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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">q5BPw3znSFG5xJHyc9CMgjp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000800301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220939</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores que Afetam a Trombose da Falsa Luz na Dissec&#231;&#227;o A&#243;rtica Tipo B</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8929-2510</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tang</surname>
            <given-names>Qian-hui</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Jing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Han</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Qin</surname>
            <given-names>Zhong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role> An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lin</surname>
            <given-names>Qiu-ning</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Qin</surname>
            <given-names>Xiao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">The First Affiliated Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Guangxi Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guangxi</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery &#8211; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Xiao Qin</bold> &#8226; Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery &#8211; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Guangxi &#8211; China. E-mail: <email>dr_qinxiao@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220939</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A trombose completa da falsa luz facilita a remodela&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo B (DATB). As caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas afetam a trombose na falsa luz.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Discutir os fatores pr&#233;-admiss&#227;o presentes, que influenciam a trombose da falsa luz em pacientes com DATB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metodologia</title>
          <p> Ao todo, 282 pacientes diagnosticados com DATB em nosso hospital foram estudados, no per&#237;odo entre janeiro de 2008 e dezembro de 2017. Os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em um grupo tromb&#243;tico e um grupo n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico, com base na detec&#231;&#227;o de qualquer trombo na falsa luz. Analisamos as diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados cl&#237;nicos, o comprimento vertical da dissec&#231;&#227;o e o di&#226;metro da aorta. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente diferentes de modo significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Diferen&#231;as significativas entre o grupo tromb&#243;tico e o grupo n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico foram encontradas com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade (53,92 &#177; 11,40 vs. 50,36 &#177; 10,71, p = 0,009) e propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal (7,83% vs. 16,38%, p = 0,026). Nas zonas 3&#8211;9, o di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira do grupo tromb&#243;tico foi significativamente maior do que no grupo n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico (p &lt; 0,05). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria mostrou que o di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira na zona 5 e a insufici&#234;ncia renal foram preditores independentes de trombose da falsa luz.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A idade e a fun&#231;&#227;o renal estiveram associadas &#224; trombose na falsa luz. Potencialmente, a diferen&#231;a entre o di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira e o da falsa luz pode influenciar na trombose da falsa luz.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Dissec&#231;&#227;o A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>Luz</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Ci&#234;ncias Naturais da China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81960091</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Fatores que Afetam a Trombose da Falsa Luz na Dissec&#231;&#227;o A&#243;rtica Tipo B</title>
          <p>
            <italic>Par&#226;metros com diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos.</italic>
          </p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220939-20939-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (DA) &#233; um tipo de doen&#231;a a&#243;rtica que se refere &#224; separa&#231;&#227;o da parede a&#243;rtica. Nesses casos, h&#225; uma ou mais rupturas na &#237;ntima a&#243;rtica, atrav&#233;s das quais o sangue pode fluir para dentro ou para fora da falsa luz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica pode causar complica&#231;&#245;es graves envolvendo isquemia do &#243;rg&#227;o, como paraplegia e derrames, e pode at&#233; levar &#224; ruptura a&#243;rtica. Os principais sintomas cl&#237;nicos da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica s&#227;o dor tor&#225;cica, dor nas costas e s&#237;ncope, que s&#227;o facilmente confundidos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, acidente vascular cerebral e embolia pulmonar e, consequentemente, a taxa de diagn&#243;stico incorreto &#233; de 33,8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Stanford, a dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica pode ser dividida em dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo A (DATA) e dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo B (DATB).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Pacientes com dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo B representam 37,7% de todas as dissec&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A corre&#231;&#227;o endovascular da aorta tor&#225;cica (TEVAR) &#233; um tratamento importante para DATB. A TEVAR envolve a cobertura da ruptura prim&#225;ria da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica por meio da implanta&#231;&#227;o de uma endopr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica, reduzindo assim a press&#227;o e a velocidade do fluido na falsa luz e induzindo trombose, levando ao remodelamento positivo da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. A pesquisa mostrou que 91,3% dos pacientes com DATB submetidos a TEVAR apresentam remodelamento positivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A trombose da falsa luz &#233; um elo importante no remodelamento positivo da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. A literatura tamb&#233;m mostra que a trombose completa da falsa luz era um fator protetor para a dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e poderia beneficiar 90,6% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Isso mostra que a trombose completa da falsa luz &#233; um excelente objetivo para a dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.</p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a morfologia a&#243;rtica e o progn&#243;stico permanece obscura. Kamman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> sugeriram que um di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico reduzido est&#225; associado a um progn&#243;stico ruim em pacientes com dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. No entanto, Spinelli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> observaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre um di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo da aorta superior ao limiar de 40 a 41 mm e a dilata&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. Este estudo explora o papel das caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica na trombose da falsa luz em pacientes com DATB antes de serem submetidos ao tratamento com TEVAR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico. Inclu&#237;mos pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados com dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo B em nosso centro, no per&#237;odo entre janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2017. Todos os pacientes foram confirmados por exame de angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC). Os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em um grupo tromb&#243;tico e um grupo n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico, com base na detec&#231;&#227;o de qualquer trombo na falsa luz. Qualquer luz observada sem agente de contraste durante o exame de ATC foi considerada uma falsa luz trombosada, e qualquer luz na qual o meio de contraste e o trombo foram detectados foi considerada uma falsa luz parcialmente trombosada. Qualquer falsa luz que n&#227;o contivesse um trombo foi considerada uma falsa luz patente. As falsas luzes trombosadas e parcialmente trombosadas foram inclu&#237;das no grupo tromb&#243;tico, e as falsas luzes patentes foram inclu&#237;das no grupo n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico. Pacientes com dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo A, &#250;lceras a&#243;rticas e hematoma intramural e pacientes com imagens de ATC n&#227;o obtidas foram exclu&#237;dos. Dados cl&#237;nicos e informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas de pacientes com dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo B foram obtidos a partir do sistema de prontu&#225;rios do nosso hospital. Imagens de ATC de pacientes com dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo B est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho de imagem em nosso centro. Todas as imagens de ATC coletadas foram salvas em formato DICOM (sigla, em ingl&#234;s, para Comunica&#231;&#227;o de Imagens Digitais em Medicina). Imagens da fase arterial foram utilizadas para nossas medi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Constru&#231;&#227;o e medi&#231;&#227;o de modelos tridimensionais</title>
