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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">STrwj5Vc7Cbxw75FYf6Nfnb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000900301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220799</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita e Toler&#226;ncia ao Exerc&#237;cio em Pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6072-499X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guzman-Ramirez</surname>
            <given-names>Denisse</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trujillo-Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Anival</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopez-Rincon</surname>
            <given-names>Meredith</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopez</surname>
            <given-names>Roxella Botello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cardiologia UMAE</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Delegacion Nuevo Leon</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Ecocardiograf&#237;a</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Monterrey</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Nuevo Leon</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Delegacion Nuevo Leon &#8211; Hospital de Cardiologia UMAE &#8211; Departamento de Ecocardiograf&#237;a, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon &#8211; M&#233;xico</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Denisse Guzman Ramirez</bold> &#8226; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Delegacion Nuevo Leon &#8211; Hospital de Cardiologia UMAE 34 Lincoln S/N Esq. Enf Maria Candia Monterrey Monterrey Nuevo Leon <postal-code>64360</postal-code> &#8211; M&#233;xico. E-mail: <email>draguzman@cardiologiamonterrey.com.mx</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220799</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es na realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividades f&#237;sicas ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). A fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) &#233; determinante na melhora da capacidade funcional, sendo a reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (RC) essencial para essa coorte de pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD com a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s um programa de RC em pacientes com IAMCSST.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte retrospectivo em pacientes com IAMCSST, realizado de janeiro a dezembro de 2019. Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD antes de um programa de RC de 16 sess&#245;es. Um teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (ECP) foi realizado antes e ap&#243;s o programa de RC. Analisamos se a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, medida antes da RC, estava significativamente associada &#224; toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio antes e depois do programa de RC e ao grau de melhora. Comorbidades e vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e anat&#244;micas foram documentadas. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>No total, 109 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos. Destes, 3,7% apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o global do VD, 10,1% apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o radial do VD e 11% apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do VD. Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o radial ou longitudinal do VD e a aus&#234;ncia de melhora da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (&gt; 1 equivalente de pico de VO<sub>2</sub>) (p = 0,028, p = 0,008, respectivamente). Observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do VD com equivalentes de picos de VO<sub>2</sub> (pVO<sub>2</sub>eq) iniciais (p = 0,046), pVO<sub>2</sub>eq final (p = 0,003) e diferen&#231;a de pVO<sub>2</sub>eq (p = 0,009). Tamb&#233;m foi identificada correla&#231;&#227;o entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o global do VD e pVO<sub>2</sub>eq inicial (p = 0,045), pVO<sub>2</sub>eq final (p = 0,012) e diferen&#231;a de pVO<sub>2</sub>eq (p = 0,032).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD est&#225; associada a uma menor toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio; Os programas de RC podem ser estendidos ou modificados nesses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) tem preval&#234;ncia de 10% nos casos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio anteriores e de at&#233; 50% nos infartos inferiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Ela &#233; respons&#225;vel por choque cardiog&#234;nico secund&#225;rio &#224; s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda em 5% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em pacientes com infarto, a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD &#233; um importante fator progn&#243;stico de mortalidade, arritmias ventriculares, complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas, choque cardiog&#234;nico, trombose de stent e aumento da mortalidade em um ano e intra-hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tajima et al. investigaram a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e a efic&#225;cia da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (RC) de fase II em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. A disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD foi significativamente associada &#224; 9% da redu&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio antes da reabilita&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, a RC se mostrou eficaz nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mahfouz et al. avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD em pacientes com angina microvascular e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. Eles descobriram que um valor de tens&#227;o longitudinal do VD na parede livre &#8804; &#8722;14,5% estava associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A RC para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria reduz mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e melhora a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e a qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A import&#226;ncia da melhora da capacidade f&#237;sica proporcionada pelo VD em outras patologias, como hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, tem sido documentada; no entanto, sua import&#226;ncia nessa coorte de pacientes n&#227;o foi estudada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como nem todos os pacientes melhoram seus par&#226;metros de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em um programa de RC, h&#225; interesse em identificar fatores associados &#224; resposta &#224; toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, programas ou preditores de resposta e n&#227;o resposta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Poucas informa&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis sobre o papel da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD p&#243;s IAMCSST na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio; sendo assim, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para definir se essas altera&#231;&#245;es impactam na classe funcional.