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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">t7rjFZH4dvLMHbKn4tbzpHz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000900302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220932</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o Estado Dipping Noturno, Aumento da Press&#227;o Arterial Matinal e Interna&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares em Pacientes com a Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Sist&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ta&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>&#220;mm&#252;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8086-1318</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ta&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Sedat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5042-4077</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Edem</surname>
            <given-names>Efe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Izmir Demokrasi Universitesi</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Karabaglar</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Demokrasi Universitesi &#8211; Cardiology, Karabaglar &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Manisa Celal Bayar University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manisa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Manisa Celal Bayar University &#8211; Cardiology, Manisa &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">&#304;zmir T&#305;naztepe University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#304;zmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">&#304;zmir T&#305;naztepe University &#8211; Cardiology, &#304;zmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Sedat Ta&#351; &#8226; Manisa Celal Bayar Universitesi &#8211; cardiology &#8211; Adnan Menderes cad. &#350;ehzadeler/Manisa 45140 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>sedattas2000@yahoo.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220932</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Figura Central</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <caption>
              <title>: A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o estado dipping noturno, aumento matinal da press&#227;o arterial e interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>PA: Press&#227;o arterial; PPAM: Aumento matinal da press&#227;o arterial; E/Em: Raz&#227;o entre o pico precoce (E) da velocidade de influxo mitral e a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral (Em).</attrib>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/t7rjFZH4dvLMHbKn4tbzpHz/54557509d460edb25d4f4242d437a45b71edcbb4.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hipertens&#227;o &#233; um fator de risco conhecido para o desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No entanto, h&#225; dados limitados para investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre pico de press&#227;o arterial matinal (PPAM), estado dipper, par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre aumento matinal da press&#227;o arterial, padr&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-dipper, par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Analisamos retrospectivamente os dados de 206 pacientes consecutivos com hipertens&#227;o e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo abaixo de 40%. Dividimos os pacientes em dois grupos de acordo com os resultados da monitoramento ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) de 24 horas: dippers (n=110) e n&#227;o-dippers (n=96). O aumento matinal da press&#227;o arterial foi calculado. Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares durante o acompanhamento foram anotados. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O grupo de estudo foi composto por 206 pacientes com predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino e idade m&#233;dia de 63,5 &#177; 16,1 anos. O grupo n&#227;o-dipper teve significativamente mais interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares em compara&#231;&#227;o com os dippers. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre PPAM e &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (r=0,331, p=0,001), rela&#231;&#227;o entre velocidade de influxo mitral precoce e velocidade de propaga&#231;&#227;o do fluxo (r= 0,326, p=0,001) e rela&#231;&#227;o entre influxo mitral precoce velocidade e velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do anel mitral (E/Em) (r= 0,314, p=0,001). Verificou-se que a PA n&#227;o-dipper, PPAM e o padr&#227;o E/Em est&#227;o independentemente associados ao aumento das admiss&#245;es hospitalares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O PPAM est&#225; associado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e pode ser um preditor sens&#237;vel de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o (HA) est&#225; entre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares mais trat&#225;veis. Observa&#231;&#245;es sobre varia&#231;&#245;es circadianas na PA levaram a uma nova classifica&#231;&#227;o em HA. O&#8217;Brien et al. chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o para o significado progn&#243;stico da redu&#231;&#227;o noturna da press&#227;o arterial (PA) e prop&#244;s pela primeira vez os conceitos de &#8216;dippers&#8217; e &#8216;n&#227;o-dippers&#8217;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Dippers foram definidos como pessoas cuja PA noturna diminuiu em 10% ou mais do que os valores diurnos, enquanto aqueles cuja PA noturna diminuiu menos de 10% s&#227;o n&#227;o-dippers. Como a PA j&#225; diminui &#224; noite com o ritmo circadiano normal, a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA noturna em pacientes com HA &#233; definida como um bom fator de progn&#243;stico. Assim, o monitoramento ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas (MAPA de 24 horas) para identificar padr&#245;es dipping ou n&#227;o-dipping tornou-se cada vez mais importante para o manejo de pacientes com HA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Par&#226;metros cardiovasculares, como PA, t&#244;nus coron&#225;rio e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mudam com o ritmo circadiano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Fox e Mulcahy mostraram que as varia&#231;&#245;es circadianas na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e na press&#227;o arterial eram virtualmente id&#234;nticas em indiv&#237;duos normotensos; ambas ca&#237;ram e permaneceram relativamente baixas durante toda a noite e depois subiram acentuadamente nas primeiras horas da manh&#227; para atingir um pico durante a manh&#227;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> H&#225; um interesse crescente no papel da HA n&#227;o-dipping e do aumento matinal da PA (PPAM) em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares, incluindo disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda e direita, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A influ&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial na remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural e funcional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; bem conhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, os efeitos da PPAM e o padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) s&#227;o pouco descritos.</p>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica devido &#224; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com morbidade significativa, interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares recorrentes, aumento dos custos de sa&#250;de e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em seu estudo, Mosalpuria et al. analisaram dados de consultas ambulatoriais de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Eles encontraram a HA como a comorbidade mais comum (62%) e sugeriram que um melhor tratamento ambulatorial poderia melhorar os resultados e reduzir o n&#250;mero de reinterna&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Avaliar o papel da varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana da PA na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pode esclarecer a efic&#225;cia do tratamento e o momento de dosagem de medicamentos em casos individuais. A interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, principalmente recorrente, por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; um importante fator de risco para mortalidade. Portanto, determinar os fatores de risco de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e preveni-los pode ser um m&#233;todo consider&#225;vel e custo-efetivo para reduzir a mortalidade por IC. Este estudo foi conduzido para determinar os efeitos da variabilidade circadiana da PA na admiss&#227;o hospitalar em pacientes com ICFEr e analisar as rela&#231;&#245;es entre o decl&#237;nio noturno da PA, PPAM e interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#245;es de estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo de caso-controle retrospectivo foi projetado e conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e aprovado por um comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional da Universidade &#304;zmir T&#305;naztepe (Data e n&#250;mero da decis&#227;o: 2021/13). Coletamos os achados de MAPA e ecocardiograma de 224 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica que se apresentaram nos ambulat&#243;rios de cardiologia de nosso hospital entre novembro de 2018 e dezembro de 2019 e foram diagnosticados ou rec&#233;m-diagnosticados com HA com base na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do ambulat&#243;rio e, em seguida, realizamos monitoramento ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial por 24 horas. Tamb&#233;m coletamos interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares de cada paciente desde a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial at&#233; 2 anos de acompanhamento. Dos 224 pacientes, exclu&#237;mos aqueles perdidos no seguimento (n = 18). Dados referentes &#224;s interna&#231;&#245;es do paciente durante o acompanhamento, hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico, e informa&#231;&#245;es sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas foram obtidas de seus prontu&#225;rios. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal foi anotado para cada paciente (kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
        <p>Definimos insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de acordo com as diretrizes da ESC de 2021 para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda e cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> ICFEr foi definida como uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo inferior a 40%. Admiss&#245;es hospitalares durante o seguimento foram identificadas para todos os pacientes. Avaliamos todas as interna&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica 2 anos ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Monitoramento ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>Definimos HA como PA sist&#243;lica superior a 140 mmHg e/ou PA diast&#243;lica superior a 90 mmHg, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios especificados nas Diretrizes da <italic>European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology (ESC)</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> para o manejo da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Para este estudo, calculamos a PA ambulatorial diurna como a PA m&#233;dia das 6h &#224;s 20h e a PA noturna como a PA m&#233;dia entre as 20h e as 6h. Tamb&#233;m determinamos os valores m&#233;dios da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de 24 horas, diurna e noturna e calculamos o PPAM subtraindo a PA sist&#243;lica noturna m&#237;nima da PA sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia nas primeiras 2 horas ap&#243;s levantar-se. Com base nos resultados da MAPA de 24 horas, os pacientes foram divididos em grupo dipper (redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805;10% na PA noturna) e n&#227;o-dipper (redu&#231;&#227;o &lt;10% na PA noturna).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>Di&#226;metros sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo, di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (m&#233;todo de Simpson), velocidades E e A do influxo mitral, tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o, tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico, rela&#231;&#227;o entre precoce (E) e tardio (A) pico da velocidade de entrada mitral, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade de influxo mitral inicial e a velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do anel mitral (E/Em) e os achados do Doppler tecidual avaliados por ecocardiografia bidimensional obtida de eixos paraesternais longos e curtos padr&#227;o e apical de 2, 3 e 4 c&#226;maras opini&#245;es foram coletadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados no programa SPSS vers&#227;o 15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, EUA). O teste de normalidade foi realizado por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Dados categ&#243;ricos s&#227;o expressos como contagem e porcentagem, e dados cont&#237;nuos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram comparados usando o teste qui-quadrado, e os dados cont&#237;nuos foram comparados usando um teste t independente. Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r) foram usados para examinar as correla&#231;&#245;es entre o PPAM e o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral, valores de PA e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Uma correla&#231;&#227;o parcial foi realizada para controlar o efeito dos fatores de confus&#227;o, incluindo sexo e idade. Fatores com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05) foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para determinar preditores independentes de interna&#231;&#227;o. Um procedimento de sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis foi implementado, e todas essas vari&#225;veis candidatas foram alimentadas nos procedimentos de sele&#231;&#227;o direta e elimina&#231;&#227;o regressiva, al&#233;m de for&#231;ar todas as vari&#225;veis do modelo juntas. An&#225;lises multivariadas de riscos proporcionais de Cox usando o m&#233;todo Enter foram calculadas para identificar os preditores independentes de mortalidade. A an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor das vari&#225;veis selecionadas foi feita para detectar os valores de corte com maior sensibilidade e especificidade na previs&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Linha de base e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>O grupo de estudo compreendeu 206 pacientes com predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino (84 [40,8%] mulheres, 122 [59,2%] homens) e idade m&#233;dia de 63,5 &#177; 16,1 (24&#8211;94) anos. De acordo com os resultados do MAPA de 24 horas, 110 pacientes (53,3%) eram dippers e 96 pacientes (46,7%) eram n&#227;o-dippers. A classe da New York Heart Association (NYHA) foi II em 54,4%, III em 38,8% e IV em 6,8% dos pacientes. Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, 206 pacientes tiveram 556 interna&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca confirmada (1,34 interna&#231;&#245;es por paciente por ano). O grupo n&#227;o-dipper teve uma taxa de admiss&#227;o hospitalar significativamente maior do que o grupo dipper (p &lt;0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em comorbidades, incluindo diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e hiperlipidemia, ou termos das drogas utilizadas pelos pacientes, exceto diur&#233;ticos. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas basais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Dipper (n:110)</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o-dipper (n:96)</th>
                  <th>valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Genero masculino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68(61.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">54(56.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,566<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,0&#177;16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">60,1&#177;15,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,325*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NYHA FC, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,094<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC-2</td>
                  <td align="center">70(63.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">42(43.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC-3</td>
                  <td align="center">36(32.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">44(45.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC-4</td>
                  <td align="center">4(3.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(10.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es (ano)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01&#177;0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">1,72&#177;0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0,001<sup><bold>*</bold></sup></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(14.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,767<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34(30.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">32(33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,793<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DRC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(9.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(10.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,821<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HL, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22(20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">24(25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,543<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DCIC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72(65,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">74(77.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,195<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DPOC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,066<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;tico, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82(74,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">94(94,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#165;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA-BRA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">94(85,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">84(87,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,806<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espironalactona, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76(69.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">80(83.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,093<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">98(89.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">94(97,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,076<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">382,5&#177;522,0</td>
                  <td align="center">461,9&#177;447,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,413*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p><sup>&#165;</sup>teste qui-quadrado; *Teste t independente. Dados categ&#243;ricos e cont&#237;nuos foram apresentados. P&lt;0,05 valor que foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; DCIC: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica cr&#244;nica; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DM: diabetes mellitus; HL: hiperlipidemia; NYHA CF: Classe Funcional da New York Heart Association.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros de monitoramento ambulatorial da PA n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra uma compara&#231;&#227;o dos achados da MAPA de 24 horas nos grupos de estudo.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Valores da press&#227;o arterial nos casos dipper e n&#227;o-dipper</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Dipper (n:110, mmHg)</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o-dipper (n:96, mmHg)</th>
                  <th>valor-p*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS Consult&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">127,6&#177;16,1</td>
                  <td align="center">122,6&#177;20,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,164</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD Consult&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">72,6&#177;8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">70,2&#177;10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,209</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">128,3&#177;10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">128,9&#177;13,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,748</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">78,4&#177;7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">75,7&#177;7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,067</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS diurna</td>
                  <td align="center">130,9&#177;11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">132,8&#177;14,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,472</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD diurna</td>
                  <td align="center">81,2&#177;8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">78,2&#177;7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,065</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS noturna</td>
                  <td align="center">113,8&#177;13,6</td>
                  <td align="center">115,4&#177;15,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,578</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD noturna</td>
                  <td align="center">72,3&#177;8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">69,8&#177;8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,137</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPAM</td>
                  <td align="center">31,1&#177;6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">32,9&#177;6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,174</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>* Teste t independente. PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PPAM: aumento matinal da press&#227;o arterial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. P&lt;0,05 valor que foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Dados cont&#237;nuos foram apresentados.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Uma compara&#231;&#227;o dos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos nos grupos de estudo &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. O grupo n&#227;o-dipper apresentou E/VP significativamente maior (p&lt;0,001), rela&#231;&#227;o E/Em (p=0,001) e &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (p&lt;0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo dipper.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em casos dipper e n&#227;o-dipper</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Dipper (n:110)</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o-dipper (n:96)</th>
                  <th>valor-p*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVAE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,1&#177;4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">38,1&#177;5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,4&#177;5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">32,0&#177;6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,155</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DVED (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,12&#177;0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">5,97&#177;0,64</td>
                  <td align="center">0,232</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DVE (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,16&#177;0,63</td>
                  <td align="center">5,21&#177;0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">0,692</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">102,8&#177;28,2</td>
                  <td align="center">116,2&#177;33,3</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,029</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,7&#177;22,9</td>
                  <td align="center">88,4&#177;28,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,881</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,26&#177;0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">1,57&#177;0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">167,2&#177;44,3</td>
                  <td align="center">159,6&#177;42,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,374</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VP (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,4&#177;4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">32,2&#177;4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVRT (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">132,7&#177;26,1</td>
                  <td align="center">142,5&#177;43,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,164</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Em (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,65&#177;2,12</td>
                  <td align="center">6,30&#177;1,84</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Am (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,12&#177;1,67</td>
                  <td align="center">7,73&#177;2,64</td>
                  <td align="center">0,160</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/Em</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8&#177;4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">16,4&#177;7,8</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/VP</td>
                  <td align="center">2,76&#177;0,75</td>