        <p>O modelo tridimensional da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica foi reconstru&#237;do com o software MIMICS (vers&#227;o 21.0, Materialise HQ, Leuven, B&#233;lgica). As imagens de ATC foram importadas para o software MIMICS para segmenta&#231;&#227;o e suaviza&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, um modelo tridimensional da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica foi produzido a partir dos tr&#234;s ramos do arco a&#243;rtico superior at&#233; o final da art&#233;ria il&#237;aca comum. Medimos o di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo da luz verdadeira e falsa no in&#237;cio das zonas 0&#8211;11 de acordo com a divis&#227;o padr&#227;o da aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O comprimento vertical da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica foi medido e definido como a dist&#226;ncia do ponto mais alto da dissec&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o ponto mais baixo, na dire&#231;&#227;o vertical. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas no modelo 3D. A abordagem de medi&#231;&#227;o &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Abordagem de medi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. I) Modelo 3D de disseca&#231;&#227;o tipo B; II) Vista frontal; III) Vista superior. *: Corte transversal; &#632;: Comprimento vertical da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica; A: Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira; B: Di&#226;metro da falsa luz; C: Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220939-20939-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados categ&#243;ricos s&#227;o apresentados como valores absolutos e porcentagens. Dados cont&#237;nuos s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para avaliar a normalidade dos dados. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado foi usado quando as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas eram normalmente distribu&#237;das. Caso contr&#225;rio, o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi usado. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,05 no teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado, teste U de Mann-Whitney e teste do qui-quadrado foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria para an&#225;lise multivariada. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no software SPSS (vers&#227;o 25.0).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No per&#237;odo selecionado de dez anos, 812 pacientes foram identificados com dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, 350 dos quais foram diagnosticados com dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo B. Informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e de imagem n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis para 68 pacientes, resultando em 282 pacientes que preencheram nossos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. O processo de triagem &#233; resumido na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 52,45 &#177; 11,24, sendo 83,69% dos pacientes do sexo masculino. Os pacientes do grupo tromb&#243;tico eram mais velhos do que os do grupo n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico, 53,92 &#177; 11,40 vs. 50,36 &#177; 10,71, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,05). A insufici&#234;ncia renal foi mais comum no grupo n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico do que no grupo tromb&#243;tico (p &lt; 0,05). As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos casos inclu&#237;dos s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Processo de triagem dos participantes.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220939-20939-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas do paciente</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>Grupo n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico (n=116)(%)</th>
                <th>Grupo tromb&#243;tico (n=166)(%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">98 (84,48)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (83,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,763</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">50,36&#177;10,71</td>
                <td align="center">53,92&#177;11,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">106 (91,38)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (90,36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,771</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">42 (36,21)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (36,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,926</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5,17)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (10,24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</td>
                <td align="center">11 (9,48)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (11,45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,599</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal</td>
                <td align="center">19 (16,38)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (7,83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5,17)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (12,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS no momento da admiss&#227;o (mmhg)</td>
                <td align="center">151,44&#177;29,59</td>
                <td align="center">152,02&#177;27,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,864</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD no momento da admiss&#227;o (mmhg)</td>
                <td align="center">89,51&#177;20,91</td>
                <td align="center">87,56&#177;16,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,404</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo do in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a ATC (h)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (27,0-336,0)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (24,0-240,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,184</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25,15&#177;5,20</td>
                <td align="center">24,59 (22,34-27,41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; ATC: <italic>angiotomografia computadorizada</italic>; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os resultados morfol&#243;gicos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A taxa de envolvimento retr&#243;grado do arco a&#243;rtico foi de 7,45%, com 4,96% atingindo a zona 1 e 1,77% atingindo a zona 0. Na zona 0, o di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira no grupo n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico foi significativamente maior que no grupo tromb&#243;tico. Nas zonas 3-9, o di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira foi menor do que no grupo tromb&#243;tico. Entretanto, o di&#226;metro da falsa luz foi maior no grupo n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico do que no grupo tromb&#243;tico nas zonas 4 e 5. A figura central mostra os par&#226;metros que diferiram entre os dois grupos. De acordo com os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria, o di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira na zona 5 e a insufici&#234;ncia renal foram preditores independentes de trombose da falsa luz. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">Vari&#225;veis (mm)</th>
                <th>Grupo n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico (n=116)</th>
                <th>Grupo tromb&#243;tico (n=166)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Comprimento vertical da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">351,80&#177;101,62</td>
                <td align="center">345,38&#177;92,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,582</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Zona 0</td>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira</td>
                <td align="center">32,44&#177;5,62</td>
                <td align="center">30,80&#177;5,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,007</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total</td>
                <td align="center">32,44&#177;5,62</td>