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o objetivo prim&#225;rio deste estudo foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD com a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s um programa de RC em pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP). Os objetivos secund&#225;rios foram analisar os par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e frequ&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular antes da RC e comparar os equivalentes metab&#243;licos do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (pVO<sub>2</sub>eq), representando a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e a classe funcional entre pacientes com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal, radial e global do VD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi uma coorte retrospectiva anal&#237;tica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Registros cl&#237;nicos de RC de 109 pacientes adultos com IAMCSST, do sexo masculino e feminino, foram retrospectivamente revisados. Todos eles foram tratados com interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea no Hospital de Cardiologia UMAE n&#176; 34 IMSS em Monterrey, Nuevo Le&#243;n, M&#233;xico, de 1&#176; de janeiro de 2019 a 30 de janeiro de 2020. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica foi realizada apenas antes da RC. Um teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (ECP) foi agendado antes e depois da RC. As comorbidades foram registradas quando diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo e dislipidemia coexistiam. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: aus&#234;ncia de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos antes da RC, pacientes com IAMCSST sem programa de RC, abandono da RC, aus&#234;ncia de achados do ECP antes e depois da RC, outros tipos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (tipo 2, 4 e 5) e n&#227;o-IAMCSST.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE e do VD foram avaliadas usando os equipamentos Vivid 9 e Vivid E95 da General Electric&#174; para ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica em repouso apenas antes da RC, medindo-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do VD (FAC), a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) e velocidade sist&#243;lica do Doppler tissular (onda S&#8217;) do anel tric&#250;spide. Com base nas diretrizes da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> , a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE foi definida como FEVE &lt; 50%. Para detectar a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD com precis&#227;o, determinou-se sua caracteriza&#231;&#227;o por disfun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do VD usando um ou mais dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: TAPSE &lt; 1,8 cm ou onda S&#8217; &lt; 9,5 cm/s. A disfun&#231;&#227;o radial do VD foi definida como FAC &lt; 35% e a disfun&#231;&#227;o global do VD foi definida caso duas ou mais medi&#231;&#245;es anteriores estivessem dispon&#237;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</title>
        <p>O ECP foi realizado em esteira da General Electric&#174; T2100ST1 usando software CASE antes e ap&#243;s o programa de RC para estabelecer a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria inicial e final. O programa de RC foi realizado em um erg&#244;metro reclinado da Ergoline&#174; GmbH, com aproximadamente 10 W/min de incrementos de carga a cada 5 minutos, at&#233; que os pacientes atingissem os crit&#233;rios para finaliza&#231;&#227;o do teste (angina, altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, dispneia, exaust&#227;o, hipotens&#227;o) ou completassem 40 minutos na esteira. No total, 15 a 20 sess&#245;es foram realizadas pelos pacientes, dependendo de sua situa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica. A medi&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de pVO<sub>2</sub>eq foi realizada.</p>
        <p>O Conselho de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital de Cardiologia da UMAE N&#186; 34 IMSS aprovou o estudo, de acordo com o artigo 17 da se&#231;&#227;o de Aspectos &#201;ticos da Pesquisa em Seres Humanos do Regulamento de Pesquisa da Lei Geral de Sa&#250;de do M&#233;xico. Este protocolo corresponde a um estudo de investiga&#231;&#227;o sem risco, envolvendo revis&#227;o de registos cl&#237;nicos, em que n&#227;o foram identificados ou tratados aspectos sens&#237;veis do comportamento do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Estat&#237;sticas descritivas foram calculadas com frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem para vari&#225;veis nominais. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o, mediana e intervalo interquartil foram relatados de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. An&#225;lises preliminares mostraram que a maioria dessas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, conforme avaliado pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (p &lt; 0,05). As exce&#231;&#245;es foram as vari&#225;veis idade e FAC, que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o de curva normal (p = 0,131, p = 0,200, respectivamente). A an&#225;lise inferencial das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi realizada de acordo com a curva de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada quando p &lt; 0,05. A diferen&#231;a na melhora cardiorrespirat&#243;ria do pVO<sub>2</sub>eq antes e ap&#243;s a RC foi avaliada pelo teste de Wilcoxon. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o (longitudinal e radial) do VD e a altera&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (&gt; 1 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq) no ECP ap&#243;s a RC foi avaliada com o teste exato de Fisher.</p>
        <p>O tau-b de Kendall foi usado para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o global e longitudinal do VD com pVO<sub>2</sub>eq inicial, pVO<sub>2</sub>eq final e a diferen&#231;a no pVO<sub>2</sub>eq (p &lt; 0,05). O teste Rho de Spearman foi realizado para determinar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre FEVE e Classe Funcional final e pVO<sub>2</sub>eq inicial (p &lt; 0,05). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando pacotes de software estat&#237;stico padr&#227;o (software SPSS 25.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, EUA e Office Excel; Washington, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Cento e nove (109) pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e de IAMCSST s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . A maioria dos pacientes eram homens, hipertensos e com dislipidemia. Eles apresentavam FEVE mediana de 49%, com uma CAF mediana de 45% da fun&#231;&#227;o radial do VD. Uma baixa porcentagem de pacientes apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o radial, longitudinal e global do VD ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais do paciente, hemodin&#226;mica, ecocardiograma e an&#225;lise descritiva da RC</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Demografia</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">N(%) / Med(IIQ) / M(DP)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Homens</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90 (82,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade em anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (9,9) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (56,9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo atual ou passado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (43,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dislipidemia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74 (67,9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">58 (53,2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Hemodin&#226;mica</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio Anterior</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60 (55)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio Inferior</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41 (37,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio Lateral</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (7,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Origem em Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Descendente</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61 (56)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Origem em Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Direita</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (33)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Origem em Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Circunflexa</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Ecocardiograma basal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FAC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (8,6) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,1 (4) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Onda S'</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (2) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">49 (19) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do VD</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o radial do VD</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (10,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o global do VD</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (3,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ECP basal (pVO<sub>2</sub>eq)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,1 (2,9) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fim do ECP do programa de RC (pVO<sub>2</sub>eq)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,3 (4,3) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diferen&#231;a entre a linha de base e ECP inicial (pVO<sub>2</sub>eq)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,1 (1,9) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>N: n&#250;mero de pacientes; %: porcentagem de pacientes; Med: mediano; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; M: n&#233;dia; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FAC: fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do ventr&#237;culo direito expressa em porcentagem; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide expressa em mil&#237;metros; Onda S': onda sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito ao Doppler tissular expressa em cent&#237;metros por segundo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo expressa em percentual; ECP: teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar expresso como o pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio em equivalentes metab&#243;licos (pVO<sub>2</sub>eq); RC: programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica, mediana e amplitude interquartil s&#227;o descritas.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o s&#227;o descritas.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O local mais comum de infarto foi o anterior, seguido dos inferiores. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao programa de RC, houve melhora consider&#225;vel da pVO<sub>2</sub>eq. A varia&#231;&#227;o mediana na aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria antes e ap&#243;s a RC foi de 2,1 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq, com diferen&#231;a significativa (Z = &#8722;9,02 p = 0,001).</p>
      <p>A maioria dos pacientes completou o programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o em classe funcional I da New York Heart Association (NYHA), e a maioria dos pacientes apresentou FEVE superior a 40%. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura Central</xref> .</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <caption>
          <title>Disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; MET: equivalentes metab&#243;licos do consumo de oxig&#234;nio; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220799-20799-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Observou-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao comparar os pacientes com ou sem disfun&#231;&#227;o radial do VD e a presen&#231;a de melhora na aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (&gt; 1 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq) (p = 0,028). A diferen&#231;a observada ao comparar pacientes com ou sem disfun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do VD e a melhora na aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria tamb&#233;m foi significativa (p = 0,008) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Outra diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada entre os pacientes com ou sem disfun&#231;&#227;o radial do VD e a presen&#231;a de melhora da classe funcional NYHA (p = 0,031).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre classe funcional e disfun&#231;&#227;o radial/longitudinal do VD</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Melhora da ACR (&gt; 1 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq)</th>
              <th align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              <th align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              <th align="center" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Sim</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">N&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">N Total</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">83</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fun&#231;&#227;o radial do VD</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Teste de Fisher p= 0,028</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">83</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do VD</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Teste de Fisher p = 0,008</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>ACR: aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria; N: n&#250;mero de pacientes; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; pVO<sub>2</sub>eq: equivalentes metab&#243;licos do consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A FAC do VD demonstrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa significativa com a melhora na aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (&#964;b = &#8722;0,216 p = 0,010). A disfun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal e global do VD demonstrou correla&#231;&#245;es negativas significativas com pVO<sub>2</sub>eq inicial, pVO<sub>2</sub>eq final e melhora do pVO<sub>2</sub>eq. A FEVE teve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o pVO<sub>2</sub>eq inicial e com a classe funcional NYHA final ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref> ).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre Disfun&#231;&#227;o Longitudinal do VD e Melhora no pVO<sub>2</sub>eq. IIQ: Intervalo interquartil; pico de eq. VO<sub>2</sub> eq: pico de equivalentes de VO<sub>2</sub> em pacientes com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do VD.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220799-20799-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o global do VD e pVO<sub>2</sub>eq final. IIQ: Intervalo interquartil; pico de eq. VO<sub>2</sub> eq: pico de equivalentes de VO<sub>2</sub> em pacientes com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o global do VD.