                  <td align="center">3,75&#177;1,20</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sm (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,84&#177;1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">6,41&#177;1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,082</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>*Teste t independente. A: pico tardio da velocidade de entrada mitral; Am: velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia do anel mitral; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o; E: pico precoce da velocidade de influxo mitral; Em: velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do anel mitral; Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o entre o pico precoce (E) e o tardio (A) da velocidade de influxo mitral, E/Em: rela&#231;&#227;o entre o pico inicial (E) da velocidade de influxo mitral e a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral (Em); IVRT: isovolum&#233;trico tempo de relaxa&#231;&#227;o; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DVED: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Sm: velocidade sist&#243;lica Doppler tissular de pico; VP: velocidade de propaga&#231;&#227;o do fluxo. P&lt;0,05 valor que foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Dados cont&#237;nuos foram apresentados.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Houve correla&#231;&#245;es positivas entre PPAM e &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo, tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o, E/VP e E/Em, e correla&#231;&#245;es negativas entre PPAM e VP e Em. A correla&#231;&#227;o significativa dos par&#226;metros com o PPAM tamb&#233;m se manteve estatisticamente significativa quando controlada para fatores de confus&#227;o (idade e sexo) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de PPAM e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e par&#226;metros de MAPA de 24 horas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">PPAM</th>
                  <th colspan="2">PPAM (ajustado por idade/sexo)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>R</th>
                  <th>valor-p</th>
                  <th>R</th>
                  <th>valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero</td>
                  <td align="center">0,147</td>
                  <td align="center">0,139</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                  <td align="center">0,914</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,073</td>
                  <td align="center">0,466</td>
                  <td align="center">0,102</td>
                  <td align="center">0,309</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS Consult&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                  <td align="center">0,894</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,995</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD Consult&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,067</td>
                  <td align="center">0,500</td>
                  <td align="center">0,103</td>
                  <td align="center">0,680</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">0,140</td>
                  <td align="center">0,157</td>
                  <td align="center">0,148</td>
                  <td align="center">0,139</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                  <td align="center">0,865</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">0,704</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS diurna</td>
                  <td align="center">0,182</td>
                  <td align="center">0,066</td>
                  <td align="center">0,190</td>
                  <td align="center">0,057</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD diurna</td>
                  <td align="center">0,057</td>
                  <td align="center">0,568</td>
                  <td align="center">0,081</td>
                  <td align="center">0,421</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS noturna</td>
                  <td align="center">0,054</td>
                  <td align="center">0,585</td>
                  <td align="center">0,049</td>
                  <td align="center">0,623</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD noturna</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,087</td>
                  <td align="center">0,383</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,081</td>
                  <td align="center">0,422</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVAE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,331</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,340</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SIV</td>
                  <td align="center">0,155</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,035</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,146</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,048</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,201</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,006</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,201</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,006</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,234</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,232</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E</td>
                  <td align="center">0,141</td>
                  <td align="center">0,154</td>
                  <td align="center">0,129</td>
                  <td align="center">0,200</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A</td>
                  <td align="center">0,109</td>
                  <td align="center">0,272</td>
                  <td align="center">0,102</td>
                  <td align="center">0,310</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TD</td>
                  <td align="center">0,268</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,006</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,275</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,005</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VP</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,357</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-0,353</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                  <td align="center">0,794</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">0,887</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Em</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,338</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-0,328</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Am</td>
                  <td align="center">0,123</td>
                  <td align="center">0,215</td>
                  <td align="center">0,123</td>
                  <td align="center">0,220</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVRT</td>
                  <td align="center">0,045</td>
                  <td align="center">0,652</td>
                  <td align="center">0,060</td>
                  <td align="center">0,548</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/Em</td>
                  <td align="center">0,314</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,300</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/VP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,326</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,314</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">0,933</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,028</td>
                  <td align="center">0,778</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>A: pico tardio da velocidade de entrada mitral; MAPA: monitoramento ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; Am: velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia do anel mitral; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o; E: pico precoce da velocidade de influxo mitral; Em: velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do anel mitral; Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o entre o pico precoce (E) e o tardio (A) da velocidade de influxo mitral; E/Em: rela&#231;&#227;o entre o pico inicial (E) da velocidade de influxo mitral e a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral (Em); IVRT: isovolum&#233;trico tempo de relaxar; SIV: septo interventricular; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DVED: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PPAM: aumento matinal da press&#227;o arterial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; Sm: velocidade sist&#243;lica Doppler tissular de pico; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda; PP: parede posterior; VP: velocidade de propaga&#231;&#227;o do fluxo. P&lt;0,05 valor que foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor foi realizada para determinar os valores de corte de PPAM e E/Em para prever m&#250;ltiplas interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). O valor de corte para PPAM foi determinado em 33,25 mmHg e a &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 0,802. Nesse valor de corte, a sensibilidade para predizer interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares foi de 75,0% e a especificidade foi de 73%. O valor de corte para E/Em foi de 12,8 e a &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 0,805. Nesse valor de corte, a sensibilidade foi de 72,5% e a especificidade de 74,6%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) para pico matinal de press&#227;o arterial e E/Em na predi&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o; o valor de corte ideal para PPAM de 33,25 teve sensibilidade de 75,0% e especificidade de 73,0% &#225;rea sob a curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor: 0,802, o valor de corte ideal para E/Em de 12,8 teve sensibilidade de 72,8% e especificidade de 74,6 % de &#225;rea sob a curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor: 0,805.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220932-20932-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de Cox</title>
        <p>Realizamos an&#225;lise de Cox usando PPAM, padr&#227;o de PA sem imers&#227;o, E/Em, idade e sexo para prever interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas vari&#225;veis independentes e m&#250;ltiplas interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares mostrou que E/Em (raz&#227;o de risco [RR] 1,04, p = 0,022), PPAM (RR 1,07, p = 0,016) e padr&#227;o de PA sem queda (RR 2,75, p=0,010) estiveram independentemente associados ao aumento de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises de Cox entre taxa de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e idade, sexo, padr&#227;o de PA n&#227;o-dipper, PPAM e E/Em</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
                  <th>RH</th>
                  <th>valor-p</th>
                  <th>IC de 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1.024</td>
                  <td align="center">0,082</td>
                  <td align="center">0,997-1,052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#233;nero masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1.658</td>
                  <td align="center">0,173</td>
                  <td align="center">0,802-3,428</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPAM</td>
                  <td align="center">1.071</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,016</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.013-1.133</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA n&#227;o dipper</td>
                  <td align="center">2.756</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,010</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.270-5.979</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/Em</td>
                  <td align="center">1.049</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,022</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.007-1.092</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; E/Em: raz&#227;o entre o pico inicial (E) da velocidade de influxo mitral e a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral (Em); PPAM: aumento matinal da press&#227;o arterial. P&lt;0,05 valor que foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m realizamos an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox e descobrimos que idade (RR 1,14, p=0,014), NYHA FC (RR 5,25, p=0,019), FEVE (RR 0,64, p&lt;0,001) e E/Em (RR 0,91, p= 0,036) foram preditores significativos de mortalidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Preditores de Mortalidade na Popula&#231;&#227;o com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
                  <th>RH</th>
                  <th>valor-p</th>
                  <th>IC de 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,146</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">1.028-1.277</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Genero masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">5,227</td>
                  <td align="center">0,078</td>
                  <td align="center">0,831-32,888</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPAM</td>
                  <td align="center">1,028</td>
                  <td align="center">0,690</td>
                  <td align="center">0,898-1,177</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA n&#227;o-dipper</td>
                  <td align="center">1,356</td>
                  <td align="center">0,639</td>
                  <td align="center">0,379-4,853</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/Em</td>
                  <td align="center">0,918</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,039</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,847-0,996</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,649</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,521-0,809</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NYHA FC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,039</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III contra II</td>
