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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6vQR3KJyNVRD7FHmfCmHLFp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000900701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220774</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o Baseada em Substrato de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Relacionada a Purkinje em um Paciente Idoso com Cardiomiopatia Isqu&#234;mica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4158-5469</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;etin</surname>
            <given-names>Nurullah</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soylu</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa &#214;zcan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6193-5542</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zba&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Batuhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bayturan</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;zg&#252;r</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tezcan</surname>
            <given-names>U&#287;ur Kemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Manisa Celal Bayar University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manisa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Nurullah &#199;etin &#8226; Celal Bayar University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiology &#8211; Uncubozk&#246;y Mahallesi Mimarsinan Sokak No: 189. 45030 &#8211; Yunusemre / Manisa &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>nurullah.cetin@cbu.edu.tr</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220774</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Celulas de Purkinje</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Isqu&#234;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As arritmias ventriculares fatais t&#234;m incid&#234;ncia aumentada no caso de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas estruturais, como a cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Sabe-se que as contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares prematuras (CVPs) origin&#225;rias das fibras de Purkinje podem induzir taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica (TVPM) e, posteriormente, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) em pacientes com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As arritmias ventriculares associadas a Purkinje geralmente n&#227;o respondem aos antiarr&#237;tmicos convencionais. A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia de tratamento favor&#225;vel e salva-vidas para FV desencadeada por fibras de Purkinje.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 89 anos, submetido a angiografia coron&#225;ria e implante de stent na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (DAE) h&#225; dois anos, procurou nosso ambulat&#243;rio com queixas recentes de dispneia crescente. N&#227;o houve queixas card&#237;acas adicionais, como dor tor&#225;cica, palpita&#231;&#245;es e s&#237;ncope. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica mostrou que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo diminuiu de 40% para 20% em compara&#231;&#227;o com dois anos atr&#225;s, com o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo severamente dilatado e acinesia do &#225;pice, m&#233;dio a apical, parede anterior e anteroseptal. O paciente, que tamb&#233;m apresenta sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe II da NYHA, &#233; internado em nossa unidade de terapia intensiva para exames complementares. O exame f&#237;sico demonstrou crepita&#231;&#245;es bilaterais nos campos pulmonares basais. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) revelou que o ritmo era sinusal sem CVPs. Os valores laboratoriais, incluindo eletr&#243;litos s&#233;ricos, estavam dentro dos limites normais.</p>
      <p>Estava em ritmo sinusal na admiss&#227;o, mas depois teve uma parada card&#237;aca onde o monitoramento card&#237;aco demonstrou TVPM degenerado para FV na noite de sua hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>). O ritmo sinusal foi restabelecido pela desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref>). Isquemia coronariana foi considerada a causa mais prov&#225;vel de TVPM, sendo iniciada terapia anti-isqu&#234;mica e amiodarona endovenosa. No dia seguinte, o paciente foi submetido a coronariografia mostrando que o stent DAE estava patente, e n&#227;o havia estenose significativa nos outros vasos em compara&#231;&#227;o com a angiografia mais recente feita h&#225; dois anos. Apesar da terapia m&#233;dica m&#225;xima, o paciente apresentou quatro epis&#243;dios de TV polim&#243;rfica degenerada em FV terminada por desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nos 3 dias seguintes. A partir da&#237;, foi planejado procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Registro do monitor card&#237;aco de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica (TVPM)/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV). A) In&#237;cio da TVPM. B) Registro longo do mesmo epis&#243;dio. Degenera&#231;&#227;o de TVPM para FV e t&#233;rmino por desfibrila&#231;&#227;o externa.