham Risk Score.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230004-30004-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The median [interquartile range; IQR] age of the PwH was 51.5 [IQR; 46.0-59.5] years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). There were 12 (43%) severe PwH, 80% had haemophilia A, 57% were on prophylaxis, and 57% had current or previous HCV infection.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Haemophilia and cardiovascular profiles and PCER estimated score</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>All patients (n = 30)</th>
                    <th>Missing</th>
                    <th>PCER &lt; 7.5% (n = 15)</th>
                    <th>PCER &#8805; 7.5% (n = 15)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Clinical data</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">51.5 [46.0-59.5]</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">47.0 [45.0-51.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">59 [54.0-62.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White</td>
                    <td align="center">11/30 (37)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">5/15 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">6/15 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.705<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age at diagnosis of haemophilia (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">18.5 [13.8-25.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">15.0 [9.5-19.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">21.0 [18.0-26.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Haemophilia A</td>
                    <td align="center">24/30 (80)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">14/15 (93)</td>
                    <td align="center">10/15 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.068<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Severe haemophilia</td>
                    <td align="center">13/30 (43)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">6/15 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">7/15 (47)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.713<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prophylaxis</td>
                    <td align="center">17/30 (57)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">9/15 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">8/15 (53)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.713<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inhibitor positive</td>
                    <td align="center">2/30 (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1/15 (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1/15 (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HIV positive</td>
                    <td align="center">0/30 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0/15 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0/15 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">--</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HCV positive</td>
                    <td align="center">17/30 (57)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">6/15 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">11/15 (73)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.065<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Cardiovascular risk profile</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Waist circumference (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">91.5 [82.3-97.5]</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">88.5 [80.8-94.5]</td>
                    <td align="center">92.0 [84.3-103.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.329*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.0 [22.0-27.3]</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">24.0 [22.0-26.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">25.0 [21.0-31.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.653*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">6/30 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2/15 (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">4/15 (27)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.361<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current smoker</td>
                    <td align="center">4/30 (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1/15 (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">3/15 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.283<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">134.0 [116.0-140.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">120.0 [112.0-136.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">140.0 [126.0-141.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">83.5 [80.0-90.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">82.0 [76.0-93.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">86.0 [81.0-90.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.713*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antihypertensive medication</td>
                    <td align="center">14/30 (47)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">4/15 (27)</td>
                    <td align="center">10/15 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.028<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SAH</td>
                    <td align="center">20/30 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">7/15 (47)</td>
                    <td align="center">13/15 (87)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.020<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glycaemia (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.8 [5.1-6.5]</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">5.2 [4.9-5.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">6.3 [5.8-11.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lowering-glucose medication</td>
                    <td align="center">5/29 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0/14 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5/15 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">7/29 (24)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0/15 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7/14 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.1 [0.9-1.6]</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0 [0.8-2.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.1 [1.0-1.5]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.821*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertriglyceridaemia</td>
                    <td align="center">4/28 (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">4/15 (27)</td>