                  <td align="center">3,225</td>
                  <td align="center">0,112</td>
                  <td align="center">0,535-19,441</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV contra II</td>
                  <td align="center">5,252</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,019</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.679-38.861</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,917</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999-1,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; E/Em: raz&#227;o entre o pico inicial (E) da velocidade de influxo mitral e a velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do anel mitral (Em); FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; PPAM: aumento matinal da press&#227;o arterial; NYHA FC: Classe Funcional da New York Heart Association. P&lt;0,05 valor que foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre HA e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225; se tornando uma quest&#227;o cl&#237;nica cada vez mais importante porque a coexist&#234;ncia das duas condi&#231;&#245;es &#233; frequente e, de acordo com dois grandes registros, a preval&#234;ncia de HA aumentou de 47% para 59% nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em seu estudo, Yancy et al. especularam que 69% dos pacientes com ICFEr tinham PA elevada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> H&#225; quem sugira que a HA cause insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> bem como aqueles que sugerem que a presen&#231;a de HA &#233; uma comorbidade ou condi&#231;&#227;o contribuinte em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em ambos os cen&#225;rios, o controle da PA deve ser um dos principais objetivos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Embora muitos estudos tenham mostrado que caracter&#237;sticas de PA n&#227;o-dipper e PPAM est&#227;o associadas a maiores complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e danos a &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> n&#227;o temos conhecimento de nenhum dado publicado sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre ICFEr e achados de MAPA de 24 horas no contexto de PA noturna e PPAM.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo avaliou a variabilidade da PA em pacientes com ICFEr devido &#224; alta taxa de comorbidade de HA. Em nosso estudo, o grupo n&#227;o-dipper apresentou taxas significativamente maiores de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, uso de diur&#233;ticos, IVAE, E/Em e E/VP, de acordo com a literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave &#233; importante por causa disso alta morbimortalidade do grupo. Portanto, muitos m&#233;todos, como ecocardiografia, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, MAPA de 24 horas, t&#233;cnicas nucleares, cateterismo card&#237;aco, cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e par&#226;metros laboratoriais, t&#234;m sido sugeridos para prever o progn&#243;stico. Em um estudo retrospectivo, Cruz et al. especularam que um programa de telemonitoramento n&#227;o invasivo reduziu significativamente as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC e as admiss&#245;es em departamentos de emerg&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Muitos estudos mostram que os achados da MAPA de 24 horas se correlacionam com o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O padr&#227;o de PA non-dipper &#233; um desses fatores progn&#243;sticos.</p>
      <p>Muitos poss&#237;veis mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos entre n&#227;o-dipping e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) foram sugeridos. Primeiro, o aumento da PA noturna tem sido associado ao comprometimento do enchimento ventricular esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em segundo lugar, o padr&#227;o de PA n&#227;o-dipper est&#225; associado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, que tem um papel principal na fisiopatologia da ICC. Higashi et al. descobriram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial estava associada &#224; progress&#227;o e progn&#243;stico da ICC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Em terceiro lugar, o padr&#227;o de PA n&#227;o-dipper est&#225; associado ao aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica, outro fator que se acredita estar envolvido na fisiopatologia da ICC.</p>
      <p>Canesin et al. especularam que a PA sist&#243;lica mais baixa e o maior decl&#237;nio noturno da PA no MAPA de 24 horas foram preditores de maior mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica avan&#231;ada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, Kastrup et al. compararam 25 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica (grupos dipper e n&#227;o-dipper) e 25 controles saud&#225;veis. Eles determinaram que o padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper era mais frequente em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle saud&#225;vel e sugeriram que pode ser mais prejudicial nesse grupo de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Neste estudo, tamb&#233;m determinamos que a PA n&#227;o-dipper padr&#227;o &#233; mais prejudicial e que o comprometimento diast&#243;lico foi mais proeminente no grupo n&#227;o-dipper, consistente com os achados relatados por Kastrup et al. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o encontramos uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper, PPAM e mortalidade. V&#225;rios fatores causam mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e a variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial &#233; apenas um desses fatores de risco. Em um estudo de amostra t&#227;o pequena, as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, as comorbidades e o uso de m&#250;ltiplos medicamentos podem causar resultados insignificantes, contr&#225;rios &#224;s expectativas de fatores de risco, como padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper e PPAM.</p>
      <p>Em contraste, Ueda et al. especularam que o padr&#227;o ascendente estava associado a um risco aumentado de desfechos adversos entre pacientes com ICFEp, mas n&#227;o em pacientes com ICFEr.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Em conson&#226;ncia com Ueda et al., Komori et al. demonstraram que pacientes com ICFEp com padr&#227;o de PA ascendente tinham um risco maior de resultado composto do que os pacientes dipper, mas essa rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi observada no grupo ICFEr.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre PPAM, padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper, e mortalidade entre pacientes com ICFEr, mas as interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares foram associadas ao padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper e PPAM. Em outro estudo, Moroni et al. sugeriram que o ritmo circadiano da PA estava preservado em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio de nossos resultados, Kotti et al. observaram que a PA sist&#243;lica mais baixa e a queda no MAPA de 24 horas predisseram maior mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, Shin et al. recrutaram 118 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica e os acompanharam por 4 anos. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupos dipper, n&#227;o-dipper e reverse dipper com base nos resultados do MAPA de 24 horas. Eles descobriram que as taxas de resultados adversos foram mais altas no grupo dipper reverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Achados discrepantes t&#234;m sido relatados na literatura sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es circadianas da press&#227;o arterial e desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com ICFEr e ICFEp, conforme mencionado acima. As raz&#245;es para essas diferen&#231;as podem ser que (i) devido aos diferentes hist&#243;ricos dos pacientes, comorbidades e medicamentos, a import&#226;ncia da sensibilidade do barorreflexo pode diferir entre pacientes com ICFEr e ICFEp. (ii) O efeito adverso do PPAM pode ser mais proeminente em pacientes com ICFEr, reduzindo o volume sist&#243;lico. (iii) Essa discrep&#226;ncia pode depender da extens&#227;o e dura&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA. Embora a eleva&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria da PA, como o PPAM, possa exacerbar os resultados na ICFEr, o efeito da eleva&#231;&#227;o duradoura da PA, como o padr&#227;o ascendente, pode ser insignificante em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>Defini&#231;&#227;o e medi&#231;&#227;o mais padronizadas para mudan&#231;as na press&#227;o arterial circadiana s&#227;o cr&#237;ticas para reconciliar essas descobertas aparentemente discrepantes.</p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre PPAM e progn&#243;stico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tornou-se uma quest&#227;o cl&#237;nica interessante nos &#250;ltimos anos, pois piores desfechos foram associados a valores mais altos de PPAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Komori et al. mostraram que o PPAM foi associado a um pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Em conson&#226;ncia com Komori et al., descobrimos que maior PPAM foi associado a mais interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O papel negativo da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica na forma&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225; fora de d&#250;vida agora. At&#233; o momento, at&#233; o momento, nenhum estudo na literatura tentou avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre PPAM e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes com ICFEr. Benfari et al. demonstraram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica estava associada a pior IC, independente de todas as caracter&#237;sticas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Em conson&#226;ncia com Benfari et al., descobrimos que o comprometimento diast&#243;lico estava associado a piores desfechos de IC e descobrimos que os n&#237;veis de PPAM estavam associados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e IMVE em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica. Em nosso estudo, diferentemente de outros achados do MAPA, observamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre PPAM e aumento de interna&#231;&#245;es, mas n&#227;o mortalidade, e observamos que a incid&#234;ncia de interna&#231;&#245;es foi significativamente maior em pacientes com valores maiores de PPAM, especialmente acima de 33,25 mmHg. Se este valor de corte for confirmado em estudos futuros, pode ser &#250;til na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para predizer interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares. A base fisiol&#243;gica do aumento do PPAM &#233; complexa e parece envolver muitos mecanismos interconectados. Poss&#237;veis mecanismos respons&#225;veis pelo PPAM incluem ativa&#231;&#227;o s&#250;bita do sistema simp&#225;tico, diminui&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade do barorreflexo e sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona. As causas do PPAM em pacientes com IC permanecem desconhecidas. Sensibilidade barorreflexa prejudicada foi observada em pacientes com IC, levando &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico. Esse mecanismo pode ser a principal causa do PPAM. Al&#233;m disso, o PPAM aumenta a p&#243;s-carga card&#237;aca e a rigidez arterial, contribuindo para a progress&#227;o da hipertrofia e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionada &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es citadas, que ir&#227;o influenciar diretamente na PA matinal, pois a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica altera a varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana normal da PA. Assim, pode-se especular que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pode induzir as vias que causam PPAM. A forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre PPAM e morbidade cardiovascular neste estudo sugere que o PPAM pode ser um efeito secund&#225;rio e indicador de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em vez de uma causa direta de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares ou que o PPAM pode ter aumentado as interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares alterando a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ou contribuindo para comprometimento diast&#243;lico.