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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">K9S5sGyL3yBTmXZFwqkmSjf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000800208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230615</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Microaltern&#226;ncia da Onda T na Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica: A Complexidade de uma Doen&#231;a Gen&#233;tica com M&#250;ltiplas Express&#245;es Fenot&#237;picas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vit&#243;ria Apart Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Serra</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vit&#243;ria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia, Serra, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Antonio Moraes</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ufes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Antonio Moraes (Hucam) &#8211; Ufes, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jorge Elias Neto</bold> &#8226; Vitoria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia &#8211; Rodovia BR-101 Norte, Km 2,38, s/n. CEP 29161-900, Boa Vista II, Serra, ES &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>jeliasneto@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230615</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O fato de a taquiarritmia ventricular ser a causa mais frequente de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) nas cardiomiopatias (CM) n&#227;o significa que todos as CM apresentem altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais equipar&#225;veis e que os resultados de exames complementares, por exemplo, a an&#225;lise de altera&#231;&#245;es na despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, podem colaborar, de maneira semelhante, na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da MSC.</p>
    <p>Na edi&#231;&#227;o atual do ABC Cardiol, Antunes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> revelam que a microaltern&#226;ncia da onda T (MAOT) n&#227;o est&#225; associada &#224; MSC e/ou arritmias ventriculares malignas em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Isso sugere que os m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos usados para estratifica&#231;&#227;o da cardiomiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica (CMNI) podem n&#227;o ser aplicados universalmente em um conjunto heterog&#234;neo de patologias.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se h&#225; muito tempo que altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular sinalizam um alto risco de arritmias ventriculares malignas e podem servir como um marcador de risco n&#227;o invasivo para MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pastore et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> foram os primeiros a estabelecer uma liga&#231;&#227;o direta entre a MAOT e o in&#237;cio da reentrada ventricular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> contribuindo para a aprova&#231;&#227;o da MAOT pelo FDA como um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo para avaliar as necessidades de implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI em diversas cardiomiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A Sociedade Internacional de Holter e Eletrocardiologia N&#227;o Invasiva (ISH-NIE) recomenda a avalia&#231;&#227;o da MAOT quando h&#225; suspeita de vulnerabilidade a arritmias card&#237;acas letais. No entanto, nenhum dos estudos prospectivos analisados mencionou especificamente a CMH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudos realizados em pacientes com CMH, em geral com amostras pequenas e curto seguimento cl&#237;nico, sinalizaram correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de MAOT e maior grau de desarranjo miofibrilar;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> maior associa&#231;&#227;o com achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e densidade de arritmias ventriculares e heterogeneidade de locais de fibrose<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e com ocorr&#234;ncia de nVT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> mas n&#227;o podendo se mostrar preditor de eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves.</p>
    <p>Estudos ainda maiores tiveram um n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes com CMH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> como o ALPHA TRIAL, que teve como foco principal a cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Apesar disso, os autores seguem a mesma abordagem simplista e dicot&#244;mica e recomendam a incorpora&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o da MAOT nos crit&#233;rios terap&#234;uticos do CDI para cardiomiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica (CMNI) classe funcional II/III da NYHA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No entanto, o presente estudo mostra que a MAOT n&#227;o &#233; um preditor confi&#225;vel de eventos fatais em pacientes com CMH. Isso se deve principalmente &#224; baixa taxa de eventos da doen&#231;a e, principalmente, por ser caracterizada por heterogeneidade morfol&#243;gica, funcional, cl&#237;nica e progn&#243;stica, na qual a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de novos marcadores de risco (e independentes dos convencionais) &#233; uma tarefa desafiadora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outro ponto de interesse &#233; a suspens&#227;o ou n&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o betabloqueadora antes da an&#225;lise da MAOT. O ISH-NIE recomenda a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes de MAOT sem alterar os regimes de medica&#231;&#227;o para garantir que os resultados dos testes reflitam os efeitos da terapia medicamentosa cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#201; importante observar que os estudos sobre MAOT t&#234;m variado em seus protocolos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; suspens&#227;o da terapia com betabloqueadores, apesar das evid&#234;ncias de que esses medicamentos afetam a amplitude da MAOT e a presen&#231;a de MAOT durante os testes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o &#233; o &#250;nico determinante da MAOT porque os neurotransmissores auton&#244;micos