                    <td align="center">0/13 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.044<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tc (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.9 [4.1-6.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">5.2 [4.3-6.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">4.6 [3.6-6.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.233*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypercholesterolaemia</td>
                    <td align="center">14/30 (47)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">8/15 (53)</td>
                    <td align="center">6/15 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.464<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLc (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.8 [2.1-3.6]</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">2.8 [2.1-3.4]</td>
                    <td align="center">2.8 [1.8-4.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.847*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDLc (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.4 [1.0-1.6]</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1.5 [1.2-1.6]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3 [0.9-1.5]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.116*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HypoHDLaemia</td>
                    <td align="center">7/30 (23)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2/15 (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">5/15 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.195<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statin</td>
                    <td align="center">0/29 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0/14 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0/15 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">--</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Metabolic syndrome</td>
                    <td align="center">8/28 (29)</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">3/14 (21)</td>
                    <td align="center">5/15 (36)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.403<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ASA</td>
                    <td align="center">0/30 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0/15 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0/15 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">--</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Continuous variables were expressed as median [interquartile range]. Frequencies were expressed as affected/total (%). *Mann-Whitney U test; <sup>&#8224;</sup>Pearson&#8217;s &#967;<sup>2</sup> test. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; TG: triglycerides; Tc: total cholesterol; LDLc: low-density lipid cholesterol; HDLc: high-density lipid cholesterol; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; PCER: Pooled Cohort Equations Risk; na: not applied.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular profile</title>
          <p>A total of six (20%) PwH were obese, and four (13%) were current smokers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). SAH was diagnosed in 67% of PwH, and 47% were on antihypertensive treatment. There were seven (24%) PwH with DM. Hypertriglyceridaemia was identified in 14% of PwH. Although no PwH was on a statin, 47% had hypercholesterolaemia, and 23% had hypoHDLaemia. Eight (29%) PwH had metabolic syndrome. No PwH was on acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular risk estimates</title>
          <p>The median [IQR] PCER score was 6.9 [IQR; 3.1-13.2], and half of the PwH were at a high 10-year risk of CVD event (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). PwH and high CVD risk on the PCER tool were older than those without high risk (p &lt; 0.001). They also had higher SBP (p = 0.041) and SAH (p = 0.020) and were more frequently on antihypertensive treatment (p = 0.028) than PwH who did not have high risk for CVD on the PCER tool. Median fasting glycaemia (p = 0.002) and both the prevalence of individuals on antidiabetic treatment (p = 0.018) and with DM (p = 0.002) were higher among high-risk PCER PwH than in their counterparts. Finally, the prevalence of PwH with hypertriclyceridaemia was lower among PwH and high risk for CVD on the PCER tool than those without high risk for CVD on the PCER tool (p = 0.044).</p>
          <p>There was a moderate agreement of 80% between PCER and FRS tools [&#954; = 0.60 &#177; 0.15 (95% CI; 0.31-0.89); p = 0.001]: 40% were considered high-risk in both tools, and 40% were considered non-high risk in both (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Agreement between cardiovascular risk estimates from Pooled Cohort Equations Risk and Framingham Risk Score tools in people with haemophilia who were 40 years or older*</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">Tool</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">n (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>PCER</th>
                    <th>FRS</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Agreement</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">high risk</td>
                    <td align="center">high risk</td>
                    <td align="center">12/30 (40%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">non-high risk</td>
                    <td align="center">non-high risk</td>
                    <td align="center">12/30 (40%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Total agreement</td>
                    <td align="center">24/30 (80%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Disagreement</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">high risk</td>
                    <td align="center">non-high risk</td>
                    <td align="center">3/30 (10%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">non-high risk</td>
                    <td align="center">high risk</td>
                    <td align="center">3/30 (10%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Total disagreement</td>
                    <td align="center">6/30 (20%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Cohen&#8217;s &#954; coefficient test, &#954; = 0.60 &#177; 0.15 (95%CI, 0.31-0.89), p-value (Pearson&#8217;s &#967;<sup>2</sup>) = 0.001. *High risks of CVD in 10 years were considered as stated by the respective guidelines: risk was considered in PCER when it was &#8805; 7.5%,<sup>11</sup> and in FRS when it was &gt; 20.0%. Risk values less than these were considered non-high risk for CVD events in 10 years.<sup>18</sup> PCER: Pooled Cohort Equations Risk; FRS: Framingham Risk Score; CVD: cardiovascular disease.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recommendations</title>
