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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">wzjbLstgMw8v6MXH7bkP7zz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000800209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230612</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#193;cidos Graxos Saturados e Implica&#231;&#245;es em Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9557-3968</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Callegari</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damatto</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1159-5030</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Portugal dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Campus de Botucatu - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Universit&#225;ria de Botucatu e Regi&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Universit&#225;ria de Botucatu e Regi&#227;o, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Itapeva</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva, Itapeva, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Priscila Portugal dos Santos &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; UNESP &#8211; Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Junior, s/n. CEP 18618970, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>priscila.portugal@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230612</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>&#193;cidos Graxos</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;cido Palm&#237;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;cidos Este&#225;ricos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o a principal causa de mortalidade, sendo respons&#225;veis por 17,9 milh&#245;es de mortes em 2019, 32% de todas as mortes globais.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> &#201; importante detectar precocemente a DCV para iniciar o tratamento. Para isso, existem v&#225;rios fatores de risco padr&#227;o na predi&#231;&#227;o de DCV, mas o interesse em encontrar biomarcadores mais sens&#237;veis e precisos &#233; intenso. Gon&#231;alinho et al.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> prop&#245;em que o uso de biomarcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode refletir DCV e predizer pior progn&#243;stico, independentemente dos fatores de risco tradicionais. A maioria das DCV pode ser prevenida abordando fatores de risco comportamentais, como dieta. A ingest&#227;o de gordura na dieta &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco modific&#225;veis implicados na causa da DCV.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Gon&#231;alinho et al.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> mostraram que o &#225;cido este&#225;rico (AE) est&#225; associado a biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos com risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Para estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;cidos graxos (AG) com fatores de risco cardiovascular, Gon&#231;alinho et al.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> usaram AG de fosfolip&#237;dios de membrana de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos (GV) como um biomarcador do status de AG. Esta an&#225;lise tem sido utilizada, uma vez que estes AGs podem ser incorporados a partir das lipoprote&#237;nas s&#233;ricas.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, oferece uma vantagem sobre a an&#225;lise no plasma, porque os GV duram em m&#233;dia 120 dias, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 3 semanas para os l&#237;pidos plasm&#225;ticos, refletindo uma melhor ingest&#227;o de AG na dieta a longo prazo.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, &#233; importante destacar que o custo de prepara&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias supera o m&#233;todo plasm&#225;tico e que existem diferentes estrat&#233;gias anal&#237;ticas.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Portanto, para que o AG dos fosfolip&#237;dios da membrana das hem&#225;cias se torne um biomarcador do estado nutricional do AG diet&#233;tico, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, continua sendo necess&#225;rio uma investiga&#231;&#227;o sobre custo-efetividade e padroniza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outra an&#225;lise interessante &#233; o AG intracelular das hem&#225;cias. Embora os GV n&#227;o possuam mitoc&#244;ndrias para oxidar o AG, estudos mostraram que o AG plasm&#225;tico pode ser incorporado aos triacilglicerois (TGs) dos GV. Esses TGs s&#227;o enriquecidos em &#225;cidos graxos saturados (AGS) e empobrecido em &#225;cidos graxos insaturados, contrastando com o perfil altamente insaturado dos fosfolip&#237;dios da membrana. Portanto, um dos dois m&#233;todos pode ser mais preciso dependendo do AG de interesse.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A influ&#234;ncia dos AGS no risco cardiovascular ainda &#233; controversa, como mostraram Gon&#231;alinho et al.,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> que n&#227;o observaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#225;cido palm&#237;tico (AP) e fatores de risco cardiovascular, embora essa associa&#231;&#227;o seja conhecida na literatura. Contudo, mostraram que o AE est&#225; associado a biomarcadores de risco cardiovascular, enquanto outros autores observaram um efeito neutro ou ben&#233;fico do AE.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Essas diferen&#231;as podem ser devido &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o do AG na mol&#233;cula de TG (sn-1, sn-2 e sn-3), uma vez que a posi&#231;&#227;o determina as caracter&#237;sticas bioqu&#237;micas e f&#237;sicas da gordura e pode influenciar sua absor&#231;&#227;o no intestino, metabolismo nos enter&#243;citos, subsequente metabolismo dos quilom&#237;crons e distribui&#231;&#227;o nos tecidos. Isto pode levar a diferentes efeitos sobre os lip&#237;dios plasm&#225;ticos e risco cardiovascular. Gorduras contendo AP e AE na posi&#231;&#227;o sn-2 s&#227;o melhor digeridas e consideradas mais aterog&#234;nicas.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De fato, estudos mostraram que o &#243;leo de palma, que tem aproximadamente &lt;10% do total de AP na posi&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria, n&#227;o aumenta as concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo com manteiga de cacau (rica em AE na posi&#231;&#227;o 1,3) mostrou um efeito neutro do AE na concentra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Assim, &#233; importante enfatizar que os efeitos dos AGS na sa&#250;de dependem n&#227;o apenas do AG espec&#237;fico, mas tamb&#233;m das fontes, quantidade e qualidade do alimento, bem como do grau de processamento e do efeito sin&#233;rgico dos demais compostos. Portanto, estudos recentes aconselham que o preconceito contra os alimentos ricos em AGS deve ser substitu&#237;do com vista a recomendar dietas constitu&#237;das por alimentos saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>-<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outro resultado importante apresentado por Gon&#231;alinho et al.