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220774-20774-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O mapeamento anat&#244;mico foi realizado pelo cateter PentaRay (Biosense Webster) utilizando o sistema eletroanat&#244;mico (EAM) CARTO (Biosense Webster). Deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrogr&#225;ficas de superf&#237;cie e eletrogramas intracard&#237;acos (EGMs) foram registrados continuamente. Um mapa de voltagem foi criado para identificar a zona cicatricial relacionada ao infarto e o mioc&#225;rdio normal. O mapeamento de voltagem durante o ritmo sinusal demonstrou &#225;reas cicatriciais no anterosepto m&#233;dio-basal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref>). O mapeamento &#305;socronal de ativa&#231;&#227;o tardia (ILAM) demonstrou uma &#225;rea de aglomera&#231;&#227;o/zona de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (ZD) isocronal no anteroseptum basal m&#233;dio adjacente &#224; &#225;rea da cicatriz (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">V&#237;deo 1</xref>). ZD foram definidas como regi&#245;es com &gt; 3 is&#243;cronas dentro de um raio de 1 cm. A lentid&#227;o extrema da condu&#231;&#227;o foi definida como regi&#245;es de apinhamento is&#243;crono com atividade fracionada local cont&#237;nua dentro da ZD. No nosso caso, uma &#250;nica &#225;rea de ZD foi observada no anteroseptum basal m&#233;dio. Como n&#227;o havia morfologia direcion&#225;vel, o ILAM foi realizado apenas em ritmo sinusal. Al&#233;m disso, tanto o potencial de Purkinje quanto o diast&#243;lico tardio foram observados em EGMs nessa regi&#227;o. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar a ativa&#231;&#227;o e o mapeamento de marcapasso porque n&#227;o havia CVP no ECG de superf&#237;cie e o paciente n&#227;o tolerava TVPM/FV. Portanto, identificamos ZD em ILAM como o alvo da abla&#231;&#227;o, com Purkinje e potenciais tardios em EGMs. A abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com sucesso na zona lim&#237;trofe da &#225;rea de baixa voltagem/cicatriz no anteroseptum m&#233;dio, especificamente na regi&#227;o de ZD, visando o Purkinje e os potenciais tardios. A abla&#231;&#227;o por RF foi realizada com um cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a de contato de curva D/F bidirecional de ponta irrigada (SmartTouch, Biosense Webster), visando for&#231;a de contato m&#233;dia de 10g apontada para o mioc&#225;rdio com 40 watts e fluxo de 30 mL/min. O tempo total de RF foi de 25 minutos e o tempo total do procedimento foi de 3 horas sem intercorr&#234;ncias. O paciente foi submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o do substrato anormal identificado por potenciais de baixa voltagem, fracionados e tardios. A zona da borda da cicatriz e os potenciais de Purkinje adjacentes a essa regi&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram determinados como alvos de abla&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>). A energia de RF foi aplicada at&#233; que os potenciais fragmentado, tardio e de Purkinje desaparecessem. Ap&#243;s o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o, nenhuma arritmia ventricular sustentada foi induzida por estimula&#231;&#227;o extra tripla aplicada dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo ap&#243;s o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o. Um cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel foi inserido no paciente dois dias ap&#243;s o procedimento. Durante os acompanhamentos do primeiro e terceiro m&#234;s, ele n&#227;o experimentou nenhum ataque de TV-FV ou recebeu qualquer choque.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Mapa CARTO eletroanat&#244;mico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do paciente. A) O mapeamento de voltagem durante o ritmo sinusal demonstra uma &#225;rea cicatricial no meio do anterosepto. B) O mapeamento isocronal de ativa&#231;&#227;o tardia (ILAM) mostra o agrupamento isocronal consistente com uma zona de desacelera&#231;&#227;o na mesma &#225;rea. Marcas turquesa representam locais onde Purkinje e potenciais diast&#243;licos tardios s&#227;o registrados em cicatrizes densas e &#225;reas lotadas isocr&#244;nicas. Purkinje no c&#237;rculo vermelho e potenciais diast&#243;licos tardios no c&#237;rculo amarelo s&#227;o registrados no eletrograma intracard&#237;aco no ponto marcado com uma seta turquesa.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220774-20774-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; O mapeamento de ativa&#231;&#227;o tardia &#305;s&#243;crona mostra aglomera&#231;&#227;o is&#243;crona consistente com baixa tens&#227;o/&#225;rea de cicatriz.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2022-0774_RC_Video_1_1.