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo descobriu que padr&#245;es de PA non-dipper e PPAM foram fatores de risco independentes para interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares. Em seu estudo, Pierdomenico et al. mostraram que o maior risco cardiovascular entre pacientes hipertensos idosos tratados foi observado entre os dippers extremos com alto PPAM, seguidos por dippers reversos, n&#227;o-dippers e dippers com alto PPAM. Al&#233;m disso, eles mostraram que os dippers apenas com alto PPAM e os n&#227;o-dippers estavam associados ao risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Embora o desenho e a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo de Pierdomenico n&#227;o reflitam totalmente nosso estudo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de seus resultados com os nossos destaca que os padr&#245;es n&#227;o-dipper e o PPAM podem afetar os resultados cardiovasculares independentemente. Al&#233;m disso, n&#243;s exibimos diferen&#231;as significativas entre dippers e n&#227;o-dippers em rela&#231;&#227;o ao PPAM. Nossos resultados se alinham com os de Tutal et al., que descobriram que o PPAM n&#227;o era significativamente diferente entre os n&#227;o-dippers e os dippers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo em um &#250;nico centro com uma amostra relativamente pequena. Como o c&#225;lculo rotineiro de PPAM para cada paciente submetido &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de MAPA de 24 horas em nossa cl&#237;nica come&#231;ou no final de 2018, o tamanho da amostra do estudo &#233; pequeno e o tempo de acompanhamento &#233; curto. A segunda limita&#231;&#227;o importante &#233; que nosso estudo n&#227;o tinha um grupo de controle saud&#225;vel. Uma compara&#231;&#227;o tripla incluindo mais pacientes e um grupo de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis minimizaria o erro alfa tipo 1. Em terceiro lugar, a generaliza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; limitada porque inclu&#237;mos indiv&#237;duos nas classes NYHA II, III e IV e n&#227;o inclu&#237;mos pacientes com classe NYHA 1. Em quarto lugar, n&#227;o temos dados sobre o momento da administra&#231;&#227;o do medicamento, o que poderia afetar a press&#227;o arterial medidas e o ritmo circadiano. Quinto, a falta de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de v&#225;rios fatores de risco suspeitos, como padr&#227;o non-dipper e PPAM para mortalidade em pacientes com IC, n&#227;o deve ser interpretada como significando que esses n&#227;o s&#227;o poss&#237;veis fatores de risco em pacientes individuais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Como a coexist&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e HA &#233; comum entre pacientes com ICFEr, o tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e da HA em termos de PPAM e estado dipping, um de seus fatores de risco modific&#225;veis, deve ser o principal foco terap&#234;utico para reduzir as interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares. No presente estudo, observamos uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre PPAM, padr&#227;o de PA n&#227;o-dipping, E/Em e aumento de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares. Portanto, o PPAM deve estar entre os novos preditores de interna&#231;&#245;es e um foco terap&#234;utico junto aos j&#225; estabelecidos em pacientes com ICFEr. A redu&#231;&#227;o do PPAM poderia, portanto, ser um novo alvo terap&#234;utico para prevenir interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes hipertensos. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar seu valor cl&#237;nico.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade &#304;zmir T&#305;naztepe sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2021/13. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Relationship between Nocturnal Dipping Status, Morning Blood Pressure Surge, and Hospital Admissions in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ta&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>&#220;mm&#252;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8086-1318</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ta&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Sedat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5042-4077</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Edem</surname>
            <given-names>Efe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Demokrasi Universitesi &#8211; Cardiology, Karabaglar &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Manisa Celal Bayar University &#8211; Cardiology, Manisa &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">&#304;zmir T&#305;naztepe University &#8211; Cardiology, &#304;zmir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Sedat Ta&#351; &#8226; Manisa Celal Bayar Universitesi &#8211; cardiology &#8211; Adnan Menderes cad. &#350;ehzadeler/Manisa 45140 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: sedattas2000@yahoo.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Central Illustration</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <caption>
              <title>: The relationship between nocturnal dipping status, morning blood pressure and hospital admissions in patients with systolic heart failure</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>BP: Blood pressure; MBPS: Morning blood pressure surge; E/Em: Radio of early (E) peak of mitral inflow velocity to early (Em) diastolic mitral annular velocity.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220932-20932-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Hypertension is a known risk factor for developing heart failure. However, there is limited data to investigate the association between morning blood pressure surge (MBPS), dipping status, echocardiographic parameters, and hospital admissions in patients with systolic heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate the relationship between morning blood pressure surge, non-dipper blood pressure pattern, echocardiographic parameters, and hospital admissions in patients with systolic heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We retrospectively analyzed data from 206 consecutive patients with hypertension and a left ventricular ejection fraction below 40%. We divided the patients into two groups according to 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) results: dippers (n=110) and non-dippers (n=96). Morning blood pressure surge was calculated. Echocardiographic findings and hospital admissions during follow-up were noted. Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The study group comprised 206 patients with a male predominance and mean age of 63.5 &#177; 16.1 years. The non-dipper group had significantly more hospital admissions compared to dippers. There was a positive correlation between MBPS and left atrial volume index (r=0.331, p=0.001), the ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and flow propagation velocity (r= 0.326, p=0.001), and the ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/Em) (r= 0.314, p=0.001). Non-dipper BP, MBPS, and E/Em pattern were found to be independently associated with increased hospital admissions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> MBPS is associated with diastolic dysfunction and may be a sensitive predictor of hospital admission in patients with systolic heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertension (HT) is among the most treatable cardiovascular disease risk factors. Observations regarding circadian variations in BP led to a new classification in HT. O&#8217;Brien et al. drew attention to the prognostic significance of the night-time reduction in blood pressure (BP) and first proposed the &#8216;dippers&#8217; and &#8216;non-dippers&#8217; concepts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Dippers were defined as people whose night-time BP decreased by 10% or more than day-time values, while those whose night-time BP decreased less than 10% are non-dippers. As BP already decreases at night with the normal circadian rhythm, the reduction of nocturnal BP in HT patients is defined as a good prognostic factor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Thus, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (24-h ABPM) to identify dipping or non-dipping patterns has become increasingly important for managing patients with HT.</p>
        <p>Cardiovascular parameters like BP, coronary tone, and heart rate change with circadian rhythm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Fox and Mulcahy showed that circadian variations in heart rate and BP were virtually identical in normotensive subjects; both fell and remained relatively low throughout the night and then rose sharply in the early morning hours to reach a peak during the morning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> There is growing interest in the role of non-dipping HT and the morning BP surge (MBPS) in various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, including left and right ventricular diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The influence of arterial hypertension on left ventricular structural and functional remodeling is well known.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, the effects of MBPS and non-dipper pattern on diastolic function and hospital admissions in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are poorly described.</p>
        <p>Heart failure is an important public health problem due to its association with significant morbidity, recurrent hospital admissions, increased healthcare costs, and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>In their study, Mosalpuria et al. analyzed data from outpatient visits of heart failure patients. They found HT as the most common comorbidity (62%) and suggested that better outpatient management could improve outcomes and reduce the number of rehospitalizations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Evaluating the role of circadian BP variation in heart failure may shed light on the effectiveness of treatment and the timing of medication dosing in individual cases. Hospital admission, especially recurrent, due to heart failure is an important risk factor for mortality. Therefore, determining risk factors of hospital admission and preventing them may be a considerable and cost-effective method to reduce mortality due to HF. This study was conducted to determine the effects of circadian BP variability on hospital admission in patients with HFrEF and analyze the relationships between the nocturnal decline in BP, MBPS, and hospital admission.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study populations</title>
          <p>This retrospective case-control study was designed and conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by an institutional ethics committee of &#304;zmir T&#305;naztepe University (Date and decision number: 2021/13). We collected the ABPM and echocardiography findings of 224 patients with systolic heart failure who presented to the cardiology outpatient clinics of our hospital between November 2018 and December 2019 and were previously diagnosed or newly diagnosed HT based on the outpatient clinic initial evaluation and then performed 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. We also collected hospital admissions of each patient from the initial evaluation to 2 years follow-up. Of the 224 patients, we excluded those lost to follow-up (n = 18). Data regarding the patient&#8217;s hospital admissions during follow-up, medical history, and sociodemographic and clinical information were obtained from their medical records. Body mass index was noted for each patient (kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
          <p>We defined systolic and diastolic heart failure according to 2021 ESC guidelines for diagnosing and treating acute and chronic heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> HFrEF was defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 40%. Hospital admissions during follow-up were identified for all patients. We assessed all hospital admissions due to symptomatic heart failure 2 years after the initial evaluation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring</title>
          <p>We defined HTas a systolic BP higher than 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP higher than 90 mmHg, according to the criteria specified in the 2018 European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> for the management of arterial HT. For this study, we calculated day-time ambulatory BP as the average BP from 6 am to 8 pm and nocturnal BP as the average BP between 8 pm to 6 am. We also determined mean 24-h, day-time, and night-time systolic and diastolic BP values and calculated MBPS by subtracting the minimum night-time systolic BP from the mean systolic BP in the first 2 hours after getting up. Based on the results of 24-h ABPM, the patients were divided into the dipper group (&#8805;10% decrease in night-time BP) and non-dippers (&lt;10% decrease in night-time BP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameters, left atrial volume index, aortic diameter, left ventricular ejection fraction (Simpson&#8217;s method), mitral inflow E and A velocities, deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time, the ratio of early (E) to late (A) peak of mitral inflow velocity, the ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/Em), and tissue Doppler findings assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography obtained from standard parasternal long- and short-axis and apical 2-, 3- and 4-chamber views were collected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The data were analyzed using SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA). The normality test was performed by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical data are expressed as count and percentage, and continuous data as mean and standard deviation (SD). Categorical data were compared using the chi-square test, and continuous data were compared using an independent t-test. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were used to examine correlations between the MBPS and brain natriuretic peptide, BP values, and echocardiographic findings. A partial correlation was conducted to control the effect of the confounding factors, including gender and age. Factors with statistical significance (p &lt;0.05) were included in logistic regression analysis to determine independent predictors of hospital admission. A variable selection procedure was implemented, and all these candidate variables were fed into the forward selection and backward elimination procedures, in addition to forcing all the variables in the model together. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses using the Enter method were calculated to identify the independent predictors of mortality. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of selected variables was done to detect the cut-off values with the highest sensitivity and specificity in predicting hospital admissions. Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline and clinical characteristics</title>