                <td align="center">31,65&#177;5,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,233</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Zona 1</td>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira</td>
                <td align="center">30,46&#177;3,42</td>
                <td align="center">29,27&#177;4,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,113</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total</td>
                <td align="center">30,71&#177;3,42</td>
                <td align="center">29,96&#177;4,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Zona 2</td>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira</td>
                <td align="center">28,34&#177;3,16</td>
                <td align="center">27,59&#177;4,49</td>
                <td align="center">0,123</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total</td>
                <td align="center">28,82&#177;3,68</td>
                <td align="center">28,56&#177;4,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,585</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Zona 3</td>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira</td>
                <td align="center">20,88&#177;6,16</td>
                <td align="center">22,50&#177;5,79</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,026</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz</td>
                <td align="center">9,74&#177;8,22</td>
                <td align="center">8,71&#177;6,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,244</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total</td>
                <td align="center">31,65&#177;6,78</td>
                <td align="center">31,80&#177;5,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,841</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Zona 4</td>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira</td>
                <td align="center">16,01&#177;7,62</td>
                <td align="center">19,44&#177;7,91</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,000</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz</td>
                <td align="center">19,97&#177;11,31</td>
                <td align="center">16,37&#177;10,31</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,007</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total</td>
                <td align="center">37,57&#177;8,73</td>
                <td align="center">36,91&#177;7,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,513</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Zona 5</td>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira</td>
                <td align="center">11,73&#177;4,83</td>
                <td align="center">15,22&#177;6,44</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,000</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz</td>
                <td align="center">19,34&#177;7,76</td>
                <td align="center">16,71&#177;10,14</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,019</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total</td>
                <td align="center">32,88&#177;6,08</td>
                <td align="center">32,98&#177;7,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,907</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Zona 6</td>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira</td>
                <td align="center">12,19&#177;4,56</td>
                <td align="center">14,81&#177;5,56</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,000</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz</td>
                <td align="center">15,39&#177;6,62</td>
                <td align="center">13,89&#177;8,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,472</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total</td>
                <td align="center">29,53&#177;4,74</td>
                <td align="center">29,89&#177;6,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,598</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Zona 7</td>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira</td>
                <td align="center">12,33&#177;5,15</td>
                <td align="center">14,52&#177;5,50</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz</td>
                <td align="center">13,91&#177;7,19</td>
                <td align="center">12,20&#177;7,63</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,060</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total</td>
                <td align="center">27,87&#177;4,75</td>
                <td align="center">27,76&#177;5,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,866</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Zona 8</td>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira</td>
                <td align="center">12,39&#177;5,11</td>
                <td align="center">13,81&#177;5,11</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,022</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz</td>
                <td align="center">11,68&#177;6,98</td>
                <td align="center">10,14&#177;7,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,077</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total</td>
                <td align="center">25,39&#177;5,25</td>
                <td align="center">25,16&#177;5,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,724</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Zona 9</td>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira</td>
                <td align="center">11,43&#177;4,78</td>
                <td align="center">13,07&#177;4,67</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,004</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz</td>
                <td align="center">10,28&#177;7,00</td>
                <td align="center">8,60&#177;7,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total</td>
                <td align="center">23,23&#177;4,89</td>
                <td align="center">22,69&#177;5,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,386</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Zona 10</td>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira</td>
                <td align="center">12,11&#177;5,26</td>
                <td align="center">12,98&#177;5,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,169</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz</td>
                <td align="center">8,18&#177;7,93</td>
                <td align="center">5,44 (0-11,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,378</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total</td>
                <td align="center">21,53&#177;6,49</td>
                <td align="center">21,01&#177;8,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,560</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Zona 11 (esquerda)</td>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira</td>
                <td align="center">10,10&#177;3,62</td>
                <td align="center">9,93&#177;3,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,685</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-4,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-2,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,712</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total</td>
                <td align="center">12,86&#177;3,72</td>
                <td align="center">12,51&#177;4,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,446</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Zona 11 (direita)</td>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira</td>
                <td align="center">10,29&#177;3,90</td>
                <td align="center">10,43&#177;3,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,748</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-5,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,335</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico total</td>
                <td align="center">13,61&#177;4,48</td>
                <td align="center">12,93&#177;4,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,218</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>B</th>
                <th>Wald</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th>OR (IC de 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">0,370</td>
                <td align="center">0,543</td>
                <td align="center">1,008 (0,982-1,035)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">-0,792</td>
                <td align="center">2,114</td>
                <td align="center">0,146</td>
                <td align="center">0,453 (0,156-1,317)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                <td align="center">0,874</td>
                <td align="center">4,242</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
                <td align="center">2,397 (1,043-5,508)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira na zona 0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,049</td>
                <td align="center">2,672</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