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220799-20799-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o do VD versus par&#226;metros de aptid&#227;o cardiovascular</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="middle">Coeficiente de Correla&#231;&#227;o (valor de p)</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">pVO<sub>2</sub>eq inicial</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">pVO<sub>2</sub>eq final</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Melhoria do pVO<sub>2</sub>eq</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Final CF NYHA</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do VD</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#964;b = 0,159 (0,046)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#964;b = 0,238 (0,003)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#964;b = 0,210 (0,009)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o global do VD</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#964;b = 0,160 (0,045)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#964;b = 0,201 (0,012)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#964;b = 0,171 (0,032)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#961; = 0,200 (0,036)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#961; = - 0.193 (0.044)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>pVO<sub>2</sub>eq inicial: consumo de oxig&#234;nio em equivalentes metab&#243;licos no ECP inicial; pVO<sub>2</sub>eq final: consumo de oxig&#234;nio em equivalentes metab&#243;licos no ECP final; melhora no pVO<sub>2</sub>eq: diferen&#231;a do consumo de oxig&#234;nio em equivalentes metab&#243;licos entre o ECP inicial e final; CF NYHA: Classe Funcional da New York Heart Association; &#964;b: correla&#231;&#227;o Tau-B de Kendall; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; &#961; : Correla&#231;&#227;o Rho de Spearman.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais achados do presente estudo s&#227;o que as disfun&#231;&#245;es longitudinal e radial do VD est&#227;o associadas a pior aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria ap&#243;s a RC em pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com ICP prim&#225;ria. Em estudos anteriores, Tajima et al. documentaram que a fun&#231;&#227;o global do VD determina significativamente a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica antes da RC. No entanto, os pacientes inclu&#237;dos eram heterog&#234;neos, com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multiarterial tratada com ICP ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a ecocardiografia basal tamb&#233;m evidenciou tal associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o radial do VD, avaliada como FAC, foi associada &#224; aus&#234;ncia de melhora da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (&gt; 1 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq), sugerindo que as fibras radiais do VD est&#227;o envolvidas na capacidade funcional desses pacientes. A observa&#231;&#227;o de que pVO<sub>2</sub>eq inicial, final e melhorado apresentaram correla&#231;&#245;es com disfun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal e global do VD &#233; consistente com outros estudos, que mostraram a mesma rela&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e baixa toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, fato relacionado ao desacoplamento ventr&#237;culo-arterial pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Legris et al. observaram que, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD avaliada pela FAC e pelo &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico estava associada a estudos de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio; no entanto, a fun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal n&#227;o mostrou essa rela&#231;&#227;o. Esses achados indicam que o m&#233;todo apresente condi&#231;&#245;es dependentes de pr&#233;-carga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Muitos estudos compararam a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica submetidos &#224; RC, usando medi&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de TAPSE e velocidade de S'.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em pacientes tratados com enxertos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, uma redu&#231;&#227;o desses par&#226;metros para, pelo menos, metade dos valores normais parece ser uma caracter&#237;stica t&#237;pica da cirurgia card&#237;aca n&#227;o complicada. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o tem sido relacionada &#224; abertura do peric&#225;rdio, altera&#231;&#245;es durante a CEC e a esternotomia. Ainda assim, ela n&#227;o indica, necessariamente, um comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, e essas altera&#231;&#245;es persistem por 12 a 24 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Por esse motivo, apenas pacientes em tratamento percut&#226;neo foram inclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>Apenas 33% dos pacientes apresentavam doen&#231;a arterial coronariana direita; esses resultados sugerem que a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD n&#227;o est&#225; apenas relacionada &#224; doen&#231;a multivascular ou &#224; doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, mas, uma vez presente, &#233; tamb&#233;m uma entidade independente com progn&#243;stico ruim. Estudos anteriores relataram tais achados em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e choque cardiog&#234;nico com e sem doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que, embora haja melhora na classe funcional e no consumo de VO<sub>2</sub> nesses pacientes, a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD est&#225; associada a uma menor resposta &#224; toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em programas de RC. Eles tamb&#233;m mostram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD persiste ap&#243;s a RC, com poss&#237;veis repercuss&#245;es futuras.</p>
      <p>No entanto, em nosso estudo, todos os pacientes apresentaram melhora da classe funcional e VO<sup>2</sup>, o que se refletiu na diferen&#231;a de pVO<sub>2</sub>eq, com m&#225;ximo de 3,8. Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD, tanto longitudinal quanto radial, apresentaram melhora da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (&gt; 1 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq) ao final da RC. Provavelmente, esses pacientes adquiriram os benef&#237;cios previamente reconhecidos em outros estudos, nos quais a melhora em um VO<sup>2</sup> equivalente diminuiu a mortalidade em 25%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Esses achados sugerem que a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD diminui a capacidade de resposta &#224; atividade f&#237;sica; no entanto, isso n&#227;o limita totalmente os benef&#237;cios da RC. Al&#233;m disso, essa popula&#231;&#227;o pode se beneficiar ainda mais de um programa prolongado ou de diferentes rotinas de exerc&#237;cios para melhora da classe funcional. Esses programas afetam positivamente os pacientes selecionados, mesmo com as limita&#231;&#245;es mencionadas. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o foi abordada no estudo de Ohara et al.; em que pacientes com baixa TAPSE, submetidos a RC por seis meses, apresentaram melhora da classe funcional, reduziram os n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B, reduziram a p&#243;s-carga do VD e melhoraram a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, embora n&#227;o se tenha observado altera&#231;&#245;es na TAPSE em um estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico final. Os resultados sugerem que uma estrat&#233;gia de RC mais estendida poderia melhorar a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Conforme relatado anteriormente, a FEVE correlacionou-se com a classe funcional e pVO<sub>2</sub>eq inicial. A disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE est&#225; relacionada &#224; intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio devido &#224; reserva sist&#243;lica prejudicada, o que prejudica ainda mais a reserva do volume sist&#243;lico durante o estresse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O benef&#237;cio da RC se reflete no fato de que 86% dos pacientes conclu&#237;ram o programa de RC em classe funcional I, com melhora m&#233;dia de 2,4 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq &#177; 1,4; apenas 12,5% dos pacientes conclu&#237;ram a reabilita&#231;&#227;o na classe funcional II e 0,9% na classe III. Esse dado foi estudado anteriormente em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e resultados semelhantes foram encontrados com TAPSE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Sendo assim, a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD est&#225; associada a uma menor capacidade de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio; no entanto, isso n&#227;o diminui os benef&#237;cios dos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o para esses pacientes.</p>