e as altera&#231;&#245;es no substrato mioc&#225;rdico podem levar a n&#237;veis elevados de MAOT durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia fixa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na metan&#225;lise de 9 estudos prospectivos em pacientes de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, o poder preditivo da MAOT variou amplamente com base na suspens&#227;o da terapia com betabloqueadores antes de sua avalia&#231;&#227;o. Os autores propuseram que esta observa&#231;&#227;o pode explicar os resultados inconsistentes dos estudos de MAOT nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O achado significativo do presente estudo foi que a MAOT alterada esteve associada aos crit&#233;rios da AHA considerados de alto risco sem que isso se refletisse no poder de predi&#231;&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio. Os autores sinalizaram corretamente que na CMH outros mecanismos arritmog&#234;nicos, n&#227;o adequadamente detect&#225;veis por valores elevados de MAOT, est&#227;o envolvidos na origem das arritmias ventriculares e da MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O resultado do presente estudo corrobora uma observa&#231;&#227;o que se tornou mais relevante nos &#250;ltimos anos com o melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia da CMNI, achados de estudos in vivo e experimentais, resultados de exames de imagem (resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica) e, por fim, avan&#231;os na pesquisa gen&#233;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As observa&#231;&#245;es acima s&#227;o particularmente aplic&#225;veis quando se trata de CMH. Um exemplo desta complexidade &#233; a forma apical da CMH, que &#233; uma express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica cl&#225;ssica ligada a um bom progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, mas que, nas suas formas ditas at&#237;picas (por exemplo, associadas ao aneurisma apical), apresenta um progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico mais reservado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Assim, embora cada subtipo de CMH seja definido pelo seu principal fen&#243;tipo morfofuncional, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica criteriosa demonstra alta variabilidade fenot&#237;pica com as devidas implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Outro aspecto importante &#233; que a CMH &#233; uma doen&#231;a com express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica vari&#225;vel que pode progredir e mudar no mesmo paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Esse achado reflete que a complexidade do substrato arritmog&#234;nico da CMH decorre de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es e arranjo de mi&#243;citos, anormalidades microvasculares, fibrose intersticial/de substitui&#231;&#227;o, modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e possivelmente muta&#231;&#245;es patog&#234;nicas no gene do sarc&#244;mero. No entanto, o papel das variantes sarcom&#233;ricas como preditor de MSC ainda precisa ser demonstrado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta era da medicina de precis&#227;o, o futuro &#233; uma grande promessa para uma melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de cardiomiopatias. Possivelmente, caminharemos na dire&#231;&#227;o de que, mais do que a an&#225;lise de altera&#231;&#245;es na despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (por exemplo, fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS) ou na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (por exemplo, MAOT), as respostas vir&#227;o da detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais, estruturais e morfol&#243;gicas altera&#231;&#245;es, biomarcadores gen&#233;ticos e an&#225;lise de potenciais fatores epigen&#233;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Esses dados, combinados com marcadores cl&#237;nicos, em um novo espa&#231;o, o da correla&#231;&#227;o fen&#243;tipo-gen&#243;tipo, permitiram individualizar o risco do paciente e compartilhar a tomada de decis&#227;o quanto &#224; necessidade ou n&#227;o de um implante de CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da MSC.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Avalia&#231;&#227;o Progn&#243;stica da Microaltern&#226;ncia da Onda T na Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica em um Seguimento Cl&#237;nico de 9 Anos</italic>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>T-Wave Microalternans in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The Complexity of an Inherited Cardiac Condition with Multiple Phenotypic Expressions</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vit&#243;ria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia, Serra, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Antonio Moraes (Hucam) &#8211; Ufes, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Jorge Elias Neto</bold> &#8226; Vitoria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia &#8211; Rodovia BR-101 Norte, Km 2,38, s/n. Postal Code 29161-900, Boa Vista II, Serra, ES &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: jeliasneto@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The fact that ventricular tachyarrhythmia is the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in cardiomyopathies (CM) does not mean that all CM exhibit similar structural and functional alterations that, identified in advance, for example, by analyzing changes in ventricular depolarization and repolarization, may collaborate in the primary prevention of SCD.</p>
      <p>In the current edition of ABC Cardiol, Antunes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> reveals that altered T-wave alternans (TWA) is not associated with SCD and/or malignant ventricular arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This suggests that diagnostic methods used for non-ischemic cardiomyopathies (NICM). stratification may not universally apply across a heterogeneous set of pathologies.</p>