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2022-0774_RC_Video_1_1.mp4</ext-link> </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220774-20774-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Les&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o entregues no anteroseptum m&#233;dio em &#225;reas de potenciais de Purkinje e potenciais diast&#243;licos tardios adjuvantes para ZD e zona de borda de cicatriz.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220774-20774-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A TVPM/FV pode ser desencadeada e mantida pela atividade originada do sistema de Purkinje distal localizado na zona lim&#237;trofe da cicatriz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias emergentes em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mostraram que os indutores predominantes de FV em pacientes s&#227;o gatilhos origin&#225;rios do sistema de Purkinje distal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Prev&#234;-se que a proximidade das c&#233;lulas do tecido de Purkinje com o endoc&#225;rdio permita o contato e a perfus&#227;o com o sangue cavit&#225;rio, sobrevivendo assim ao infarto transmural em modelos experimentais. Essas fibras de Purkinje sobreviventes que cruzam a regi&#227;o lim&#237;trofe da cicatriz mostram alta automaticidade, atividade desencadeada e excitabilidade supernormal; isso, combinado com o prolongamento da</p>
      <p>dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o nessa regi&#227;o, pode resultar no ambiente necess&#225;rio para TVPM e FV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ondas espirais reentrantes ou atividades focais sustentando FV podem ser fixadas em &#225;reas de mioc&#225;rdio anormal com fibras de Purkinje adjacentes.</p>
      <p>A terapia m&#233;dica com drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, como amiodarona e cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel, continua sendo a base no manejo da FV. Em uma revis&#227;o recente de 86 pacientes com FV, a quinidina foi a mais eficaz entre as drogas administradas por via oral e muito melhor do que a amiodarona e a flecainida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, os dados sobre a efic&#225;cia dos antiarr&#237;tmicos no tratamento da FV relacionada a Purkinje s&#227;o insuficientes. Portanto, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter ap&#243;s o mapeamento de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia de tratamento prim&#225;ria e salvadora de pacientes selecionados com TVPM e FV.</p>
      <p>O tratamento curativo concentra-se na abla&#231;&#227;o do batimento inicial de FV que corresponde &#224; morfologia das CVPs anteriores. Haissaguerre et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> relataram que at&#233; 85% das CVPs desencadeantes estavam localizadas no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o de Purkinje, e a abla&#231;&#227;o dos desencadeantes resultou em uma impressionante liberdade de FV (89%) sem drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas em dois anos de acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A intolerabilidade do paciente ou a falta de monitoramento das CVPs durante o procedimento n&#227;o permite o mapeamento de ativa&#231;&#227;o ou arrastamento e invalida essa estrat&#233;gia. O tratamento antiarr&#237;tmico, especialmente aplicado no per&#237;odo at&#233; a abla&#231;&#227;o, pode causar supress&#227;o das CVPs durante o procedimento. Em nosso paciente, o tratamento com amiodarona pode ter causado supress&#227;o de CVPs durante o procedimento. Nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, a estrat&#233;gia baseada em substrato pode ser uma alternativa.</p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de um substrato local com atividade de Purkinje parece essencial para o aparecimento e manuten&#231;&#227;o da FV. Especialmente durante a fase inicial de FV, a maioria dos drivers se origina de substratos estruturais definidos eletrofisiologicamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As heterogeneidades estruturais s&#227;o cr&#237;ticas para a ocorr&#234;ncia de reentradas, diminuindo as velocidades de condu&#231;&#227;o e, assim, ancorando as reentradas. Foi demonstrado anteriormente que, especialmente para TV reentrante, as regi&#245;es cr&#237;ticas est&#227;o localizadas nas regi&#245;es de ativa&#231;&#227;o lenta ou em ZD durante o ritmo sinusal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A delinea&#231;&#227;o do substrato com base no mapeamento de voltagem bipolar &#233; convencionalmente usada para orientar estrat&#233;gias de abla&#231;&#227;o direcionadas a regi&#245;es de baixa voltagem, mas as &#225;reas de cicatriz variam dependendo das t&#233;cnicas de registro. Por outro lado, nem todas as regi&#245;es cicatriciais apresentam o mesmo potencial de arritmogenicidade. No entanto, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que as regi&#245;es de desacelera&#231;&#227;o detectadas durante o ritmo sinusal s&#227;o altamente arritmog&#234;nicas e atuam como um nicho para reentrada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mapear