      <p>As estrat&#233;gias de reabilita&#231;&#227;o mais adequadas devem ser estabelecidas para esses pacientes. Os par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD podem ajudar a caracterizar a menor toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e individualizar o programa para que se possa obter os melhores resultados a curto prazo e provavelmente a longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo &#233; a baixa frequ&#234;ncia de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal, radial e global do VD. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que a dura&#231;&#227;o total de cada sess&#227;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi considerada, embora o tempo m&#225;ximo de cada sess&#227;o fosse de 40 minutos. O consumo direto de oxig&#234;nio do paciente n&#227;o foi medido, nem a sess&#227;o foi suspensa por qualquer motivo, pois apenas pacientes com programa de RC completo foram inclu&#237;dos; a sub-representa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres foi outro fator de vi&#233;s.</p>
      <p>Mais estudos, que incluam o acompanhamento desses pacientes, al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio em correla&#231;&#227;o com a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD s&#227;o necess&#225;rios, al&#233;m de estudos que avaliem os resultados a longo prazo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica com IAMCSST pr&#233;vio e interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria est&#225; associada e se correlaciona com toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e classe funcional reduzidas antes da RC. Ap&#243;s a RC, houve melhora do pVO<sub>2</sub>eq.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de programa de resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia de Trujillo Garcia Anival pela Universidad de Monterrey.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cardiologia UMAE sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo R-2021-1902-014. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Right Ventricular Function and Exercise Tolerance in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6072-499X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guzman-Ramirez</surname>
            <given-names>Denisse</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trujillo-Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Anival</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopez-Rincon</surname>
            <given-names>Meredith</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopez</surname>
            <given-names>Roxella Botello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Monterrey</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Nuevo Leon</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="MX">Mexico</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Delegacion Nuevo Leon &#8211; Hospital de Cardiologia UMAE &#8211; Departamento de Ecocardiograf&#237;a, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon &#8211; Mexico</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Denisse Guzman Ramirez</bold> &#8226; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Delegacion Nuevo Leon &#8211; Hospital de Cardiologia UMAE 34 Lincoln S/N Esq. Enf Maria Candia Monterrey Monterrey Nuevo Leon <postal-code>64360</postal-code> &#8211; Mexico E-mail: <email>draguzman@cardiologiamonterrey.com.mx</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), patients with cardiac dysfunction have limitations in performing physical activity. Right ventricular (RV) function is a determinant in improving functional capacity, and cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is essential for this patient cohort.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association of RV function with exercise tolerance after a CR program in patients with STEMI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective cohort study in patients with STEMI from January to December 2019. They underwent an echocardiographic assessment of RV function before a 16-session CR program. A cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) testing was performed before and after the CR program. We analyzed whether RV function measured before CR was significantly associated with exercise tolerance before and after the CR program and the degree of improvement. Comorbidity, demographic and anatomic variables were documented. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 109 patients were included. Of all, 3.7% had global RV dysfunction, 10.1% had radial RV dysfunction, and 11% had longitudinal RV dysfunction. An association between radial or longitudinal RV dysfunction and the absence of improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (&gt; 1 peak VO<sub>2</sub>equivalents) was observed (p = 0.028, p = 0.008, respectively). A significant correlation was observed between longitudinal RV dysfunction with initial peak VO<sub>2</sub>equivalents (pVO<sub>2</sub>eq) (p = 0.046), final pVO<sub>2</sub>eq (p = 0.003), and difference in pVO<sub>2</sub>eq (p = 0.009). A correlation was also identified between global RV dysfunction and the initial pVO<sub>2</sub>eq (p = 0.045), final pVO<sub>2</sub>eq (p = 0.012), and difference in pVO<sub>2</sub>eq (p = 0.032).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>RV dysfunction is associated with a lower capacity to exercise; CR programs can be extended or modified in these patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Right ventricle (RV) dysfunction has a prevalence of 10% in anterior myocardial infarctions and up to 50% in inferior myocardial infarctions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is responsible for cardiogenic shock secondary to an acute coronary syndrome in 5% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In patients with myocardial infarction, RV dysfunction is an important prognostic factor of mortality, ventricular arrhythmias, mechanical complications, cardiogenic shock, stent thrombosis, and increased in-hospital and one-year mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Tajima et al. investigated RV function, its association with exercise tolerance, and the efficacy of phase II cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in patients with ischemic heart disease. RV dysfunction was significantly associated with reduced exercise tolerance by 9% before rehabilitation. However, CR was effective in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mahfouz et al. evaluated RV function in patients with microvascular angina and its relationship with exercise tolerance. They found that a value of &#8804; &#8722;14.5% of free wall longitudinal RV strain was associated with reduced exercise capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CR for coronary heart disease reduces mortality and hospitalizations and improves exercise capacity and quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The importance of improving the physical capacity that the RV provides in other pathologies, such as pulmonary hypertension, mitral regurgitation, and chronic heart failure, has been documented; however, its importance in this patient cohort has not been studied.