      <p>Electrical alterations in ventricular repolarization have long been known to signal a high risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and could serve as a non-invasive risk marker for SCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pastore et al. were the first to establish a direct link between TWA and the onset of ventricular reentry,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> contributing to the FDA&#8217;s approval of TWA as a non-invasive method for evaluating ICD implantation needs in various cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The International Society for Holter and Non-invasive Electrocardiology (ISH-NIE) recommends TWA evaluation when suspected of vulnerability to lethal cardiac arrhythmias. However, none of the prospective studies they analyzed mentioned HCM specifically.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Studies carried out in patients with HCM, in general with small samples and a short clinical follow-up, signaled a correlation between the presence of TWA and a higher degree of myofibrillar disarrangement;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> a greater association with echocardiographic findings and ventricular arrhythmia density and heterogeneity of fibrosis sites<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and with the occurrence of nVT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> but not being able to prove to be a predictor of serious arrhythmic events.</p>
      <p>Even larger studies have had limited HCM patient numbers,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> such as the ALPHA TRIAL, which primarily focused on idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Despite this, the authors follow the same simplistic and dichotomous approach and recommend incorporating TWA evaluation into the ICD therapy criteria for NYHA functional class II/III NICM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, the present study shows that TWA is not a reliable predictor of fatal events in HCM patients. This is primarily due to the disease&#8217;s low event rate and, principally, for being characterized by morphological, functional, clinical, and prognostic heterogeneity in which demonstrating new (and independent of conventional) risk markers is a challenging task.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another point of interest is whether or not to discontinue beta-blocker medication before TWA analysis. The ISH-NIE recommends performing TWA tests without altering medication regimens to ensure that test results reflect the effects of chronic drug therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is important to note that studies on TWA have varied in their protocols regarding the suspension of beta-blocker therapy despite evidence that these drugs affect TWA amplitude and the presence of TWA during testing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Heart rate is not the sole determinant of TWA because autonomic neurotransmitters and changes in myocardial substrate can lead to elevated levels of TWA during fixed rate pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Meta-analysis of 9 prospective studies in primary prevention patients with left ventricular dysfunction, the predictive power of TWA varied widely based on whether beta-blocker therapy was withheld prior to its assessment. The authors proposed that this observation may explain the inconsistent results of TWA studies in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The significant finding of the present study was that altered TWA was associated with the AHA criteria considered high risk without this being reflected in the power to predict the primary outcome. The authors properly signaled that in HCM, other arrhythmogenic mechanisms, not adequately detectable by high TWA values, are involved in the origin of ventricular arrhythmias and SCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The result of the present study corroborates an observation that has become more relevant in recent years with a better understanding of the pathophysiology of NICM, findings from in-vivo and experimental studies, results of imaging tests (magnetic resonance imaging), and, finally, advances in genetic research.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The above observations are particularly applicable when dealing with HCM. The apical form of HCM is an example of this complexity, which is a classic phenotypic expression linked to a good clinical prognosis but which, in its so-called atypical forms (e.g., associated with apical aneurysm), presents a more reserved clinical prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Thus, although each subtype of HCM is defined by its main morphofunctional phenotype, a careful clinical evaluation demonstrates high phenotype variability with due prognostic and therapeutic implications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Another important aspect is that HCM is a disorder with variable phenotype expression that may progress and change in the same patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This finding reflects that the complexity of the HCM arrhythmogenic substrate stems from a combination of alterations and arrangement of myocytes, microvascular abnormalities, interstitial/replacement fibrosis, autonomic modulation, and possibly pathogenic sarcomere gene mutations. However, the role of sarcomeric variants as a predictor of SCD remains to be demonstrated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this era of precision medicine, the future holds great promise for improved risk stratification of cardiomyopathies. Possibly, we will move in the direction that, more than the analysis of changes in ventricular depolarization (e.g., fragmentation of the QRS) or ventricular repolarization (e.g., TWA), the answers will come from the detection of functional, structural, and morphological alterations, genetic biomarkers and analysis of potential epigenetic factors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> These data, combined with clinical markers, in a new space, that of the phenotype-genotype correlation, allowed individualizing the patient&#8217;s risk and shared decision-making regarding the need or not for an ICD implant for the primary prevention of SCD.</p>
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          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Prognostic Evaluation of Microvolt T-Wave Alternans in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: 9-year Clinical Follow-up</p>
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