          <p>The study group comprised 206 patients with male predominance (84 [40.8%] women, 122 [59.2%] men) and a mean age of 63.5 &#177; 16.1 (24&#8211;94) years. According to the results of 24-h ABPM, 110 patients (53.3%) were dippers, and 96 patients (46.7%) were non-dippers. New York Heart Association (NYHA) class was II in 54.4%, III in 38.8%, and IV in 6.8% of the patients. During the study period, 206 patients had 556 hospital admissions due to confirmed heart failure (1.34 admissions per patient per year). The non-dipper group had a significantly higher hospital admission rate than the dipper group (p&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences between the groups in comorbid diseases, including diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, chronic ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hyperlipidemia, or terms of the drugs used by the patients except diuretics. The clinical characteristics of the patients are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Dipper (n:110)</th>
                    <th>Non-dipper (n:96)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gender, male(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">68(61.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">54(56.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.566<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (year)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.0&#177;16.3</td>
                    <td align="center">60.1&#177;15.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.325*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>NYHA FC, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.094<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FC-2</td>
                    <td align="center">70(63.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">42(43.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FC-3</td>
                    <td align="center">36(32.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">44(45.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FC-4</td>
                    <td align="center">4(3.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">10(10.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>The number of hospital admission (year)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01&#177;0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">1.72&#177;0.81</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt;0.001<sup><bold>*</bold></sup></bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16(14.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">16(16.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.767<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DM, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34(30.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">32(33.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.793<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CKD, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10(9.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">10(10.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.821<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HL, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22(20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">24(25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.543<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CIHD, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">72(65.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">74(77.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.195<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>COPD, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(5.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">16(16.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.066<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diuretic, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">82(74.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">94(94.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>&#165;</bold>
                      </sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI-ARB, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">94(85.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">84(87.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.806<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Spironalacton, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">76(69.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">80(83.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.093<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blocker, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">98(89.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">94(97.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.076<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">382.5&#177;522.0</td>
                    <td align="center">461.9&#177;447.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.413*</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p><sup>&#165;</sup>Chi-square test; * Independent t-test. Categorical and continuous data were presented. P&lt;0.05 value that was considered statistically significant. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CIHD: chronic ischemic heart disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; HL: hyperlipidemia; NYHA FC: New York Heart Association Functional Class.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Ambulatory BP monitoring parameters showed no significant differences between the groups. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows a comparison of 24-h ABPM findings in the study groups.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Blood pressure values in dipper and non-dipper cases</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Dipper (n:110, mmHg)</th>
                    <th>Non-dipper (n:96, mmHg)</th>
                    <th>p-value*</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Office SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">127.6&#177;16.1</td>
                    <td align="center">122.6&#177;20.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.164</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Office DBP</td>
                    <td align="center">72.6&#177;8.9</td>
                    <td align="center">70.2&#177;10.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.209</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>24-h SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">128.3&#177;10.6</td>
                    <td align="center">128.9&#177;13.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.748</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>24-h DBP</td>
                    <td align="center">78.4&#177;7.4</td>
                    <td align="center">75.7&#177;7.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.067</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Day-time SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">130.9&#177;11.7</td>
                    <td align="center">132.8&#177;14.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.472</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Day-time DBP</td>
                    <td align="center">81.2&#177;8.2</td>
                    <td align="center">78.2&#177;7.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.065</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Night-time SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">113.8&#177;13.6</td>
                    <td align="center">115.4&#177;15.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.578</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Night-time DBP</td>
                    <td align="center">72.3&#177;8.4</td>
                    <td align="center">69.8&#177;8.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.137</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MBPS</td>
                    <td align="center">31.1&#177;6.7</td>
                    <td align="center">32.9&#177;6.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.174</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>*Independent t-test. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBPS: morning blood pressure surge; SBP: systolic blood pressure. P&lt;0.05 value that was considered statistically significant Continuous data were presented.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>A comparison of echocardiographic findings in the study groups is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. The non-dipper group had significantly higher E/VP (p&lt;0.001), E/Em ratio (p=0.001), and left atrial volume index (p&lt;0.001) compared to the dipper group.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic findings in dipper and non-dipper cases</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Dipper (n:110)</th>
                    <th>Non-dipper (n:96)</th>
                    <th>p-value*</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAVI (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.1&#177;4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">38.1&#177;5.7</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.4&#177;5.4</td>
                    <td align="center">32.0&#177;6.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.155</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDD (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.12&#177;0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">5.97&#177;0.64</td>
                    <td align="center">0.232</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVESD (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.16&#177;0.63</td>
                    <td align="center">5.21&#177;0.71</td>
                    <td align="center">0.692</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">102.8&#177;28.2</td>
                    <td align="center">116.2&#177;33.3</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.029</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>A (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">87.7&#177;22.9</td>
                    <td align="center">88.4&#177;28.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.881</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/A ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">1.26&#177;0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">1.57&#177;0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.061</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DT (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">167.2&#177;44.3</td>
                    <td align="center">159.6&#177;42.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.374</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VP (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">37.4&#177;4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">32.2&#177;4.4</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IVRT (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">132.7&#177;26.1</td>
                    <td align="center">142.5&#177;43.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.164</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Em (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.65&#177;2.12</td>
                    <td align="center">6.30&#177;1.84</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Am (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.12&#177;1.67</td>
                    <td align="center">7.73&#177;2.64</td>
                    <td align="center">0.160</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/Em ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">11.8&#177;4.4</td>
                    <td align="center">16.4&#177;7.8</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/VP</td>
                    <td align="center">2.76&#177;0.75</td>
                    <td align="center">3.75&#177;1.20</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sm (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.84&#177;1.07</td>