                <td align="center">0,952 (0,898-1,010)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz na zona 0</td>
                <td align="center">2,580</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
                <td align="center">13,202 (0,000)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira na zona 3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,010</td>
                <td align="center">0,110</td>
                <td align="center">0,740</td>
                <td align="center">0,990 (0,935-1,049)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira na zona 4</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
                <td align="center">0,336</td>
                <td align="center">0,562</td>
                <td align="center">1,017(0,960-1,078)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz na zona 4</td>
                <td align="center">-0,006</td>
                <td align="center">0,098</td>
                <td align="center">0,754</td>
                <td align="center">0,994 (0,957-1,033)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira na zona 5</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
                <td align="center">6,676</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">1,108 (1,025-1,197)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da falsa luz na zona 5</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
                <td align="center">1,371</td>
                <td align="center">0,242</td>
                <td align="center">1,025 (0,983-1,069)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira na zona 6</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
                <td align="center">0,218</td>
                <td align="center">0,640</td>
                <td align="center">1,023 (0,931-1,124)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira na zona 7</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
                <td align="center">0,191</td>
                <td align="center">0,662</td>
                <td align="center">1,023 (0,925-1,131)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira na zona 8</td>
                <td align="center">-0,063</td>
                <td align="center">1,360</td>
                <td align="center">0,243</td>
                <td align="center">0,939 (0,845-1,044)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira na zona 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
                <td align="center">1,080</td>
                <td align="center">0,299</td>
                <td align="center">1,052 (0,956-1,157)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No grupo tromb&#243;tico, tamb&#233;m focamos na distribui&#231;&#227;o do trombo em cada zona. A zona 5 foi o local mais comum do trombo (67,47%), seguida da zona 3 (57,23%), e a zona 11 foi a &#225;rea com menor distribui&#231;&#227;o de trombo, com apenas 3,01%. A rela&#231;&#227;o correspondente entre a distribui&#231;&#227;o do trombo e o di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira e falsa &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Di&#226;metros da luz verdadeira e falsa e distribui&#231;&#227;o do trombo nas zonas 0-11.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220939-20939-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo B &#233; definida como a ruptura de entrada prim&#225;ria com origem na regi&#227;o esquerda do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico, incluindo o arco a&#243;rtico e a aorta descendente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A incid&#234;ncia foi de 1,6 a cada 100.000 pessoas por ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A DATB pode causar s&#237;ndrome de m&#225; perfus&#227;o e ruptura a&#243;rtica, que pode ser fatal. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar devido &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo B &#233; de 0,3 por 100.000 por ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A DA aumenta a taxa de mortalidade cardiovascular. A mortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes com DA &#233; 2-3 vezes maior do que na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Durante os dez anos de nosso estudo, 282 pacientes preencheram nossos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, dos quais 83,69% eram do sexo masculino. Esse n&#250;mero foi maior do que os 69,1% relatados na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A raz&#227;o pode ser o maior n&#250;mero de fumantes de tabaco na China do que em outros pa&#237;ses. A OMS relatou que a porcentagem de fumantes na China &#233; de 47,6%, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 19% nos Estados Unidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Na China, descobriu-se que o n&#250;mero de homens que fumam &#233; 22 vezes maior do que o n&#250;mero de mulheres que fumam.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Descobriu-se que fumar &#233; um fator de alto risco para dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. O mecanismo subjacente a essa conex&#227;o &#233; que o extrato da fuma&#231;a de cigarro causa a morte das c&#233;lulas da musculatura lisa vascular por induzir a ferroptose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O termo &#8220;insufici&#234;ncia renal&#8221; aqui se refere a uma taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada [eGFR] inferior a 89 mL/min/1,73 m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. A preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal foi significativamente menor no grupo tromb&#243;tico do que no grupo n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico (7,83% vs. 16,38%, p &lt; 0,05). Essa diferen&#231;a pode ocorrer porque a insufici&#234;ncia renal pode causar um decl&#237;nio na efici&#234;ncia do sistema circulat&#243;rio, e pacientes com doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio terminal apresentam contagens de leuc&#243;citos e plaquetas mais baixas do que pacientes sem doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio terminal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Sakakura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m descobriram que a insufici&#234;ncia renal &#233; um preditor de resultados adversos a longo prazo em pacientes com DATB. No entanto, pacientes com DATB com insufici&#234;ncia renal exibiram mais sintomas at&#237;picos do que os pacientes com DATB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Recomenda-se aos m&#233;dicos prestar mais aten&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal e dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.</p>
      <p>Para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro da aorta e a trombose da falsa luz, medimos o di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira, o di&#226;metro da falsa luz e o di&#226;metro total da aorta no in&#237;cio de cada zona. Nas zonas 3&#8211;9, o di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira do grupo tromb&#243;tico foi maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico. Al&#233;m disso, o di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira &#233; maior que o di&#226;metro da falsa luz, sendo mais comum no grupo tromb&#243;tico. Especulamos que, quando o di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira &#233; maior que o di&#226;metro da falsa luz, as condi&#231;&#245;es favorecem a trombose da falsa luz. No entanto, quando o di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira &#233; menor que o da falsa luz, seria mais prov&#225;vel a falsa luz estar em estado de pat&#234;ncia. Este resultado coincide com pesquisas anteriores. Matsushita et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> mostraram que era mais comum a falsa luz ser maior do que a luz verdadeira em pacientes com falsa luz patente e que isso poderia ser um preditor de eventos adversos a&#243;rticos importantes. Os principais eventos adversos a&#243;rticos incluem morte relacionada &#224; aorta, cirurgia de dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tardia e aumento r&#225;pido da falsa luz. Muitos fatores t&#234;m sido relacionados ao estado da falsa luz, e o monitoramento regular pode ter efeitos ben&#233;ficos no progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As diretrizes atuais recomendam terapia m&#233;dica ideal (OMT) para o controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e hipertens&#227;o como tratamento de primeira linha para dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo B aguda n&#227;o complicada sem evid&#234;ncia de ruptura ou m&#225; perfus&#227;o do &#243;rg&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> No entanto, durante o acompanhamento, mais de 70% dos pacientes tratados com OMT apresentaram remodelamento negativo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e 26,2% dos pacientes necessitaram de reinterven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Os m&#233;dicos t&#234;m favorecido a TEVAR porque ela supera a OMT em termos de melhoria da remodela&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O principal mecanismo subjacente ao remodelamento positivo induzido pela TEVAR em les&#245;es dissecantes &#233; a indu&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es na hemodin&#226;mica das luzes verdadeira e falsa. Ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o da endopr&#243;tese, enquanto dilata mecanicamente a luz verdadeira, a falsa luz &#233; comprimida, o que pode melhorar a perfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e aumentar a press&#227;o na luz verdadeira. No entanto, uma vez que a ruptura prim&#225;ria fosse coberta, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo e a velocidade na falsa luz seriam reduzidos, resultando em altera&#231;&#245;es nas caracter&#237;sticas do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na falsa luz e, assim, contribuindo para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No entanto, existem limita&#231;&#245;es quanto ao uso da TEVAR para dissec&#231;&#227;o envolvendo ramos importantes e, portanto, novas t&#233;cnicas e dispositivos precisam ser desenvolvidos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente trabalho apresentou v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de centro &#250;nico, com tamanho amostral limitado; estudos prospectivos de longo prazo e amostragem grande revelariam melhor o progn&#243;stico da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo B. Diversos fatores morfol&#243;gicos afetam o estado da falsa luz e, portanto, mais caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas devem ser analisadas. Al&#233;m disso, as medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com base em imagens de ATC e, portanto, a qualidade de tais imagens pode afetar a precis&#227;o das medi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, descobrimos que a incid&#234;ncia da falsa luz tromb&#243;tica foi maior em pacientes idosos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes mais jovens ou com fun&#231;&#227;o renal comprometida. O di&#226;metro da luz verdadeira da aorta descendente foi relacionado &#224; trombose na falsa luz.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi patrocinado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Ci&#234;ncias Naturais da China (NO.81960091).</p>
    </ack>
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        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Factors Affecting False Lumen Thrombosis In Type B Aortic Dissection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8929-2510</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tang</surname>
            <given-names>Qian-hui</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Jing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Han</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Qin</surname>
            <given-names>Zhong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lin</surname>
            <given-names>Qiu-ning</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Qin</surname>
            <given-names>Xiao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery &#8211; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Xiao Qin</bold> &#8226; Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery &#8211; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Guangxi &#8211; China. E-mail: dr_qinxiao@163.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Complete thrombosis of the false lumen facilitates remodeling of type B aortic dissection (TBAD). Morphological characteristics affect thrombosis in the false lumen.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> Discuss the factors present before admission that influence false lumen thrombosis in patients with TBAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We studied 282 patients diagnosed with TBAD in our hospital between January 2008 and December 2017. We divided the subjects into a thrombotic group and a non-thrombotic group based on whether any thrombus was detectable in the false lumen. We analyzed the differences between the two groups with respect to clinical data, the vertical length of the dissection, and the diameter of the aorta. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significantly different.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Significant differences between the thrombotic group and non-thrombotic group were found with respect to age (53.92 &#177; 11.40 vs. 50.36 &#177; 10.71, p = 0.009) and proportion of patients with renal insufficiency (7.83% vs. 16.38%, p = 0.026). In zones 3&#8211;9, the true lumen diameter of the thrombotic group was significantly larger than in the non-thrombotic group (p &lt; 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that true lumen diameter in zone 5 and renal insufficiency were independent predictors of false lumen thrombosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Age and renal function were associated with thrombosis in the false lumen. Potentially, the difference between the diameter of the true lumen diameter and that of the false lumen may influence the thrombosis of the false lumen.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic Dissection</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Light</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Factors Affecting False Lumen Thrombosis In Type B Aortic Dissection</title>
            <p>Parameters with differences between the two groups.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220939-20939-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Aortic dissection (AD) is a type of aortic disease that refers to the separation of the aortic wall. In such cases, there are one or more tears in the aortic intima through which blood can flow into or out of the false lumen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Aortic dissection can cause serious complications involving organ ischemia, such as paraplegia and strokes, and it can even lead to aortic rupture. As the main clinical symptoms of aortic dissection are chest pain, back pain, and syncope, which are easily confused with acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and pulmonary embolism, the misdiagnosis rate is 33.8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to Stanford classification, aortic dissection can be divided into type A aortic dissection (TAAD) and type B aortic dissection (TBAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Patients with type B aortic dissection account for 37.7% of all aortic dissections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is an important treatment for TBAD. TEVAR involves covering the primary tear of the aortic dissection by implanting a stent-graft in the aorta, thereby reducing the pressure and velocity of the fluid in the false lumen and inducing thrombosis, leading to positive remodeling of the aortic dissection. Research has shown that 91.3% of TBAD patients who undergo TEVAR experience positive remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> False lumen thrombosis is an important link in the positive remodeling of aortic dissection. Previous literature has also shown that complete false lumen thrombosis was a protective factor for aortic dissection<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and could benefit 90.6% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This shows that complete false lumen thrombosis is an excellent goal for aortic dissection.</p>
        <p>The relationship between aortic morphology and prognosis remains unclear. Kamman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> suggested that a small aortic diameter is associated with poor prognosis in patients with aortic dissection. However, Spinelli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> found a maximum diameter of the aorta exceeding the threshold of 40 to 41 mm to be associated with dilation of aortic dissection. This study explores the role of morphological characteristics of aortic dissection in the thrombosis of the false lumen in TBAD patients before they undergo TEVAR treatment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This is a single-center retrospective cohort study. We included consecutive patients diagnosed with type B aortic dissection in our center from January 2008 to December 2017. All patients were confirmed by computed tomographic angiography (CTA) examination. We divided them into a thrombotic group and a non-thrombotic group according to whether any thrombus was found in the false lumen. Any lumen found containing no contrast agent during CTA examination was considered a thrombosed false lumen, and any lumen in which both contrast medium and thrombus were detected was considered a partially thrombosed false lumen. Any false lumen that did not contain a thrombus was considered a patent false lumen. The thrombosed and partially thrombosed false lumens were placed in the thrombotic group, and patent false lumens were placed in the non-thrombotic group. Patients with type A aortic dissection, aortic ulcers, and intramural hematoma and patients with unobtainable CTA images were excluded. Clinical data and demographic information of patients with type B aortic dissection were obtained from our hospital medical record system. CTA images of patients with type B aortic dissection are available on our center&#8217;s imaging workstation. All collected CTA images were saved in digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) format. Images of the arterial phase were used for our measurements.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Three-dimensional model construction and measurement</title>