o substrato com voltagem pode ajudar a identificar locais de cicatriz que podem participar da reentrada. Al&#233;m disso, o ILAM visa identificar &#225;reas de ativa&#231;&#227;o lenta ou atrasada ou ZD durante o ritmo sinusal. Aziz et al. realizaram abla&#231;&#227;o em ZD visando priorizar regi&#245;es ativadas posteriormente com apinhamento is&#243;crono m&#225;ximo em pacientes com TV relacionada &#224; cicatriz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Eles observaram que 63% das ZD estavam em cicatriz densa, 35% em tecido cicatricial misto e apenas 2% em zona de voltagem normal. A liberdade de TV foi de 80% no seguimento de um ano. Em nosso caso, observamos apenas uma ZD, e essa regi&#227;o era adjacente &#224; zona de borda da cicatriz e continha Purkinje e potenciais tardios nos registros do EGM. Identificamos essa regi&#227;o como o alvo da abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Independentemente da idade, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de RF &#233; uma importante op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento para salvar vidas para FV. O ILAM pode desempenhar um papel fundamental para os alvos de abla&#231;&#227;o baseados em substrato em pacientes nos quais a FV n&#227;o pode ser induzida, ou CPVs n&#227;o s&#227;o observados durante o procedimento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Di Diego JM, Antzelevitch C. Ischemic ventricular arrhythmias: experimental models and their clinical relevance. Heart rhythm. 2011;8(12):1963-8. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.06.036</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Di Diego</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antzelevitch</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ischemic ventricular arrhythmias: experimental models and their clinical relevance</article-title>
          <source>Heart rhythm</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Substrate-Based Ablation of Purkinje-Related Ventricular Fibrillation in an Elderly Patient with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4158-5469</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;etin</surname>
            <given-names>Nurullah</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soylu</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa &#214;zcan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6193-5542</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zba&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Batuhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bayturan</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;zg&#252;r</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tezcan</surname>
            <given-names>U&#287;ur Kemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Nurullah &#199;etin &#8226; Celal Bayar University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiology &#8211; Uncubozk&#246;y Mahallesi Mimarsinan Sokak No: 189. 45030 &#8211; Yunusemre / Manisa &#8211; Turkey E-mail: nurullah.cetin@cbu.edu.tr </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Purkinje Cells</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Fatal ventricular arrhythmias have an increased incidence in the case of structural heart diseases such as ischemic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is known that ventricular premature contractions (PVCs) originating from Purkinje fibers can induce polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PMVT) and, subsequently, ventricular fibrillation (VF) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Ventricular arrhythmias associated with Purkinje usually do not respond to conventional antiarrhythmic drugs. Catheter ablation is a favorable and life-saving treatment strategy for VF triggered by Purkinje fibers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>An 89-year-old male patient who underwent coronary angiography and left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) stent implantation two years ago visited our outpatient clinic with recent complaints of increasing dyspnea. There were no additional cardiac complaints, such as chest pain, palpitations, and syncope. Transthoracic echocardiography showed left ventricular ejection fraction has decreased from 40% to 20% compared to two years ago, with the severely dilated left ventricle and akinesis of the apex, mid to apical, anterior wall, and anteroseptum. The patient, who also has NYHA class II heart failure symptoms, is admitted to our intensive care unit for further examination. Physical examination demonstrated bilateral crackles on basal lung fields. Electrocardiography (ECG) revealed that the rhythm was sinus without any PVCs. Laboratory values, including serum electrolytes, were within normal limits.</p>
