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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">wNjCYTGGrxJCPDTBJ3qB64n</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000800207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230569</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Precisamos Falar de Determinantes Sociais de Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6465-0780</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto Graner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Pronto Atendimento</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; Unidade de Pronto Atendimento, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Humberto Graner Moreira</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; Rua 235, s/n. CEP 74605-050, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>humbertograner@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230569</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os de Sa&#250;de Comunit&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores Socioecon&#244;micos</kwd>
        <kwd>Estat&#237;stica de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Al&#233;m dos fatores de risco biol&#243;gicos tradicionais, h&#225; uma s&#233;rie de determinantes sociais que desempenham um papel significativo no risco cardiovascular. Os Determinantes Sociais de Sa&#250;de (DSS) referem-se &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es sociais, econ&#244;micas, culturais, &#233;tnicas, educacionais e ambientais em que as pessoas vivem e como essas condi&#231;&#245;es impactam na sa&#250;de. Estes determinantes podem incluir fatores como renda, condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho, acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, educa&#231;&#227;o, habita&#231;&#227;o, meios de transporte, redes de apoio, entre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre fatores socioecon&#244;micos e sa&#250;de come&#231;a a ser observada por ocasi&#227;o da Revolu&#231;&#227;o Industrial na Europa. Um dos pioneiros nesse campo foi Rudolf Virchow, m&#233;dico e pol&#237;tico alem&#227;o, que, em meados do s&#233;culo XIX, destacou o impacto das condi&#231;&#245;es sociais na sa&#250;de. Ele enfatizou que para melhorar a sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o, era necess&#225;rio abordar quest&#245;es como educa&#231;&#227;o, habita&#231;&#227;o e trabalho. &#201; de Virchow a frase &#8220;a medicina &#233; uma ci&#234;ncia social, e a pol&#237;tica nada mais &#233; do que uma medicina em grande escala&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Mas, o conceito de DSS como o entendemos hoje, come&#231;ou a tomar forma no s&#233;culo XX. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovasculares trouxe tamb&#233;m a informa&#231;&#227;o de que determinados grupos populacionais estavam expostos de forma diferentes aos mesmos. Da mesma forma, as desigualdades sociais e a baixa escolaridade foram reconhecidas como condi&#231;&#245;es adicionais associadas com maior mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudos anteriores j&#225; haviam demonstrado que a mortalidade por DCV - incluindo doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) e cerebrovasculares (DCBV) &#8211; t&#234;m uma incid&#234;ncia desigual de acordo com a regi&#227;o do pa&#237;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Uma an&#225;lise recente da tend&#234;ncia temporal de mortalidade por DCV no Brasil revelou que a regi&#227;o Nordeste apresentou aumento nas taxas de &#243;bitos, ao passo em que as regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste tiveram redu&#231;&#245;es nas mesmas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A discuss&#227;o sobre desigualdades sociais e econ&#244;micas regionais sempre fundamentou esses achados, mas os mesmos eram inferidos.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Bichara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> sobre a mortalidade por DIC e DCBV no Brasil, conduzido no per&#237;odo de 2000 a 2019, fornece uma vis&#227;o abrangente e reveladora sobre a influ&#234;ncia dos determinantes sociais na sa&#250;de cardiovascular no pa&#237;s. Al&#233;m das conhecidas taxas de mortalidade por essas doen&#231;as no Brasil, os autores trazem para a discuss&#227;o o &#237;ndice de vulnerabilidade social (IVD) e o &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento social (ISD), iluminando como eles interagiram com a incid&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos por DCV em diferentes estados e regi&#245;es.</p>
    <p>A constata&#231;&#227;o de que houve melhora desses &#237;ndices sociais no per&#237;odo estudado endossa o crescimento econ&#244;mico do pa&#237;s no per&#237;odo. Quando se analisaram as varia&#231;&#245;es percentuais das taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por DIC e DCBV com os &#237;ndices sociais, observou-se que os estados com melhores indicadores foram tamb&#233;m aqueles que apresentaram maior redu&#231;&#227;o proporcional da mortalidade. Um fato relevante &#233; que, mesmo estados das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste que evidenciaram uma melhora significativa nos IDS e IVS, n&#227;o necessariamente apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Isso sugere a possibilidade de que talvez haja um limiar de desenvolvimento social m&#237;nimo que precisa ser obtido para que os efeitos na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade sejam percebidos.</p>
    <p>Embora tenhamos avan&#231;ado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; discuss&#227;o das estat&#237;sticas cardiovasculares no cen&#225;rio nacional, inclusive com dados atualizados anualmente, ainda ignoramos DSS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em parte, porque ainda faltam pesquisas mais profundas de como estes determinantes interagem com os diversos outros fatores de risco. Mas, tamb&#233;m, porque talvez atribuamos (erroneamente) a responsabilidade desses t&#243;picos exclusivamente aos gestores de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>No entanto, &#233; cada vez mais evidente que o m&#233;dico precisa identificar aqueles determinantes sociais desfavor&#225;veis durante sua tradicional anamnese cl&#225;ssica. Isto inclui: rendas prec&#225;rias, acessibilidade e qualidade da educa&#231;&#227;o, disponibilidade de alimentos nutritivos, perspectivas de emprego, meios de transporte utilizados, ambiente de moradia. Mesmo que n&#227;o possamos modificar a realidade de muitos daqueles pacientes, &#233; poss&#237;vel oferecer solu&#231;&#245;es em sa&#250;de que possam mitigar seus efeitos, uma vez reconhecidos. Esta tamb&#233;m &#233; uma das principais mensagens do recente posicionamento da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> sobre os determinantes sociais e os desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de fornecer uma revis&#227;o abrangente do impacto das determinantes sociais na sa&#250;de cardiovascular, o documento tamb&#233;m faz um apelo &#224; comunidade m&#233;dica e aos gestores para a necessidade de reconhecer e abordar os determinantes sociais como uma parte integrada da preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento das DCV.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Bichara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> acrescenta um novo n&#237;vel de compreens&#227;o das nuances do impacto das determinantes sociais na sa&#250;de cardiovascular no Brasil. Seus achados sinalizam para um chamado &#224; a&#231;&#227;o em pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas mais inclusivas e abordagens cl&#237;nicas que considerem as determinantes sociais como componentes centrais para mitigar o fardo das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flores</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Social Determinants of Risk and Outcomes for Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>132</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>873</fpage>