          <p>The three-dimensional model of aortic dissection was reconstructed with the MIMICS (version 21.0, Materialise HQ, Leuven, Belgium) software. The CTA images were imported into the MIMICS software for segmentation and smoothing. Finally, a three-dimensional model of aortic dissection from the three branches of the superior aortic arch to the end of the common iliac artery was produced. We measured the maximum diameter of the true and false lumen at the beginning of zones 0&#8211;11 according to the standard division of the aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The vertical length of the aortic dissection was measured and defined as the distance from the highest point of the aortic dissection to the lowest point in the vertical direction. The measurements were performed on the 3D model. The measurement approach is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Aortic measurement approach. I) Type B dissection 3D model; II) Front view; III) Top view. *: Cross section; &#632;: aortic dissection vertical length; A: True lumen diameter; B: False lumen diameter; C: Total aortic diameter.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220939-20939-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical data is presented as absolute values and percentages. Continuous data is presented as mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range according to data normality. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of the data. The unpaired student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test was used when continuous variables were normally distributed. Otherwise, the Mann&#8211;Whitney U test was used. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Variables with p &lt;0.05 in unpaired Student&#8217;s t test, Mann&#8211;Whitney U test, and chi-square test were included in binary logistic regression analysis for multivariate analysis. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software (version 25.0).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the chosen ten-year period, 812 patients were considered to suffer from aortic dissection, 350 of whom were diagnosed with type B aortic dissection. Clinical and imaging information was unavailable for 68 patients, which left 282 patients who met our inclusion criteria. The screening process is summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>. The mean age of the patients was 52.45 &#177; 11.24, with 83.69% of patients being male. The patients in the thrombotic group were older than those in the non-thrombotic group, 53.92 &#177; 11.40 vs. 50.36 &#177; 10.71, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Renal insufficiency was more common in the non-thrombotic group than in the thrombotic group (p &lt; 0.05). The demographics and clinical characteristics of the included cases are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>The screening process of participants.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220939-20939-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patient clinical and demographic characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th>non-thrombotic group (n=116)(%)</th>
                  <th>thrombus group (n=166)(%)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (84.48)</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (83.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.763</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">50.36&#177;10.71</td>
                  <td align="center">53.92&#177;11.40</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (91.38)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (90.36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.771</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (36.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (36.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.926</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (5.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (10.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.126</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (9.48)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (11.45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.599</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renal insufficiency</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (16.38)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (7.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (5.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (12.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.050</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP on admission (mmhg)</td>
                  <td align="center">151.44&#177;29.59</td>
                  <td align="center">152.02&#177;27.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.864</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP on admission (mmhg)</td>
                  <td align="center">89.51&#177;20.91</td>
                  <td align="center">87.56&#177;16.56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.404</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time from onset to CTA examination (h)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (27.0-336.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (24.0-240.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.184</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.15&#177;5.20</td>
                  <td align="center">24.59 (22.34-27.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.998</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; CTA: <italic>computed tomographic angiography</italic>; BMI: body mass index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Morphological results are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. The rate of retrograde involvement of the aortic arch was 7.45%, with 4.96% reaching zone 1 and 1.77% reaching zone 0. In zone 0, the diameter of the true lumen in the non-thrombotic group was significantly larger than in the thrombotic group. In zones 3&#8211;9, the true lumen diameter was smaller than that in the thrombotic group. However, the diameter of the false lumen was larger in the non-thrombotic group than thrombotic group in zones 4 and 5. The central figure shows the parameters that differed between the two groups. According to binary logistic regression analysis results, true lumen diameter in zone 5 and renal insufficiency were independent predictors of false lumen thrombosis. Results are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Morphological characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Variables (mm)</th>
                  <th>Non-thrombotic group (n=116)</th>
                  <th>Thrombus group (n=166)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Vertical length of aortic dissection</td>
                  <td align="center">351.80&#177;101.62</td>
                  <td align="center">345.38&#177;92.56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.582</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Zone 0</td>
                  <td align="left">True lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">32.44&#177;5.62</td>
                  <td align="center">30.80&#177;5.24</td>
                  <td align="center">0.014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.007</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total aortic diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">32.44&#177;5.62</td>
                  <td align="center">31.65&#177;5.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.233</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Zone 1</td>
                  <td>True lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">30.46&#177;3.42</td>
                  <td align="center">29.27&#177;4.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.130</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.113</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total aortic diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">30.71&#177;3.42</td>
                  <td align="center">29.96&#177;4.24</td>
                  <td align="center">0.103</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Zone 2</td>
                  <td>True lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">28.34&#177;3.16</td>
                  <td align="center">27.59&#177;4.49</td>
                  <td align="center">0.123</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.081</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total aortic diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">28.82&#177;3.68</td>
                  <td align="center">28.56&#177;4.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.585</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Zone 3</td>