                    <td align="center">6.41&#177;1.36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.082</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>*Independent t-test. A: late peak of mitral inflow velocity; Am: late diastolic mitral annular velocity; DT: deceleration time; E: early peak of mitral inflow velocity; Em: early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E/A ratio: ratio of early (E) to late (A) peak of mitral inflow velocity; E/Em: ratio of early (E) peak of mitral inflow velocity to early (Em) diastolic mitral annular velocity; IVRT: isovolumic relaxation time; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; Sm: peak tissular Doppler systolic velocity; VP: flow propagation velocity. P&lt;0.05 value that was considered statistically significant Continuous data were presented.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlations</title>
          <p>There were positive correlations between MBPS and left atrial volume index, deceleration time, E/VP, and E/Em, and negative correlations between MBPS and VP and Em. The significant correlation of parameters with MBPS also remained statistically significant when controlled for confounders (age and gender) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correlation analysis of MBPS and echocardiographic findings and 24-h ABPM parameters</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">MBPS</th>
                    <th colspan="2">MBPS (adjusted for age/gender)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>R</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>R</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gender</td>
                    <td align="center">0.147</td>
                    <td align="center">0.139</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">0.011</td>
                    <td align="center">0.914</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">0.073</td>
                    <td align="center">0.466</td>
                    <td align="center">0.102</td>
                    <td align="center">0.309</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Office SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                    <td align="center">0.894</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.995</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Office DBP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.067</td>
                    <td align="center">0.500</td>
                    <td align="center">0.103</td>
                    <td align="center">0.680</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>24-h SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.140</td>
                    <td align="center">0.157</td>
                    <td align="center">0.148</td>
                    <td align="center">0.139</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>24-h DBP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                    <td align="center">0.865</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                    <td align="center">0.704</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Day-time SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.182</td>
                    <td align="center">0.066</td>
                    <td align="center">0.190</td>
                    <td align="center">0.057</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Day-time DBP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.057</td>
                    <td align="center">0.568</td>
                    <td align="center">0.081</td>
                    <td align="center">0.421</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Night-time SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.054</td>
                    <td align="center">0.585</td>
                    <td align="center">0.049</td>
                    <td align="center">0.623</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Night-time DBP</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.087</td>
                    <td align="center">0.383</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.081</td>
                    <td align="center">0.422</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAVI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.331</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.340</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IVS</td>
                    <td align="center">0.155</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.035</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.146</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.048</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.201</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.006</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.201</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.006</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVMI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.234</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.232</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.002</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E</td>
                    <td align="center">0.141</td>
                    <td align="center">0.154</td>
                    <td align="center">0.129</td>
                    <td align="center">0.200</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>A</td>
                    <td align="center">0.109</td>
                    <td align="center">0.272</td>
                    <td align="center">0.102</td>
                    <td align="center">0.310</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DT</td>
                    <td align="center">0.268</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.006</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.275</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.005</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VP</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.357</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">-0.353</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/A ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">0.026</td>
                    <td align="center">0.794</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                    <td align="center">0.887</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Em</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.338</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">-0.328</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Am</td>
                    <td align="center">0.123</td>
                    <td align="center">0.215</td>
                    <td align="center">0.123</td>
                    <td align="center">0.220</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IVRT</td>
                    <td align="center">0.045</td>
                    <td align="center">0.652</td>
                    <td align="center">0.060</td>
                    <td align="center">0.548</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/Em ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">0.314</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.300</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.002</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/VP ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">0.326</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.314</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BNP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                    <td align="center">0.933</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.028</td>
                    <td align="center">0.778</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>A: late peak of mitral inflow velocity; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; Am: late diastolic mitral annular velocity; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DT: deceleration time; E: early peak of mitral inflow velocity; Em: early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E/A ratio: ratio of early (E) to late (A) peak of mitral inflow velocity; E/Em: ratio of early (E) peak of mitral inflow velocity to early (Em) diastolic mitral annular velocity; IVRT: isovolumic relaxation time; IVS: interventricular septum; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; MBPS: morning blood pressure surge; SBP: systolic blood pressure; Sm: peak tissular Doppler systolic velocity; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; PW: posterior Wall; VP: flow propagation velocity. P&lt;0.05 value that was considered statistically significant.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis</title>
          <p>Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine MBPS and E/Em cut-off values to predict multiple hospital admissions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). The cut-off value for MBPS was determined as 33.25 mmHg, and the area under the curve was 0.802. At this cut-off value, the sensitivity for predicting hospital admissions was 75.0%, and the specificity was 73%. The cut-off value for E/Em was 12.8, and the area under the curve was 0.805. At this cut-off value, the sensitivity was 72.5%, and the specificity was 74.6%.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for morning blood pressure surge and E/Em in the prediction of hospital admission; the optimal cut-off value for MBPS of 33.25 had sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 73.0% area under receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.802, the optimal cut-off value for E/Em of 12.8 had sensitivity of 72.8% and specificity of 74.6% area under receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.805.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220932-20932-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cox analysis</title>
          <p>We performed Cox analysis using MBPS, non-dipping BP pattern, E/Em, age, and gender to predict hospital admissions. Evaluation of the relationship between these independent variables and multiple hospital admissions showed that E/Em (hazard ratio [HR] 1.04, p=0.022), MBPS (HR 1.07, p=0.016), and non-dipping BP pattern (HR 2.75, p=0.010) were independently associated with increased hospital admissions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cox analyses between hospital admission rate and age, gender, non-dipper BP pattern, MBPS, and E/Em</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Independent variables</th>
                    <th>HR</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">1.024</td>
                    <td align="center">0,082</td>
                    <td align="center">0,997-1,052</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gender (male)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.658</td>
                    <td align="center">0,173</td>
                    <td align="center">0,802-3,428</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MBPS</td>
                    <td align="center">1.071</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,016</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.013-1.133</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-dipper BP</td>
                    <td align="center">2.756</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,010</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.270-5.979</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/Em</td>
                    <td align="center">1.049</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,022</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.007-1.092</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>BP: blood pressure; E/Em: Ratio of early (E) peak of mitral inflow velocity to early (Em) diastolic mitral annular velocity; MBPS: Morning blood pressure surge. P&lt;0.05 value that was considered statistically significant</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>We also performed multivariate Cox analysis and found that age (HR 1.14, p=0.014), NYHA FC (HR 5.25, p=0.019), LVEF (HR 0.64, p&lt;0.001), and E/Em (HR 0.91, p=0.036) were significant predictors of mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Predictors of Mortality in Heart Failure Population</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Independent variables</th>
                    <th>HR</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">1.146</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                    <td align="center">1.028-1.277</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gender (male)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.227</td>
                    <td align="center">0.078</td>
                    <td align="center">0.831-32.888</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MBPS</td>
                    <td align="center">1.028</td>
                    <td align="center">0.690</td>
                    <td align="center">0.898-1.177</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-dipper BP</td>
                    <td align="center">1.356</td>
                    <td align="center">0.639</td>
                    <td align="center">0.379-4.853</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/Em</td>
                    <td align="center">0.918</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.039</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.847-0.996</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.649</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.521-0.809</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>NYHA FC</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.039</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III versus II</td>
                    <td align="center">3.225</td>
                    <td align="center">0.112</td>
