<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QydpwGtCQdjmrLXPTcSKDKt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000800201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230493</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Existe Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Miocardite Aguda e a Permeabilidade Intestinal? Dois Biomarcadores nos Ajudam a Responder a esta Pergunta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Solis</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Arturo Effio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Brentegani</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira &#8226;</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Ecocardiografia Adultos &#8211; Rua Nova York, 970. CEP <postal-code>04560-002</postal-code>, Brooklin Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mluiz766@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230493</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Permeabilidade Intestinal, Zonulina, Preserpsina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Miocardite &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria card&#237;aca desencadeada pela a&#231;&#227;o de agentes infecciosos ou toxinas, que levam a les&#227;o de mi&#243;citos por a&#231;&#227;o direta ou pela ativa&#231;&#227;o exacerbada do sistema imune. Pode culminar em dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, arritmias ou at&#233; morte s&#250;bita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Chamamos de &#8220;miocardite aguda&#8221; o quadro cl&#237;nico que se inicia h&#225; menos de 30 dias. De acordo com registros recentes, miocardite aguda &#233; mais prevalente em adultos jovens, principalmente mulheres<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e sua causa &#233; predominantemente infecciosa tendo enterov&#237;rus, coxsackie, parvov&#237;rus B19 e, mais recentemente, v&#237;rus da COVID-19 como exemplos de agentes etiol&#243;gicos virais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Bact&#233;rias enteropatog&#234;nicas como Salmonella, Shigella e Campylobacter tamb&#233;m s&#227;o algumas das principais causas de miocardite identificadas em s&#233;ries de casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A zonulina &#233; uma prote&#237;na que modula a permeabilidade intestinal. Sua express&#227;o leva ao enfraquecimento das jun&#231;&#245;es de oclus&#227;o presentes nas c&#233;lulas epiteliais intestinais. Esta express&#227;o &#233; estimulada por certos enteropat&#243;genos, facilitando a transloca&#231;&#227;o de agentes e toxinas para dentro do organismo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> levando a um estado de endotoxemia. A presepsina &#233; tida como um marcador confi&#225;vel de endotoxemia de baixo grau e, desta forma, um marcador indireto do aumento da permeabilidade intestinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste estudo transversal observacional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> os pesquisadores avaliaram a poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre permeabilidade intestinal e miocardite aguda por meio da an&#225;lise dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de zonulina e presepsina em grupo de pacientes com miocardite aguda em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos sem a doen&#231;a. A miocardite aguda foi definida a partir de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e eleva&#231;&#227;o laboratorial de biomarcadores como CK-MB e troponina-I. Foram observados 138 indiv&#237;duos consecutivos, 68 com miocardite aguda e 70 no grupo controle, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a entre as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas b&#225;sicas entre os grupos. Os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR), fibrinog&#234;nio, pico de CK-MB e pico de troponina-I foram significativamente maiores no grupo de miocardite do que no grupo controle. &#201; interessante citar tamb&#233;m que o grupo de pacientes com miocardite apresentou um hist&#243;rico significativamente maior de COVID-19 ou vacina&#231;&#227;o contra COVID-19 nos &#250;ltimos seis meses em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Os pesquisadores descobriram que os n&#237;veis de zonulina e presepsina foram estatisticamente maiores no grupo de pacientes com miocardite (p&lt;0,001). Inclusive, os pacientes que tinham n&#237;veis maiores de zonulina apresentaram menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, maiores &#237;ndices de arritmia e maiores queixas gastrointestinais. Observou-se tamb&#233;m que os n&#237;veis de zonulina est&#227;o positivamente relacionados com presepsina (r=0,461), pico de CK-MB (r=0,744) e pico de troponina (r=0,627), tais resultados mostram que os n&#237;veis de zonulina e presepsina est&#227;o associados de forma positiva &#224; gravidade da les&#227;o card&#237;aca, medida pelos marcadores CK MB e troponina. Em an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria multivariada, tanto a presepsina quanto a zonulina foram identificadas como preditores independentes para a doen&#231;a. An&#225;lise da curva ROC foi realizada evidenciando que os valores preditivos para miocardite aguda da zonulina e da presepsina foram estatisticamente significativos (p &lt; 0,001, para ambas).