                  <td>True lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">20.88&#177;6.16</td>
                  <td align="center">22.50&#177;5.79</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.026</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">9.74&#177;8.22</td>
                  <td align="center">8.71&#177;6.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.244</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total aortic diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">31.65&#177;6.78</td>
                  <td align="center">31.80&#177;5.83</td>
                  <td align="center">0.841</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Zone 4</td>
                  <td>True lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">16.01&#177;7.62</td>
                  <td align="center">19.44&#177;7.91</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.000</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">19.97&#177;11.31</td>
                  <td align="center">16.37&#177;10.31</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.007</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total aortic diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">37.57&#177;8.73</td>
                  <td align="center">36.91&#177;7.93</td>
                  <td align="center">0.513</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Zone 5</td>
                  <td>True lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">11.73&#177;4.83</td>
                  <td align="center">15.22&#177;6.44</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.000</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">19.34&#177;7.76</td>
                  <td align="center">16.71&#177;10.14</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.019</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total aortic diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">32.88&#177;6.08</td>
                  <td align="center">32.98&#177;7.81</td>
                  <td align="center">0.907</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Zone 6</td>
                  <td>True lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">12.19&#177;4.56</td>
                  <td align="center">14.81&#177;5.56</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.000</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">15.39&#177;6.62</td>
                  <td align="center">13.89&#177;8.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.472</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total aortic diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">29.53&#177;4.74</td>
                  <td align="center">29.89&#177;6.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.598</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Zone 7</td>
                  <td>True lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">12.33&#177;5.15</td>
                  <td align="center">14.52&#177;5.50</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">13.91&#177;7.19</td>
                  <td align="center">12.20&#177;7.63</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.060</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total aortic diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">27.87&#177;4.75</td>
                  <td align="center">27.76&#177;5.40</td>
                  <td align="center">0.866</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Zone 8</td>
                  <td>True lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">12.39&#177;5.11</td>
                  <td align="center">13.81&#177;5.11</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.022</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">11.68&#177;6.98</td>
                  <td align="center">10.14&#177;7.36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.077</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total aortic diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">25.39&#177;5.25</td>
                  <td align="center">25.16&#177;5.60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.724</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Zone 9</td>
                  <td>True lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">11.43&#177;4.78</td>
                  <td align="center">13.07&#177;4.67</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.004</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">10.28&#177;7.00</td>
                  <td align="center">8.60&#177;7.38</td>
                  <td align="center">0.056</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total aortic diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">23.23&#177;4.89</td>
                  <td align="center">22.69&#177;5.30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.386</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Zone 10</td>
                  <td>True lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">12.11&#177;5.26</td>
                  <td align="center">12.98&#177;5.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.169</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">8.18&#177;7.93</td>
                  <td align="center">5.44 (0-11.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.378</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total aortic diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">21.53&#177;6.49</td>
                  <td align="center">21.01&#177;8.27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.560</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Zone 11 (left)</td>
                  <td>True lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">10.10&#177;3.62</td>
                  <td align="center">9.93&#177;3.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.685</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0-4.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0-2.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.712</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total aortic diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">12.86&#177;3.72</td>
                  <td align="center">12.51&#177;4.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.446</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Zone 11 (right)</td>
                  <td>True lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">10.29&#177;3.90</td>
                  <td align="center">10.43&#177;3.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.748</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0-5.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.335</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total aortic diameter</td>
                  <td align="center">13.61&#177;4.48</td>
                  <td align="center">12.93&#177;4.50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.218</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Binary logistic regression analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>B</th>
                  <th>Wald</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>OR(95% CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  <td align="center">0.370</td>
                  <td align="center">0.543</td>
                  <td align="center">1.008 (0.982-1.035)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.792</td>
                  <td align="center">2.114</td>
                  <td align="center">0.146</td>
                  <td align="center">0.453 (0.156-1.317)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renal insufficiency</td>
                  <td align="center">0.874</td>
                  <td align="center">4.242</td>
                  <td align="center">0.039</td>
                  <td align="center">2.397 (1.043-5.508)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>True lumen diameter in zone 0</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.049</td>
                  <td align="center">2.672</td>
                  <td align="center">0.102</td>
                  <td align="center">0.952 (0.898-1.010)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter in zone 0</td>
                  <td align="center">2.580</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  <td align="center">0.998</td>
                  <td align="center">13.202 (0.000)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>True lumen diameter in zone 3</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.010</td>
                  <td align="center">0.110</td>
                  <td align="center">0.740</td>
                  <td align="center">0.990 (0.935-1.049)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>True lumen diameter in zone 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  <td align="center">0.336</td>
                  <td align="center">0.562</td>
                  <td align="center">1.017(0.960-1.078)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter in zone 4</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.006</td>
                  <td align="center">0.098</td>