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> &#8211; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since not all patients improve their exercise tolerance parameters in a CR program, there is interest in identifying factors associated with response to exercise tolerance, programs, or predictors of response and non-response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> There is scarce information about the role of RV function after STEMI in exercise tolerance; thus, whether these alterations impact functional class needs to be better defined.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate the association of RV function with exercise tolerance after a CR program in patients with STEMI treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. Secondary objectives were to analyze RV function parameters and ventricular dysfunction frequency before CR and compare metabolic equivalents of oxygen consumption (pVO<sub>2</sub>eq), representing cardiorespiratory fitness and functional class between patients with and without longitudinal, radial, and global RV dysfunction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study was an analytical retrospective cohort.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>We retrospectively reviewed CR clinical records of 109 adult male and female patients with STEMI. All of them were treated with percutaneous coronary intervention in the UMAE Hospital of Cardiology No. 34 IMSS in Monterrey, Nuevo Le&#243;n, Mexico, from January 1, 2019 to January 30, 2020. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed only before CR. A cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) testing was scheduled before and after CR. Comorbidities were recorded when diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia coexisted. Exclusion criteria were: absence of echocardiographic data before CR, patients with STEMI but without a CR program, the dropout from CR, absence of CPX findings before and after CR, other types of myocardial infarction (type 2, 4, and 5), and non-STEMI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Systolic LV function and RV function were evaluated using Vivid 9 and Vivid E95 General Electric&#174; equipment for resting transthoracic echocardiography only before CR, measuring left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) and RV fractional area change (RVFAC), tricuspid annulus systolic excursion (TAPSE) and tissue Doppler systolic velocity (S&#8217; wave) of the tricuspid annulus. Based on the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines, LV dysfunction was defined as LVEF &lt; 50%. To accurately detect RV dysfunction, we determined whether it is characterized by longitudinal RV dysfunction using one or more of the following criteria: TAPSE &lt; 1.8 cm or S' wave &lt; 9.5 cm/s. Radial RV dysfunction was defined as RVFAC &lt; 35% and global RV dysfunction was defined if two or more previous measurements were available.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</title>
          <p>CPX was performed on a General Electric&#174; T2100ST1 treadmill with CASE software before and after the CR program to establish initial and final cardiorespiratory fitness. The CR program was performed on a recumbent Ergoline&#174; GmbH ergometer with approximately 10 W/min workload increments every 5 minutes until the subjects achieved the criteria for test termination (angina, ST segment change, dyspnea, exhaustion, hypotension) or completed 40 minutes on the treadmill. In total, 15 to 20 sessions were completed by patients, depending on their specific situation. Continuous measurement of pVO<sub>2</sub>eq was carried out.</p>
          <p>The Research Ethics Board of the UMAE Hospital of Cardiology No. 34 IMSS approved the study, according to article 17 of the section on Ethical Aspects of Human-Subject Research of the General Health Law Research Regulations in Mexico. This protocol corresponds to a research study without risk, involving reviewing clinical records, in which no sensitive aspects of a patient's behavior were identified or treated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive statistics were calculated with frequency and percentage for nominal variables. For continuous variables, mean, standard deviation, median, and interquartile range were reported according to data normality. Preliminary analyses showed that most of these variables were not normally distributed, as assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p &lt; 0.05). The exceptions were the variables age and RVFAC, which had a normal curve distribution (p = 0.131, p = 0.200, respectively). Inferential analysis of continuous variables was performed according to the normal distribution curve. Statistical significance was considered when p &lt; 0.05. The difference in cardiorespiratory improvement in pVO<sub>2</sub>eq before and after CR was assessed by the Wilcoxon test. The association between (longitudinal and radial) RV function and change in cardiorespiratory fitness (&gt; 1 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq) in CPX after CR was assessed with Fisher's exact test.</p>
          <p>Kendall's tau-b was used to assess the relationship between global and longitudinal RV function with initial pVO<sub>2</sub>eq, final pVO<sub>2</sub>eq, and the difference in pVO<sub>2</sub>eq (p &lt; 0.05). Spearman's Rho test was conducted to determine the correlation between LVEF and final Functional Class, and initial pVO<sub>2</sub>eq (p &lt; 0.05). Statistical analysis was performed using standard statistical software packages (SPSS software 25.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA, and Office Excel; Washington, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>We included 109 patients. Demographics and STEMI characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> . Most of the patients were men, hypertensive, and with dyslipidemia. They had a median LVEF of 49%, with a median CAF of 45% of radial RV function. A low percentage of patients had radial, longitudinal, and global RV dysfunction ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Patient baseline characteristics, hemodynamics, echocardiogram and CR descriptive analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Demographics</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N(%) / Med(IQR) / M(SD)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Men</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90 (82.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age in years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (9.9) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (56.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Current or past smoking</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (43.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74 (67.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">58 (53.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Hemodynamics</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Anterior Myocardial Infarction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60 (55)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Inferior Myocardial Infarction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41 (37.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lateral Myocardial Infarction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (7.