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Esses resultados sugerem que pode haver de fato, uma rela&#231;&#227;o clara entre o aumento da permeabilidade intestinal, representado pelo aumento s&#233;rico de zonulina e presepsina, e o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico da miocardite aguda. Os pesquisadores sugerem que na vig&#234;ncia de uma infec&#231;&#227;o, o aumento da permeabilidade intestinal confirmado pelo aumento nos n&#237;veis de zonulina, levaria a uma exposi&#231;&#227;o maior a uma s&#233;rie de pat&#243;genos, evidenciado pelo aumento da presepsina. Esta exposi&#231;&#227;o elevada a tais pat&#243;genos desencadearia uma ativa&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria do sistema imunol&#243;gico, mecanismo principal envolvido na inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Como pontos positivos, ambos biomarcadores s&#227;o n&#227;o invasivos e f&#225;ceis de obter. Al&#233;m disso, a sua capacidade de predizer a doen&#231;a e de apontar para doen&#231;a mais grave e para maior risco de complica&#231;&#227;o a partir de concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas mais elevadas ressalta como a dosagem de zonulina e presepsina pode ser promissora no diagn&#243;stico e seguimento de pacientes com suspeita de miocardite. Al&#233;m do mais, o seu uso em adi&#231;&#227;o aos biomarcadores tradicionais seria uma op&#231;&#227;o mais econ&#244;mica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, uma vez que reduziria a aplica&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos invasivos, caros, e nem sempre dispon&#237;veis como bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica (BEM), resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) e coronariografia.</p>
    <p>Apesar dos resultados e perspectivas apresentados, este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es como o fato de ser um estudo com poucos pacientes e de centro &#250;nico. Al&#233;m disso, se limitou a uma dosagem &#250;nica dos biomarcadores, deixando em aberto se a an&#225;lise da curva da concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica da zonulina e presepsina ao longo do tempo poderia ter maior utilidade no diagn&#243;stico, seguimento e em predizer desfechos cl&#237;nicos como cura ou complica&#231;&#245;es. Outra quest&#227;o que enfraquece o estudo &#233; a n&#227;o correla&#231;&#227;o dos achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais com m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos de maior complexidade como BEM, RMC e at&#233; an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica mais detalhada.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o estudo apresenta uma nova vis&#227;o no campo do que conhecemos sobre a miocardite, evidenciando uma poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a permeabilidade intestinal, atrav&#233;s das prote&#237;nas zonulina e presepsina. Essa descoberta pode revolucionar a forma como encaramos a doen&#231;a na nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica possibilitando novas condutas no diagn&#243;stico, seguimento e tratamento da miocardite. Aprofundar-se no eixo intestino-cora&#231;&#227;o pode abrir novos caminhos em uma face pouco conhecida da cardiologia. Desta forma, surge a expectativa de novos estudos que abordem o assunto para que, al&#233;m de validar o que os pesquisadores nos mostraram, possamos ampliar cada vez mais o conhecimento nesta &#225;rea.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Zonulina e Presepsina Poderiam ser Biomarcadores e Alvos Terap&#234;uticos para Miocardite Aguda?</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocarditis</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>360</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1526</fpage>
          <lpage>1538</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMra0800028</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Cooper LT Jr. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(15):1526-38. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0800028</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Younis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matetzky</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulla</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masalha</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afel</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chernomordik</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epidemiology characteristics and outcome of patients with clinically diagnosed acute myocarditis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>492</fpage>
          <lpage>499</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.10.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Younis A, Matetzky S, Mulla W, Masalha E, Afel Y, Chernomordik F, et al. Epidemiology characteristics and outcome of patients with clinically diagnosed acute myocarditis. Am J Med. 2020;133(4):492-499. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.10.015</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andr&#233;oletti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#233;v&#234;que</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boulagnon</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brasselet</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fornes</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Viral Causes of Human Myocarditis</article-title>
          <source>Arch Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>6-7</issue>
          <fpage>559</fpage>
          <lpage>568</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.acvd.2009.04.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Andr&#233;oletti L, L&#233;v&#234;que N, Boulagnon C, Brasselet C, Fornes P. Viral Causes of Human Myocarditis. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;102(6-7):559-68. doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2009.04.010.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siripanthong</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nazarian</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muser</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santangeli</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khanji</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recognizing COVID-19-Related Myocarditis: The Possible Pathophysiology and Proposed Guideline for Diagnosis and Management</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1463</fpage>
          <lpage>1471</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Siripanthong B, Nazarian S, Muser D, Deo R, Santangeli P, Khanji MY, et al. Recognizing COVID-19-Related Myocarditis: The Possible Pathophysiology and Proposed Guideline for Diagnosis and Management. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17(9):1463-71. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.001.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wanby</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olsen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocarditis in a Patient with Salmonella and Campylobacter Enteritis</article-title>