          <p>Among 30 PwH, ASA and statin treatments were recommended for four (14%) and 16 (54%), respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). Blood pressure was poorly controlled in 14 (47%) PwH, of whom six patients were not under SAH treatment and were recommended to start it. The other eight PwH were taking antihypertensive drugs and were recommended to intensify the treatment. Three (10%) PwH were recommended ASA and high-intensity statin together with better control of their blood pressure.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; PCER tool recommendations for all 30 patients, according to the estimated 10-year risk score*</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                    <th>n (%)</th>
                    <th align="left">Action needed</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>ASA recommendation</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No benefit</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (63%)</td>
                    <td>No action needed</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Possible benefit (consider discussing)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (23%)</td>
                    <td>Consider starting ASA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Benefit</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (14%)</td>
                    <td>Start ASA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Statin recommendation</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No indication</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (46%)</td>
                    <td>No action needed</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate/moderate-to-high intensity regimen</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (27%)</td>
                    <td>Start statin</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High-intensity regimen</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (27%)</td>
                    <td>Start statin</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Blood pressure recommendation</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Well-controlled</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">16 (53%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>without antihypertensive drugs</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (63%)</td>
                    <td>No action needed</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>with antihypertensive drugs</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (27%)</td>
                    <td>No action needed</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Poorly controlled</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">14 (47%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>without antihypertensive drugs</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (43%)</td>
                    <td>Start antihypertensive drugs</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>with antihypertensive drugs</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (57%)</td>
                    <td>Adjust antihypertensive drugs</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ASA benefit + high intensity regimen statin + poorly controlled blood pressure</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
                    <td>Start ASA (all 3) Start statin (all 3) Start antihypertensive drugs (1) or adjust antihypertensive drugs (2)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>*Recommendations were based on the ACC/AHA guidelines.<sup>11</sup> PCER: Pooled Cohort Equations Risk; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>We showed that half of asymptomatic PwH who were 40 years or older had high risk of CVD events in the following 10 years, according to the PCER Calculator tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Comparable results were obtained when we used the FRS tool. More importantly, half of PwH should be on statin treatment and/or should have their blood pressure treatment optimized, according to ACC/AHA guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publication in which an online tool was used to evaluate CVD risk among PwH, adding international treatment recommendations to the final estimate.</p>
        <p>Some of our results corroborate previous studies on CVD risk factors profile among PwH, although the prevalence seems higher for some characteristics. Biere-Rafi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> evaluated CVD risk factors among 100 PwH (67% were 40 years or older, and 24% were severe). Half of their population had SAH, but very few had dyslipidaemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A Dutch/British cohort of 709 PwH (ages ranging from 30 to 88 years) showed a prevalence of 49% of SAH, 15% of obesity, and 6% of DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Risk prediction models in CVD were designed to assess the individual risk of a first CVD event in the general population. However, important caveats must be considered when using such risk scores. Firstly, the ACC/AHA have jointly developed the PCER Calculator tool to estimate both the 10-year and lifetime risks for developing a first CVD event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Participants from several large cohort studies were ultimately included for analysis and equation development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> However, there may be a significant limitation when used in populations that do not resemble the source population concerning its interest, social, cultural, and ethnic characteristics (e.g., men from Recife/Brazil).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Secondly, as expected due to the rarity, people with hereditary bleeding disorders were not enrolled in any of the referred studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> which could argue against its use for predicting risk in PwH, for example. Finally, it has been reported that the PCER Calculator tool systematically overestimated risks by roughly 75-150% based on its performance in five external validation cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> This is likely due to the use of cohort data from studies conducted over two decades ago, which may not reflect current levels of morbidity or improvements in overall health and health care since then.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> This suggests the need for routinely performing new external validation studies for any of these risk assessment models in contemporary cohorts to maintain model predictive value. Pennells et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> have recently performed such recalibration, but we did not have access to this updated document before starting the HemoCardio Study.</p>