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Culprit Anterior Descending Coronary Artery</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61 (56)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Culprit Right Coronary Artery</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Culprit Circumflex Coronary Artery</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Basal Echocardiogram</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FAC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (8.6) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.1 (4) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">S' wave</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (2) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49 (19) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Longitudinal RV dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Radial RV dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (10.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Global RV dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (3.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Cardiac Rehabilitation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Baseline CPX (pVO<sub>2</sub>eq)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.1 (2.9) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">End of CR program CPX (pVO<sub>2</sub>eq)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.3 (4.3) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Difference between baseline and final CPX (pVO<sub>2</sub>eq)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.1 (1.9) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>N: number of patients; %: percentage of patients; Med: median; IQR: interquartile range; M: Mean; SD: Standard deviation; FAC: right ventricle fractional area change expressed in percentage; TAPSE: tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion expressed in millimeters; S' wave: tissue Doppler right ventricle systolic wave expressed in centimeters per second; RV: right ventricle; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction expressed in percentage; CPX: cardiopulmonary stress test expressed in peak oxygen consumption in metabolic equivalents (pVO<sub>2</sub>eq); CR: cardiac rehabilitation program.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Continuous variables with asymmetric distribution, median and interquartile range are described.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Continuous variables with normal distribution, mean and standard deviation are described.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The most common site of infarction was anterior, followed by inferior ones. Regarding the CR program, there was a considerable improvement in pVO<sub>2</sub>eq. The median change in cardiorespiratory fitness before and after CR was 2.1 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq, the difference being significant (Z = &#8722;9.02 p = 0.001).</p>
        <p>Most patients completed the rehabilitation program in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I, and most patients had an LVEF of more than 40%. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Central Illustration</xref> .</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <caption>
            <title>Right ventricle dysfunction and its association with exercise tolerance. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; RV: right ventricle; MET: metabolic equivalents of oxygen consumption; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220799-20799-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A statistically significant difference was observed comparing patients with or without radial RV dysfunction and the presence of improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (&gt; 1 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq) (p = 0.028). The difference between comparing patients with or without longitudinal RV dysfunction and improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness was also significant (p = 0.008) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> ). Another significant difference was observed between patients with or without radial RV dysfunction and the presence of improved NYHA functional class (p = 0.031).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between functional class and radial/longitudinal RV dysfunction</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">CF Improvement (&gt; 1 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq)</th>
                <th align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <th align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <th align="center" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Yes</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">No</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">N Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Radial RV Function</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fisher Test p = 0.028</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Longitudinal RV Function</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fisher Test p = 0.008</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>CF: cardiorespiratory fitness; N: number of patients; RV: right ventricle; pVO<sub>2</sub>eq: metabolic equivalents of oxygen consumption.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>RV FAC had a significant negative correlation with improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (&#964;b = &#8722;0.216 p = 0.010). Longitudinal and global RV dysfunction had significant negative correlations with initial pVO<sub>2</sub>eq, final pVO<sub>2</sub>eq, and improvement in pVO<sub>2</sub>eq. LVEF had a significant correlation with initial pVO<sub>2</sub>eq and with final NYHA functional class ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2</xref> ).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between Longitudinal RV Dysfunction and Improvement in pVO<sub>2</sub>eq. IQR: interquartile range; peak VO<sub>2</sub>eq: peak VO<sub>2</sub>equivalents of patients with and without RV longitudinal dysfunction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220799-20799-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between RV Global Dysfunction and Final pVO<sub>2</sub>eq. IQR: interquartile range; peak VO<sub>2</sub>eq: peak VO<sub>2</sub>equivalents of patients with and without RV global dysfunction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220799-20799-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>RV function parameters versus cardiovascular fitness parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="middle">Correlation Coefficient (p-value)</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Initial pVO<sub>2</sub>eq</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Final pVO<sub>2</sub>eq</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Improvement in pVO<sub>2</sub>eq</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Final NYHA FC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Longitudinal RV dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#964;b = 0.159 (0.046)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#964;b = 0.238 (0.003)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#964;b = 0.210 (0.009)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Global RV dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#964;b = 0.160 (0.045)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#964;b = 0.201 (0.012)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#964;b = 0.171 (0.032)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#961; = 0.200 (0.036)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#961; = - 