          <source>Scand J Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>860</fpage>
          <lpage>862</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/003655401753186213</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Wanby P, Olsen B. Myocarditis in a Patient with Salmonella and Campylobacter Enteritis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33(11):860-2. doi: 10.1080/003655401753186213.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Konno</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miranda-Ribera</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fiorentino</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Novel Role of Zonulin in the Pathophysiology of Gastro-Duodenal Transit: A Clinical and Translational Study</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>22462</fpage>
          <lpage>22462</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-021-01879-y</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Martinez EE, Lan J, Konno T, Miranda-Ribera A, Fiorentino M, Mehta NM, et al. Novel Role of Zonulin in the Pathophysiology of Gastro-Duodenal Transit: A Clinical and Translational Study. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):22462. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01879-y.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fasano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intestinal Permeability and its Regulation by Zonulin: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications</article-title>
          <source>Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1096</fpage>
          <lpage>1100</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cgh.2012.08.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Fasano A. Intestinal Permeability and its Regulation by Zonulin: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(10):1096-100. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.08.012.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Velissaris</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zareifopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karamouzos</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karanikolas</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pierrakos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koniari</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Presepsin as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Sepsis</article-title>
          <source>Cureus</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <elocation-id>e15019</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7759/cureus.15019</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Velissaris D, Zareifopoulos N, Karamouzos V, Karanikolas E, Pierrakos C, Koniari I, et al. Presepsin as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Sepsis. Cureus. 2021;13(5):e15019. doi: 10.7759/cureus.15019.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koh</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>SI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Usefulness of presepsin in predicting the prognosis of patients with sepsis or septic shock: a retrospective cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Yeungnam Univ J Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <month>10</month>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>318</fpage>
          <lpage>325</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12701/yujm.2021.01018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Koh JS, Kim YJ, Kang DH, Lee JE, Lee SI. Usefulness of presepsin in predicting the prognosis of patients with sepsis or septic shock: a retrospective cohort study. Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2021 Oct;38(4):318-25. doi: 10.12701/yujm.2021.01018.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Toprak</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inan&#305;r</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Memio&#287;lu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaplangoray</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palice</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tascanov</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Could Zonulin and Presepsin Be Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Acute Myocarditis?</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230017</elocation-id>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230017">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230017</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Toprak K, Inan&#305;r M, Memio&#287;lu T, Kaplangoray M, Palice A, Tascanov MB. Could Zonulin and Presepsin Be Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Acute Myocarditis? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(8):e20230017. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230017">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230017</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is There a Relationship Between Acute Myocarditis and Intestinal Permeability? Two Biomarkers Help Us Answer this Question</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Solis</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Arturo Effio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Brentegani</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira &#8226;</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Ecocardiografia Adultos &#8211; Rua Nova York, 970. Postal Code <postal-code>04560-002</postal-code>, Brooklin Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>mluiz766@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Intestinal Permeability</kwd>
        <kwd>Zonulin</kwd>