        <p>These drawbacks can be illustrated by the publication of van der Valk et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A lower-than-expected CVD incidence evaluated by the QRISK2-2011 score<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> was found after following 579 asymptomatic PwH who were 30 years or older for five years (absolute risk reduction of 2.4%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>The bleeding phenotype of haemophilia may have favoured the lower incidence of CVD events. However, neither the QRISK2-2011 was validated for PwH nor the therapies to avoid CVD events (e.g., diets, exercise, antihypertensives, and statins) after the CVD risk factor evaluation were considered. We evaluated CVD risk using both the PCER and the FRS tools.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> We will prospectively follow these patients to evaluate their outcomes.</p>
        <p>Nevertheless, risk tools are widely used to promote a discussion about behavioural change and to instigate drug treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The PCER Calculator tool suggested ASA therapy for 11 (37%) PwH in HemoCardio Study, according to ACC/AHA guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> There are no randomized clinical trials so far on antithrombotic&#8217; safety and effectiveness for primary prevention of CVD events in PwH. The prescription of antiplatelet agents or anticoagulation should be considered by a team consisting of a cardiologist and a haematologist, together with the effective and safe administration of clotting factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A multicentre, open, non-interventional French study compared the bleeding risk in PwH under antithrombotic therapy (both antiplatelet agents or anticoagulation) for CVD secondary prevention with PwH without antithrombotic therapy (no previous CVD event).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The bleeding risk was similar between groups, although severe bleeding occurred in both.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Nevertheless, there was no information about factor replacement during the treatments. Therefore, among PwH, balancing between anti- and pro-coagulant treatments may be challenging.</p>
        <p>While almost half of PwH were hypercholesterolaemic and 23% were hypoHDLaemic, no patient was on statin treatment. PCER Calculator tool suggested statin treatment for 16 (54%), of whom eight should receive a high-intensity regimen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Indeed, there is no clinical trial on the safety of statins in PwH. A recent AHA statement on the safety and tolerability of statins posed the most effective statins could produce a mean reduction in LDLc of 55% to 60% at the maximum dosage in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The risk of statin-induced serious muscle injury was lower than 0.1%, and the risk of serious hepatotoxicity was even lower.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In addition, although statins as secondary prevention could increase the risk of haemorrhagic stroke in people with ischaemic stroke,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> this does not seem to be true for primary prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Therefore, statin treatment at moderate or high intensities seems to be a good strategy for preventing CVD events in PwH.</p>
        <p>Of the 19 (63%) PwH who had SAH, 74% (14/19) had a poorly controlled BP, including eight PwH who were taking antihypertensive medications. There is evidence that male sex, SAH, and ageing are not only risk factors for atherothrombotic diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> but also risk factors for haemorrhagic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Their association with a hereditary bleeding disease, mainly when the patient is not on prophylaxis and/or is inhibitor positive,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> may significantly increase the risk of spontaneous haemorrhagic stroke. Since there are no clinical trials on antihypertensive medication&#8217;s safety and effectiveness in PwH, and these drugs are not related to an increased risk of haemorrhage, we understand that PwH with uncontrolled high BP should be closely managed (e.g., behavioural changes, medication, and regular adherence verification), to normalize BP according to international guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study has several limitations. First of all, as discussed above, no population tool has been formally validated to predict individual CVD risk in PwH. Besides, there are no clinical trials on the best management of primary prevention of CVD events among PwH. In addition, ASA prescription should be cautiously discussed with other specialists (e.g., a cardiologist) on an individual basis due to the risk of bleeding events in PwH. Secondly, our results refer to a specific and small population from one single centre, which impacts the generalizability of the findings. We are currently planning a multicentre study to evaluate CVD risk in a larger population. Finally, HCV infection could have influenced the results since a recent large study showed that it is associated with a 2.5-3.5% increase in the 10-year CVD absolute risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> However, this association was not confirmed by two large studies evaluating CVD risk factors and events among PwH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this analysis of the HemoCardio Study, the prevalence of SAH and dyslipidaemia among PwH who were 40 years or older and free from CVD was not negligible. Therefore, half of these patients had a high 10-year PCER score. Since haematologists may be the only physicians to visit PwH regularly, we support them in following the ACC/AHA guidelines for the assessment of CVD risk for primary prevention,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and we recommend them to assess traditional CVD risk factors and estimate 10-year CVD risk (PCER or FRS tools) every 4-6 years. Whenever a CVD risk is diagnosed, they can treat it and/or refer to a specialist. In such an environment, cardiologists may be significant professionals.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Funda&#231;&#227;o de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado de Pernambuco under the protocol number 86067818.6.0000.5195. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2023-0004_AO_Supplemental-Material.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: Camelo RM received scholarship (PDSE-88881.362041/2019-1) from the CAPES Foundation, an agency under the Ministry of Education of Brazil, in order to conduct part of his doctoral research as a visiting student at Leiden University Medical Centre in the Netherlands.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