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> foi a associa&#231;&#227;o do AE com melhora do perfil lip&#237;dico, mesmo quando associado a biomarcadores de risco cardiovascular. Estudos levantaram a hip&#243;tese de que n&#227;o a concentra&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;nas, mas a funcionalidade das part&#237;culas de HDL e a qualidade das part&#237;culas de LDL s&#227;o mais importantes para prever o risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Portanto, seria interessante que novos estudos abordassem essas novas an&#225;lises.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn id="fn1" fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: &#193;cido Este&#225;rico (mas n&#227;o o &#193;cido Palm&#237;tico) est&#225; Associado a Biomarcadores Inflamat&#243;rios e de Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Indiv&#237;duos em Risco Cardiovascular</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Saturated Fatty Acids and Implications for Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9557-3968</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Callegari</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damatto</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1159-5030</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Portugal dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Campus de Botucatu - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Universit&#225;ria de Botucatu e Regi&#227;o, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva, Itapeva, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Priscila Portugal dos Santos &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; UNESP &#8211; Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Junior, s/n. Postal Code 18618970, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: priscila.portugal@unesp.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Fatty Acids</kwd>
        <kwd>Palmitic Acid</kwd>
        <kwd>Stearic Acids</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Disease Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality, accounting for 17.9 million deaths in 2019, 32% of all global deaths.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> It is important to detect CVD early to start treatment. For this, there are several standard risk factors in CVD prediction, but interest in finding more sensitive and accurate biomarkers is intense. Gon&#231;alinho et al.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> propose that the use of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers may reflect CVD and predict worse prognosis, regardless of traditional risk factors. Most CVDs can be prevented by addressing behavioral risk factors like diet. Dietary fat intake is one of the major modifiable risk factors implicated in the causation of CVD.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Gon&#231;alinho et al.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> showed that stearic acid (SA) is associated with inflammatory biomarkers and endothelial dysfunction in individuals at cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>To study the association of fatty acids (FA) with cardiovascular risk factors, Gon&#231;alinho et al.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> used FA from membrane phospholipids of red blood cells (RBC) as a biomarker of FA status. This analysis has been used since these FAs can be incorporated from the serum lipoproteins.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Additionally, it offers an advantage over analysis of plasma because RBC last on average 120 days compared to 3 weeks for plasma lipids, reflecting better long-term dietary FA intake.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> However, it is important to highlight that the cost of preparing RBC exceeds the plasmatic method and that there are different analytical strategies.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Therefore, for FA from RBC membrane phospholipids to become a biomarker of the nutritional status of dietary FA in clinical practice, there remains a need for investigations of cost-effectiveness and method standardization.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another interesting analysis is the intracellular FA of RBC. Although RBCs lack mitochondria to oxidize FA, studies showed that plasma FA can be incorporated into RBC triacylglycerols (TG). These TG are enriched in saturated FA (SFA) and depleted in unsaturated FA, contrasting the highly unsaturated profile in membrane phospholipids. Therefore, one of the methods may be more accurate depending on the FA of interest.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The influence of SFA on cardiovascular risk is still controversial, as shown by Gon&#231;alinho et al.,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> who did not observe an association between palmitic acid (PA) and cardiovascular risk factors, although this association is known in the literature. However, they showed that SA is associated with biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, while other authors observed a neutral or beneficial effect of AS.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>-<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> These differences may be due to the position of FA in TG molecule (sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3) since it determines the biochemical and physical characteristics of the fat and may influence their absorption from the gut, metabolism in enterocytes, subsequent chylomicron metabolism and distribution into tissues. This can lead to different effects on plasma lipids and cardiovascular risk. Fats containing PA and SA in the sn-2 position are better digested and considered more atherogenic.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In fact, studies showed that palm oil, which has approximately &lt;10% of the PA total in the intermediate position, does not increase cholesterol concentrations.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Additionally, a study with cocoa butter (rich in SA at position 1,3) showed a neutral effect of SA on cholesterol concentration.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Thus, it is important to emphasize that the health effects of SFA depend not only on the specific FA but also on the sources, quantity and quality of the food, as well as the degree of processing and synergistic effect of the other compounds. Therefore, recent studies have advised that the bias against foods rich in SFA should be replaced with a view toward recommending diets consisting of healthy foods.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>-<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another important result shown by Gon&#231;alinho et al.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> was the association of SA with an improvement in the lipid profile, even when associated with cardiovascular risk biomarkers. Studies have hypothesized that not the concentration of lipoproteins but the functionality of HDL particles and the quality of LDL particles are more important for predicting cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Therefore, it would be interesting for further studies to address these new analyses.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn id="fn1001" fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Stearic Acid, but not Palmitic Acid, is Associated with Inflammatory and Endothelial Dysfunction Biomarkers in Individuals at Cardiovascular Risk</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