        <p>He was in sinus rhythm on admission but then had a cardiac arrest where cardiac monitoring demonstrated PMVT degenerated to VF on the evening of his hospitalization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>). Sinus rhythm was restored by defibrillation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref>). Coronary ischemia was considered the most probable cause of PMVT, and anti-ischemic therapy and intravenous amiodarone were started. The following day, the patient underwent coronary angiography showing the LAD stent was patent, and there was no significant stenosis in the other vessels compared to the most recent angiography two years ago. Despite maximal medical therapy, the patient experienced four episodes of polymorphic VT degenerated to ventricular fibrillation terminated by electrical defibrillation within the following 3 days. Thereupon, a radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation procedure was planned.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cardiac monitor recording of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PMVT)/ventricular fibrillation (VF). A) Onset of PMVT. B) Long record of the same episode. Degeneration of PMVT to VF and termination by external defibrillation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220774-20774-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Anatomical mapping was performed by PentaRay (Biosense Webster) catheter using the CARTO (Biosense Webster) electroanatomical (EAM) system. Surface electrographic leads and intracardiac electrograms (EGMs) were continuously recorded. A voltage map was created to identify infarct-related scar zone and normal myocardium. Voltage mapping during sinus rhythm demonstrated scar areas in the mid-basal anteroseptum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref>). Isochronal late activation mapping (ILAM) demonstrated an area of isochronal crowding/deceleration zone (DZ) on the mid-basal anteroseptum adjacent to the scar area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Video 1</xref>). DZ were defined as regions with &gt;3 isochrones within a 1cm radius. Extreme conduction slowing was defined as regions of isochronal crowding with continuous local fractionated activity within the DZ. In our case, a single area of DZ was noted at the mid-basal anteroseptum. Since there was no targetable morphology, ILAM was performed only in sinus rhythm. In addition, both Purkinje and late diastolic potentials were observed in EGMs in this region. We could not perform activation and pace mapping because there was no PVC in the surface ECG, and the patient could not tolerate PMVT/VF. Therefore, we identified DZ in ILAM as the ablation target, with both Purkinje and late potentials in EGMs. Ablation was successfully performed in the border zone of low voltage/scar area on the mid anteroseptum, specifically in the region of DZ, targeting the Purkinje and late potentials. The RF ablation was performed with an irrigated tip bidirectional D/F curve contact force ablation catheter (SmartTouch, Biosense Webster), aiming an average contact force of 10g pointed toward the myocardium with 40 watts and a 30 mL/min flow rate. The total RF time was 25 minutes, and the total procedure time was 3 hours without complications. The patient underwent ablation of the abnormal substrate as identified by low-voltage, fractionated, and late potentials. Scar border zone and Purkinje potentials adjacent to this region were also determined as ablation targets (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>). RF energy was applied until the fragmented, late, and Purkinje potentials disappeared. After the ablation procedure, no sustained ventricular arrhythmia was induced by triple extra stimulation applied from the right and left ventricles after the ablation procedure. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator was inserted into the patient two days after the procedure. During the first and third month follow-ups, he did not experience any VT-VF attack or receive any shock.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Electroanatomic CARTO map of the patient&#8217;s left ventricle. A) Voltage mapping during sinus rhythm demonstrates a scar area in the mid-anteroseptum. B) Isochronal late activation mapping (ILAM) shows isochronal crowding consistent with a deceleration zone in the same area. Turquoise tags represent sites where Purkinje and late diastolic potentials are recorded in both dense scar and isochronal crowded areas. Purkinje in the red circle and late diastolic potentials in the yellow circle are recorded in the intracardiac electrogram at the point marked with a turquoise arrow.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220774-20774-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Video 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Isochronal Late Activation Mapping shows isochronal crowding consistent with low voltage /scar area.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2022-0774_RC_Video_1_1.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2022-0774_RC_Video_1_1.mp4</ext-link> </attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220774-20774-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Ablation lesions delivered to the mid anteroseptum at areas of Purkinje potentials and late diastolic potentials adjuvant to DZ and scar border zone.