          <lpage>898</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000228</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Indicadores Socioecon&#244;micos e Mortalidade por Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o e Doen&#231;a Cerebrovascular no Brasil de 2000 a 2019</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>We Need to Talk about Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Health</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6465-0780</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto Graner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; Unidade de Pronto Atendimento, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Humberto Graner Moreira</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; Rua 235, s/n. Postal Code: 74605-050, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: humbertograner@uol.com.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Community Health Services</kwd>
        <kwd>Socioeconomics Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Statistics</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In addition to traditional biological risk factors, several social determinants play a significant role in cardiovascular risk. The Social Determinants of Health (SDH) refer to the social, economic, cultural, ethnic, educational, and environmental conditions in which people live and how these conditions impact health. These determinants can encompass factors such as income, working conditions, access to health services, education, housing, transportation, support networks, and others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The relationship between socioeconomic factors and health began to be observed during the Industrial Revolution in Europe. One of the pioneers in this field was Rudolf Virchow, a German physician, and politician who, in the mid-nineteenth century, highlighted the impact of social conditions on health. He emphasized that addressing issues such as education, housing, and work was necessary to improve the population&#8217;s health. It is from Virchow the phrase &#8220;medicine is a social science, and politics is nothing but medicine on a large scale&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, the concept of SDH as we understand it today began to take shape in the 20th century. The identification of cardiovascular risk factors also revealed that specific population groups were differentially exposed to these factors. Similarly, social inequalities and low educational levels were recognized as additional conditions associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD)</p>
      <p>Previous studies had already shown that CVD mortality - including ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease CeVD - have an uneven incidence according to the region of the country.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A recent analysis of the temporal trend in CVD mortality in Brazil revealed that the Northeast region showed an increase in death rates, while the South and Southeast regions had reductions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The discussion on regional social and economic inequalities has always supported these findings, but they were just inferred.</p>
      <p>The study by Bichara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> on IHD and cEvd mortality in Brazil, conducted from 2000 to 2019, provides a comprehensive and revealing view of the influence of social determinants on cardiovascular health in the country. In addition to the known mortality rates for these diseases in the country, the authors bring to the discussion the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and the Social Progress Index (SPI), illuminating how they interact with the incidence of deaths from CVD in different states and regions.</p>
      <p>The finding that there was an improvement in these social indices in the period studied supports the country&#8217;s economic growth over the same timeframe. When the percentage changes in standardized mortality rates for IHD and CeVD were analyzed with social indices, it was observed that the states with the best indicators were also those that exhibited a greater proportional reduction in mortality. A noteworthy fact is that even states in the North and Northeast regions that showed a significant improvement in the SPI and SVI did not necessarily show a reduction in mortality from cardiovascular diseases. This suggests the possibility that there may be a minimum threshold of social development that needs to be achieved for the effects on mortality reduction to be perceptible.</p>
      <p>Although we have advanced concerning the discussion of cardiovascular statistics in the national scenario, including annually updated data, we still ignore SDH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In part because deeper research on how these determinants interact with the various other risk factors is still lacking. Additionally also because we may erroneously attribute responsibility for these topics exclusively to healthcare managers.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, it is increasingly evident that the physicians need to identify those unfavorable social determinants during their traditional classical anamnesis. These include poor incomes, accessibility and quality of education, availability of nutritious food, employment prospects, means of transport used, and housing environment. Even if we cannot change the reality of many of those patients, it is possible to offer healthcare solutions that can mitigate their effects once recognized. This is also one of the main messages of the American Heart Association&#8217;s recent scientific statement on social determinants and cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In addition to providing a comprehensive review of the impact of social determinants on cardiovascular health, the document also appeals to the medical community and policymakers for the need to recognize and address social determinants as an integrated part of CVD prevention and treatment.</p>
      <p>The study by Bichara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> adds a new level of understanding to the nuances of the impact of social determinants on cardiovascular health in Brazil. Their findings signal a call to action on more inclusive public policies and clinical approaches that consider social determinants as central components to mitigate the burden of cardiovascular disease.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Socioeconomic Indicators and Mortality from Ischemic Heart Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease in Brazil from 2000 to 2019</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