        <kwd>Preserpsin</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease triggered by the action of infectious agents or toxins, which lead to myocyte damage by direct action or by exacerbated activation of the immune system. It can culminate in cardiac dilation, drop in ejection fraction, arrhythmias, or even sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> We call &#8220;acute myocarditis,&#8221; the clinical condition that begins less than 30 days ago. According to recent records, acute myocarditis is more prevalent in young adults, mainly women,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and its cause is predominantly infectious, with enterovirus, coxsackie virus, parvovirus B19, and, more recently, the COVID-19 virus as examples of viral etiological agentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Enteropathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter are also some of the main causes of myocarditis identified in case series.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Zonulin is a protein that modulates intestinal permeability. Its expression leads to the weakening of occlusion junctions present in intestinal epithelial cells. This expression is stimulated by certain enteropathogens, facilitating the translocation of agents and toxins into the body,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> leading to a state of endotoxemia. Presepsin is considered a reliable marker of low-grade endotoxemia and an indirect marker of increased intestinal permeability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this observational cross-sectional study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> researchers evaluated the possible relationship between intestinal permeability and acute myocarditis by analyzing serum levels of zonulin and presepsin in patients with acute myocarditis compared to individuals without the disease. Acute myocarditis was defined based on clinical history and laboratory elevation of biomarkers such as CK-MB and troponin-I. A total of 138 consecutive individuals were observed, 68 with acute myocarditis and 70 in the control group, with no difference in basic demographic characteristics between groups. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, fibrinogen, peak CK-MB and peak troponin-I were significantly higher in the myocarditis group than in the control group. It is also interesting to mention that the group of patients with myocarditis had a significantly higher history of COVID-19 or vaccination against COVID-19 in the last six months compared to the control group. The researchers found that zonulin and presepsin levels were statistically higher in the group of patients with myocarditis (p&lt;0.001). Even patients with higher levels of zonulin had lower left ventricular ejection fraction, higher arrhythmia rates, and greater gastrointestinal complaints. It was also observed that zonulin levels are positively related to presepsin (r=0.461), CK-MB peak (r=0.744), and troponin peak (r=0.627); such results show that zonulin and presepsin levels are positively associated with the severity of cardiac injury, as measured by CK MB and troponin markers. In multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, presepsin and zonulin were identified as independent predictors of the disease. Analysis of the ROC curve was performed, showing that the predictive values for acute myocarditis of zonulin and presepsin were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001, for both).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>These results suggest that there may indeed be a clear relationship between the increase in intestinal permeability, represented by the increase in serum zonulin and presepsin, and the pathophysiological mechanism of acute myocarditis. The researchers suggest that in the presence of an infection, the increase in intestinal permeability, confirmed by the increase in zonulin levels, would lead to a greater exposure to a series of pathogens, evidenced by the increase in presepsin. This high exposure to such pathogens would trigger a secondary activation of the immune system, the main mechanism of myocardial inflammation.</p>
      <p>On the plus side, both biomarkers are non-invasive and easy to obtain. In addition, their ability to predict disease and point to more severe disease and a greater risk of complications from higher serum concentrations underscores how zonulin and presepsin dosage can be promising in diagnosing and following up patients with suspected myocarditis. Furthermore, its use in addition to traditional biomarkers would be a more economical option in clinical practice since it would reduce the application of invasive diagnostic methods, which are expensive and not always available, such as endomyocardial biopsy (EMB), cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>Despite the results and perspectives presented, this study has limitations, such as being a single-center study with few patients. In addition, it was limited to a single measurement of biomarkers, leaving open whether the analysis of the curve of serum concentrations of zonulin and presepsin over time could be more useful in diagnosis, follow-up, and predicting clinical outcomes such as cures or complications. Another issue that weakens the study is the non-correlation of clinical and laboratory findings with more complex diagnostic methods such as EMB, CMR, and even more detailed echocardiographic analysis.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the study presents a new vision of what we know about myocarditis, showing a possible direct relationship with intestinal permeability through the proteins zonulin and presepsin. This discovery could revolutionize how we face the disease in our clinical practice, enabling new approaches to diagnosing, following up, and treating myocarditis. Going deeper into the gut-heart axis could open new paths in a little-known facet of cardiology. In this way, the expectation of new studies that address the subject arises so that, in addition to validating what the researchers have shown us, we can increasingly expand the knowledge in this area.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Could Zonulin and Presepsin Be Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Acute Myocarditis?</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