                    <td align="center">0.535-19.441</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IV versus II</td>
                    <td align="center">5.252</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.019</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.679-38.861</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BNP</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.917</td>
                    <td align="center">0.999-1.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6001">
                  <p>BP: blood pressure; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; E/Em: ratio of early (E) peak of mitral inflow velocity to early (Em) diastolic mitral annular velocity; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MBPS: morning blood pressure surge; NYHA FC: New York Heart Association Functional Class. P&lt;0.05 value that was considered statistically significant.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The relationship between HT and heart failure is becoming an increasingly important clinical question because the coexistence of the two conditions is frequent, and according to two large registries, the prevalence of HT increased from 47% to 59% over the last 10 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In their study, Yancy et al. speculated that 69% of patients with HFrEF had elevated BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> There are those who suggest that HT causes heart failure<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> as well as those who suggest that the presence of HT is a comorbid or contributing condition in patients with heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>In either scenario, controlling BP should be one of the primary goals in heart failure patients. Although many studies have shown that non-dipper BP characteristics and MBPS are associated with higher cardiovascular complications and target organ damage,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> we are not aware of any published data regarding the relationship between HFrEF and 24-h ABPM findings in the context of nocturnal BP and MBPS.</p>
        <p>Our study evaluated BP variability in patients with HFrEF because of the high rate of comorbid HT. In our study, the non-dipper group exhibited significantly higher hospital admission rates, diuretic usage, LAVI, E/Em, and E/VP, consistent with the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The prognostic evaluation of patients with severe heart failure is important because of this group&#8217;s high morbidity and mortality rate. Therefore, many methods, such as echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, 24-h ABPM, nuclear techniques, cardiac catheterization, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, and laboratory parameters, have been suggested to predict prognosis. In a retrospective study, Cruz et al. speculated that a non-invasive telemonitoring program has significantly reduced HF hospitalizations and emergency department admissions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Many studies show that 24-h ABPM findings correlate with the prognosis of congestive heart failure patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>The non-dipper BP pattern is one of these prognostic factors.</p>
        <p>Many possible pathophysiological mechanisms between non-dipping and congestive heart failure (CHF) have been suggested. First, increased night-time BP has been linked to left ventricular filling impairment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Second, non-dipper BP pattern is associated with endothelial dysfunction, which has a principal role in the pathophysiology of CHF. Higashi et al. found that endothelial dysfunction was associated with CHF progression and prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Third, the non-dipper BP pattern is associated with increased sympathetic activity, another factor believed to be involved in the pathophysiology of CHF.</p>
        <p>Canesin et al. speculated that lower systolic BP and larger night-time decline in BP on 24-h ABPM were predictors of higher mortality in patients with advanced systolic heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In another study, Kastrup et al. compared 25 patients with systolic heart failure (dipper and non-dipper groups) and 25 healthy controls. They determined that the non-dipper pattern was more frequent in patients with systolic heart failure compared to the healthy control group and suggested that it may be more harmful in this patient group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>In this study, we also determined that the non-dipper BP pattern is more harmful and that diastolic impairment was more prominent in the non-dipper group, consistent with the findings reported by Kastrup et al. Furthermore, we did not find a significant relationship between non-dipper pattern, MBPS, and mortality. Several factors cause mortality in heart failure patients, and blood pressure variability is only one of those risk factors. In such a small sample study, the patients&#8217; characteristics, comorbidities, and multiple drug usage may cause insignificant results contrary to expectations for risk factors such as non-dipper pattern and MBPS.</p>
        <p>In contrast, Ueda et al. speculated that the riser pattern was associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes among patients with HFpEF but not in patients with HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In line with Ueda et al., Komori et al. exhibited that HFpEF patients with the riser BP pattern had a higher risk of composite outcome than the dipper patients, but this relationship was not seen in the HFrEF group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In our study, there was no significant relationship between MBPS, non-dipper pattern, and mortality among HFrEF patients, but the hospital admissions were associated with non-dipper pattern and MBPS. In another study, Moroni et al. suggested that the circadian rhythm of BP was preserved in patients with systolic heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Unlike our results, Kotti et al. observed that lower systolic BP and dipping on 24-h ABPM predicted higher mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In another study, Shin et al. enrolled 118 patients with systolic heart failure and followed them for 4 years. The patients were divided into dipper, non-dipper, and reverse dipper groups based on 24-h ABPM results. They found that adverse outcome rates were highest in the reverse dipper group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Discrepant findings have been reported in the literature regarding the relationship between circadian blood pressure changes and cardiovascular outcomes in HFrEF and HFpEF patients, as mentioned above. The reasons for those differences could be that (i) because of the different patient backgrounds, comorbidities, and medication, the significance of baroreflex sensitivity could differ between patients with HFrEF and HFpEF. (ii) The adverse effect of MBPS may be more prominent in HFrEF patients by reducing stroke volume. (iii) This discrepancy could depend on the extent and duration of the BP elevation. While transient BP elevation, such as MBPS, could exacerbate outcomes in HFrEF, the effect of long-lasting BP elevation, such as riser pattern, may be negligible compared to HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> More standardized definition and measurement for circadian blood pressure changes is critical to reconcile these seemingly discrepant findings.</p>
        <p>The relationship between MBPS and prognosis in patients with heart failure has become an interesting clinical question in recent years, as worse outcomes have been associated with higher MBPS values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Komori et al. showed that MBPS was associated with a worse prognosis in patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> In line with Komori et al., we found that higher MBPS was associated with more hospital admissions in patients with heart failure. The negative role of diastolic dysfunction in the formation of heart failure is out of doubt now. To the best of our knowledge, no study in the literature has attempted to assess the relation between MBPS and diastolic dysfunction in patients with HFrEF up to now. Benfari et al. exhibited that diastolic dysfunction was associated with worse HF, independent of all presentation characteristics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In line with Benfari et al., we found that diastolic impairment was associated with worse outcomes of HF, and we also found that MBPS levels were associated with diastolic dysfunction and LVMI in patients with systolic heart failure. In our study, unlike other ABPM findings, we observed a correlation between MBPS and increased hospital admissions but not mortality, and we observed that the incidence of hospital admissions was significantly higher in patients with larger MBPS values, especially over 33.25 mmHg. If this cut-off value is confirmed in future studies, it may be useful in clinical practice for predicting hospital admissions. The physiological basis of increased MBPS is complex and seems to involve many interconnected mechanisms. Possible mechanisms responsible for MBPS include sudden sympathetic system activation, impaired baroreflex sensitivity, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The causes of MBPS in HF patients remain unknown. Impaired baroreflex sensitivity was observed in HF patients, leading to sympathetic nervous system activation. This mechanism could be the main cause of MBPS. Furthermore, MBPS increases cardiac afterload and arterial stiffness, contributing to the progression of LV hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction. Congestive heart failure is also related to the abovementioned alterations, which will directly influence morning BP because systolic heart failure alters the normal circadian variation in BP. Thus, it can be speculated that heart failure may induce the pathways causing MBPS. The strong relationship between MBPS and cardiovascular morbidity in this study suggests that MBPS may be a secondary effect and indicator of heart failure instead of a direct cause of hospital admissions or that MBPS may have increased hospital admissions by altering the diastolic function or contributing to diastolic impairment.</p>
        <p>Our study found that non-dipper BP patterns and MBPS were independent risk factors for hospital admissions. In their study, Pierdomenico et al. exhibited that the highest cardiovascular risk among elderly-treated hypertensive patients was observed among the extreme dippers with high MBPS, followed by reverse dippers, non-dippers, and dippers with high MBPS. Furthermore, they showed that dippers only with high MBPS and non-dippers were associated with cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Although Pierdomenico&#8217;s study design and population do not fully reflect our study, evaluating their results with ours highlights that non-dipper patterns and MBPS may affect cardiovascular outcomes independently. Furthermore, we exhibited no significant differences between dippers and non-dippers regarding MBPS. Our results align with those of Tutal et al., who found MBPS was not significantly different between non-dippers and dippers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study has some limitations. Firstly, a retrospective study was conducted with a relatively small sample at a single center. Since the routine calculation of MBPS for each patient who underwent 24-h ABPM evaluation in our clinic started at the end of 2018, the study&#8217;s sample size is small, and the follow-up time is short. The second important limitation is that our study lacked a healthy control group. A triple comparison including more patients and a group of healthy individuals would minimize the type-1 alpha error. Third, the generalizability of this study is limited because we included individuals in NYHA classes II, III, and IV and did not include patients with NYHA class 1. Fourth, we have no data on the timing of drug administration, which could affect blood pressure measurements and circadian rhythm. Fifth, the lack of statistical significance of several suspected risk factors, such as non-dipper pattern and MBPS for mortality in HF patients, should not be construed to mean that these are not possible risk factors in individual patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>As the coexistence of diastolic dysfunction and HT is common among HFrEF patients, treating diastolic dysfunction and HT in terms of MBPS and dipping status, one of its modifiable risk factors, should be a main therapeutic focus to reduce hospital admissions. In the present study, we observed a significant relationship between MBPS, non-dipping BP pattern, E/Em, and increased hospital admissions. Therefore, MBPS should be among the new predictors of hospital admissions and a therapeutic focus together with the established ones in patients with HFrEF. Reducing the MBPS could thus be a new therapeutic target for preventing hospital admissions due to heart failure in hypertensive patients. Further studies are needed to ascertain its clinical value.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade &#304;zmir T&#305;naztepe under the protocol number 2021/13. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