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20220774-20774-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>PMVT/VF could be triggered and maintained by activity originating from the distal Purkinje system localized to the border zone of scar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Evidence emerging in various clinical situations has shown that the predominant inducers of VF in patients are triggers originating from the distal Purkinje system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The proximity of Purkinje tissue cells to the endocardium is predicted to allow contact and perfusion with cavitary blood, thereby surviving transmural infarction in experimental models. These surviving Purkinje fibers crossing the border region of the scar show high automaticity, triggered activity, and supernormal excitability; this, combined with the prolongation of the action potential duration in this region, may result in the necessary environment for PMVT and VF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Reentrant spiral waves or focal activities sustaining VF may be fixed in areas of abnormal myocardium with adjacent Purkinje fibers.</p>
        <p>Medical therapy with antiarrhythmic drugs such as amiodarone and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator remains the mainstay in managing VF. In a recent review of 86 patients with VF, quinidine was the most effective among the orally administered drugs and far better than amiodarone and flecainide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, data on antiarrhythmic drugs&#8217; efficacy in treating Purkinje-related VF are insufficient. Therefore, catheter ablation following high-resolution mapping may be a primary and life-saving treatment strategy for selected patients with PMVT and VF.</p>
        <p>Curative treatment focuses on ablation of the initiating beat of VF that matches the preceding PVCs morphology. Haissaguerre et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> reported that up to 85% of trigger PVCs were localized to the Purkinje conduction system, and ablation of triggers resulted in impressive (89%) VF freedom without antiarrhythmic drugs at two-year follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The patient&#8217;s intolerability or the lack of monitoring of PVCs during the procedure does not allow activation or entrainment mapping and invalidates this strategy. Antiarrhythmic treatment, especially applied during the period until ablation, may cause PVCs suppression during the procedure. In our patient, the amiodarone treatment might have caused suppression of PVCs during the procedure. In this situation, the substrate-based strategy may be an alternative.</p>
        <p>The presence of a local substrate with Purkinje activity seems essential for the onset and maintenance of VF. Especially during the Initial VF phase, most drivers originate from electrophysiologically defined structural substrates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Structural heterogeneities are critical for the occurrence of reentries by decreasing the conduction velocities and thereby anchoring reentries. It has been previously shown that, especially for reentrant VT, the critical regions are localized to the slowing activation regions or at DZ during sinus rhythm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Substrate delineation based on bipolar voltage mapping is conventionally used to guide ablation strategies directed at low-voltage regions, but scar areas vary depending on recording techniques. On the other hand, not all scar regions harbor the same potential for arrhythmogenicity. However, there is evidence that deceleration regions detected during sinus rhythm are highly arrhythmogenic and act as a nidus for reentry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mapping the substrate with voltage can help identify sites of scar that may participate in reentry. Additionally, ILAM aims to identify areas of slow or delayed activation or DZ during sinus rhythm. Aziz et al. performed ablation at DZ by targeting prioritizing later activated regions with maximal isochronal crowding in patients with scar-related VT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> They observed that 63% of DZ were in a dense scar, 35% were in mixed scar tissue, and only 2% were in a normal voltage zone. VT freedom was 80% at the one-year follow-up. In our case, we observed only one DZ, and this region was adjacent to the scar border zone and contained Purkinje and late potentials in EGM recordings. We identified this region as the ablation target.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Regardless of age, RF catheter ablation is an important life-saving treatment option for VF. ILAM may play a pivotal role for substrate-based ablation targets in patients in whom VF cannot be induced, or PVCs are not observed during the procedure.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