0.193 (0.044)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Initial pVO<sub>2</sub>eq: oxygen consumption in metabolic equivalents in initial CPX; final pVO<sub>2</sub>eq: oxygen consumption in metabolic equivalents in the final CPX; improvement in pVO<sub>2</sub>eq: difference of oxygen consumption in metabolic equivalents between initial and final CPX; NYHA FC: New York Heart Association Functional Class; &#964;b: Kendall's Tau-B correlation; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; &#961; : Spearman's Rho correlation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of the present study are that longitudinal and radial RV dysfunction are associated with worse cardiorespiratory fitness after CR in patients with STEMI treated with primary PCI. In previous studies, Tajima et al. documented that global RV function significantly determines exercise capacity in ischemic heart disease before CR. Nevertheless, the patients included were heterogeneous with multivessel coronary artery disease treated with PCI or coronary artery bypass surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In our study, basal echocardiography also showed this association.</p>
        <p>We found that radial RV dysfunction, evaluated as FAC, was associated with a lack of improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (&gt; 1 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq); this suggests that radial RV fibers are involved in the functional capacity of these patients. The observation that initial, final, and improvement of pVO<sub>2</sub>eq showed correlations with longitudinal and global RV dysfunction is consistent with other studies that showed this relationship between RV dysfunction and poor exercise tolerance, a fact related to ventricle-pulmonary artery uncoupling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Legris et al. observed that in patients with heart failure, RV dysfunction assessed using FAC and myocardial performance index was associated with exercise tolerance studies; however, longitudinal function did not show this relationship. These findings reflect the preload-dependent conditions of this method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Many studies have compared RV function in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing CR, using echocardiographic measurement of TAPSE and S' velocity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In patients treated with coronary artery bypass grafts, a reduction in these parameters to at least half of normal values seems to be a typical feature of uncomplicated cardiac surgery. This reduction has been related to the opening of the pericardium, changes during CPB, and sternotomy. Still, it does not necessarily indicate impairment of RV function, and these changes persist for 12 to 24 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> For this reason, we only enrolled patients undergoing percutaneous treatment.</p>
        <p>Only 33% of the patients had right coronary artery disease; these results suggest that RV dysfunction is not only related to multi-vascular disease or right coronary artery disease but is also an independent entity with a poor prognosis once it is present. Previous studies reported such findings in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock with and without left anterior descendant coronary artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The results of this study suggest that although there is an improvement in functional class and VO<sub>2</sub>consumption in these patients, RV dysfunction is associated with a lower response to exercise tolerance in CR programs. They also show that RV dysfunction persists after CR and possibly has future repercussions.</p>
        <p>Nevertheless, in our study, all patients improved in functional class and VO<sub>2</sub>; this was reflected in the difference in pVO<sub>2</sub>eq, with a maximum of 3.8. Patients with RV dysfunction, both longitudinal and radial, showed improved cardiorespiratory fitness (&gt; 1 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq) at the end of CR. Therefore, these patients probably acquired the benefits previously recognized in other studies where improvement by one VO<sub>2</sub>equivalent decreased mortality by 25%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> These findings suggest that RV dysfunction decreases the capacity to respond to physical activity; however, this does not entirely limit the benefits of CR. Moreover, this population may benefit more from an extended program or different exercise routines to improve their functional class. These programs positively affect selected patients even with the limitations mentioned. This situation was addressed in the study by Ohara et al.; they found that patients with low TAPSE who underwent CR for six months improved their functional class, reduced B-type natriuretic peptide levels, reduced afterload of the right ventricle and improved left ventricle systolic function even though the TAPSE did not change in a final echocardiographic study. The results suggest that a more extended CR strategy could improve the cardiorespiratory fitness of these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As reported previously, LVEF correlated with functional class and initial pVO<sub>2</sub>eq. LV dysfunction is related to exercise intolerance because of the impaired systolic reserve, which further impairs stroke volume reserve during stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The benefit of CR is reflected in the fact that 86% of the patients finished the CR program in functional class I, with an average improvement of 2.4 pVO<sub>2</sub>eq &#177; 1.4; only 12.5% ended up in functional class II and 0.9% in class III. This data was studied previously in patients with heart failure, and similar results were found with TAPSE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Therefore, RV dysfunction is associated with a lower exercise tolerance capacity; nevertheless, this does not reduce the benefits of rehabilitation programs for these patients.</p>
        <p>The most appropriate rehabilitation strategies should be established for these patients. RV function parameters can help to characterize lower exercise tolerance and individualize the program to obtain the best short-term and probably long-term results.</p>
        <p>Among the limitations of this study is the low frequency of patients with longitudinal, radial, and global RV dysfunction. Another limitation is that the total duration of each rehabilitation session was not considered, although the maximum time for each session was 40 minutes. The patient's direct oxygen consumption was not measured, nor was the session suspended for any reason since only patients with a complete CR program were included; the underrepresentation of women was another bias factor.</p>
        <p>Further studies are needed in which the follow-up of these patients is included in addition to the evaluation of oxygen consumption in correlation with exercise tolerance and RV function, as well as assessing long-term outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>RV dysfunction in patients with ischemic heart disease with previous STEMI and primary percutaneous coronary intervention is associated and correlates with lower exercise tolerance and functional class before CR. After CR, the final pVO<sub>2</sub>eq was improved.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Cardiology residency program submitted by Trujillo Garcia Anival, from Universidad de Monterrey.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cardiologia UMAE under the protocol number R-2021-1902-014. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