                  <td align="center">0.754</td>
                  <td align="center">0.994 (0.957-1.033)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>True lumen diameter in zone 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.102</td>
                  <td align="center">6.676</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  <td align="center">1.108 (1.025-1.197)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>False lumen diameter in zone 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                  <td align="center">1.371</td>
                  <td align="center">0.242</td>
                  <td align="center">1.025 (0.983-1.069)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>True lumen diameter in zone 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  <td align="center">0.218</td>
                  <td align="center">0.640</td>
                  <td align="center">1.023 (0.931-1.124)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>True lumen diameter in zone 7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  <td align="center">0.191</td>
                  <td align="center">0.662</td>
                  <td align="center">1.023 (0.925-1.131)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>True lumen diameter in zone 8</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.063</td>
                  <td align="center">1.360</td>
                  <td align="center">0.243</td>
                  <td align="center">0.939 (0.845-1.044)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>True lumen diameter in zone 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.051</td>
                  <td align="center">1.080</td>
                  <td align="center">0.299</td>
                  <td align="center">1.052 (0.956-1.157)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the thrombotic group, we also focused on the distribution of thrombus in each zone. Zone 5 was the most common site of thrombus (67.47%), followed by zone 3 (57.23%), and zone 11 was the area with the least thrombus distribution, only 3.01%. The corresponding relationship between the distribution of thrombus and the diameter of the true and false lumen diameter of the zone is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>True and false lumen diameters and thrombus distribution in zones 0-11.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220939-20939-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Type B aortic dissection is defined as the primary entry tear originating from the left region of the innominate artery, including the aortic arch and descending aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The incidence was 1.6 per 100,000 per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> TBAD can cause mal-perfusion syndrome and aortic rupture, which can be life-threatening. The in-hospital mortality due to type B aortic dissection has been reported to be 0.3 per 100 000 per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> AD increases cardiovascular mortality. It has been reported that cardiovascular mortality in patients with AD is 2-3 times higher than in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>During the ten years of our study, 282 patients met our inclusion criteria, of whom 83.69% were male. This was higher than the 69.1% reported in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This may be because there are more tobacco smokers in China than in other countries. The WHO has reported the percentage of smokers in China to be 47.6%, compared to 19% in the United States.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In China, the number of men who smoke has been found to be 22 times higher than the number of women who smoke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Smoking has been found to be a high-risk factor for aortic dissection. The mechanism underlying this connection is that cigarette smoke extract causes vascular smooth muscle cell death by inducing ferroptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The term &#8220;renal insufficiency&#8221; here refers to an estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] under 89 mL/min/1.73 m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. The prevalence of renal insufficiency was significantly lower in the thrombotic group than in the non-thrombotic group (7.83% vs. 16.38%, p &lt; 0.05). This difference may occur because renal insufficiency can cause a decline in the efficiency of the circulatory system, and patients with end-stage renal disease were found to have lower white blood cell and platelet counts than patients without end-stage renal disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Sakakura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> also found that renal insufficiency is a predictor of long-term adverse outcomes in patients with TBAD. However, TBAD patients with renal insufficiency exhibited more atypical symptoms than their counterparts with TBAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Physicians should pay more attention to patients with both renal insufficiency and aortic dissection.</p>
        <p>To assess the relationship between aortic diameter and false lumen thrombosis, we measured true lumen diameter, false lumen diameter, and total aortic diameter at the beginning of each zone. In zones 3&#8211;9, the true lumen diameter of the thrombotic group was larger than that of the non-thrombotic group. In addition, the true lumen diameter is larger than the false lumen diameter, which is more common in the thrombotic group. We speculated that when the diameter of the true lumen was larger than the diameter of the false lumen, conditions would favor thrombosis in the false lumen. However, when the diameter of the true lumen was smaller than that of the false lumen, the false lumen would be more likely to be in a patency state. This result coincides with previous research. Matsushita et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> showed that it was more common for the false lumen to be larger than the true lumen in patients with a patent false lumen and that it could be a predictor of major aortic-related adverse events. Major aortic-related adverse events include aortic-related death, late aortic dissection surgery, and rapid false lumen enlargement. Many factors have been found to be related to the state of the false lumen, and regular monitoring may have beneficial effects on prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Current guidelines recommend optimal medical therapy (OMT) for heart rate and hypertension control as a first-line treatment for acute uncomplicated type B aortic dissection without evidence of rupture or organ mal-perfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, during follow-up, more than 70% of patients treated with OMT experienced negative remodeling,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and 26.2% of patients required reintervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Clinicians favor TEVAR because it outperforms OMT in improving the remodeling of aortic dissection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The main mechanism underlying TEVAR-induced positive remodeling in dissecting lesions is the induction of changes in the hemodynamics of true and false lumens. After stent-graft implantation, while mechanically dilating the true lumen, the false lumen is compressed, which can improve blood perfusion and increase the pressure in the true lumen. However, once the primary tear was covered, the blood flow and velocity into the false lumen would be reduced, resulting in changes to blood flow characteristics in the false lumen and therefore contributing to the formation of thrombus in the false lumen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, there are limitations to the use of TEVAR for dissection involving important branch vessels, so newer techniques and devices need to be developed.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The present paper has several limitations. This is a single-center retrospective study with limited sample size; long-term, large-sample prospective studies would better reveal the prognosis of type B aortic dissection. Many morphological factors affect the state of the false lumen, so more morphological features should be analyzed. We also took measurements based on CTA images, so the quality of the CTA images may affect the accuracy of the measurements.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this study, we found that the incidence of thrombotic false lumen was higher in older patients with normal renal function than in patients who were younger or had compromised kidney function. The diameter of the true lumen of the descending aorta was related to the thrombosis in the false lumen.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This study was sponsored by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (NO.81960091).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by The National Nature Science Foundation of China (Number 81960091).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
