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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xCMn76PVrWdpQ79dtM9tTsp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000801001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220901</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um Stent Mal Colocado na Art&#233;ria Septal Perfurante: F&#237;stula Ventricular Direita, Hematoma do Septo Interventricular e Obstru&#231;&#227;o da Via de Sa&#237;da do Ventr&#237;culo Direito</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1711-6707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Melik</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3118-9064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#246;k</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;rdo&#287;an</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kula</surname>
            <given-names>Osman</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ustaba&#351;&#305;o&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Fethi Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5966-2488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yalta</surname>
            <given-names>Kenan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Trakya University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Edirne</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Trakya University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Radiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Edirne</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Radiology Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Melik Demir</bold> &#8226; Trakya University &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; Trakya University Faculty of Medicine Department of Cardiology Edirne 22030 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>melikdemir34@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220901</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>As f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rio-camerais, embora consideradas em sua maioria como entidades cong&#234;nitas, tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido encontradas como complica&#231;&#245;es de grandes traumas e interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas (ICPs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o hematoma do septo interventricular (SIV) pode potencialmente surgir principalmente durante interven&#231;&#245;es de oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica retr&#243;grada (OTC) e tem um curso benigno nesse contexto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Aqui, descrevemos uma complica&#231;&#227;o desafiadora da ICP (e sua estrat&#233;gia de manejo) apresentando hematoma do SIV, f&#237;stula ventricular direita e obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (VSVD) devido a um stent coron&#225;rio mal implantado na art&#233;ria septal perfurante (ASP).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Pontua&#231;&#227;o de Propens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Fistula Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Obstru&#231;&#227;o do Fluxo Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Emboliza&#231;&#227;o Terap&#234;utica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Caso Cl&#237;nico</title>
      <p>Um homem de 71 anos foi encaminhado para nossas cl&#237;nicas de outro centro ap&#243;s uma ICP complicada da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA). Registros angiogr&#225;ficos coronarianos (CAG) demonstraram uma m&#225; coloca&#231;&#227;o de stent farmacol&#243;gico (ST) estendendo-se do meio da ADA a uma ASP no SIV. Isso levou a uma grande f&#237;stula drenando para o ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), possivelmente devido &#224; perfura&#231;&#227;o da ASP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Tamb&#233;m foi implantado enxerto de stent (3,0 X 20 mm), com seu segmento distal sobreposto ao segmento proximal do SF. No entanto, as imagens CAG subsequentes demonstraram a persist&#234;ncia de uma conex&#227;o fistulosa.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Uma grande f&#237;stula drenando para o ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220901-20901-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) tamb&#233;m demonstrou turbul&#234;ncia colorida cont&#237;nua que se estendia desde o meio do SIV at&#233; a c&#226;mara do VD (consistente com f&#237;stula). Al&#233;m disso, uma massa SIV de 50 X 40 mm foi encontrada impactando na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (VSVD), levando a um gradiente de pico de 50 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). A tomografia computadorizada (TC) tamb&#233;m exibiu sinais de compress&#227;o grave da VSVD por uma massa SIV compat&#237;vel com hematoma (medindo 57 X 40 X 58 mm) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hematoma subepic&#225;rdico comprimindo a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito na &#225;rea marcada pela seta e levando a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito a um gradiente m&#225;ximo de 50 mmHg.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220901-20901-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A reconstru&#231;&#227;o multiplanar da tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca representa hematoma subepic&#225;rdico, comprimindo e deslocando a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. (Seta vermelha: hematoma subepic&#225;rdico / Seta amarela: via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito com compress&#227;o e estenose).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220901-20901-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A conex&#227;o fistulosa foi realizada com emboliza&#231;&#227;o de molas: 2 molas (Concerto 4x10 cm e 4x8 cm) foram transportadas atrav&#233;s de um microcateter (0,18 Asahi) colocado no meio da ADA. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref> demonstra a imagem final das bobinas na ADA (a perfus&#227;o distal da ADA foi mantida por meio de colaterais retr&#243;gradas) juntamente com o fechamento completo da drenagem fistulosa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). O hematoma SIV e o gradiente VSVD regrediram significativamente no ETT (no seguimento) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Imagem final das bobinas na art&#233;ria descendente anterior (a perfus&#227;o distal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior foi mantida por colaterais retr&#243;gradas).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220901-20901-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hematoma septo interventricular e gradiente via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito regrediram significativamente na repeti&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220901-20901-gf05.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A perfura&#231;&#227;o iatrog&#234;nica da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria no cen&#225;rio de ICP tem sido um fen&#244;meno raro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, a incid&#234;ncia dessa complica&#231;&#227;o pode ser relativamente maior na presen&#231;a de certas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas (idade avan&#231;ada, sexo feminino) e de procedimento, incluindo morfologia da les&#227;o (les&#245;es calcificadas e tortuosas), interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas (ICPs para les&#245;es da veia safena e OTCs, uso de dispositivo de aterectomia rotacional) e algumas armadilhas t&#233;cnicas (rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria &gt; 1,2, altas press&#245;es de insufla&#231;&#227;o, uso de fios-guia r&#237;gidos e hidrof&#237;licos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Como esperado, a gravidade da perfura&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria e o local de drenagem determinam fortemente os desfechos cl&#237;nicos, inclusive a instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Felizmente, as perfura&#231;&#245;es que se manifestam como f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rio-camerais (em oposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas que drenam para o espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico) geralmente s&#227;o bem toleradas clinicamente. No entanto, n&#227;o existe consenso sobre o manejo de f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rio-camerais iatrog&#234;nicas. V&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias, incluindo insufla&#231;&#227;o prolongada do bal&#227;o, emboliza&#231;&#227;o de bobina ou tecido adiposo, implante de stent de enxerto e interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, foram tentadas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> o que pode ser preferido de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas do paciente e as viabilidades institucionais.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, uma f&#237;stula iatrog&#234;nica entre a ADA e a cavidade ventricular esquerda foi relatada anteriormente devido a um fio-guia mal colocado na art&#233;ria septal perfurante durante uma ICP anterior e foi tratada com sucesso com implante de stent de enxerto por meio de uma abordagem retr&#243;grada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em outro estudo anterior, caso submetido a interven&#231;&#227;o OTC retr&#243;grada, hematoma do SIV emergente e f&#237;stula de VD foram manejados com implante de stent de enxerto e emboliza&#231;&#227;o de molas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No presente caso, o implante de stent foi a estrat&#233;gia de conduta inicial. No entanto, o stent do enxerto n&#227;o conseguiu terminar a conex&#227;o fistulosa, possivelmente devido a fatores como falha geogr&#225;fica, m&#250;ltiplos locais de perfura&#231;&#227;o ou perfura&#231;&#227;o na ponta distal do ASP. Portanto, usamos a emboliza&#231;&#227;o da bobina como o pr&#243;ximo passo e terminamos com sucesso a conex&#227;o fistulosa &#224; cavidade do VD.</p>
      <p>Outro aspecto particular do presente caso foi o hematoma SIV emergente (associado a um gradiente significativo da VSVD) que regrediu no seguimento. Com base no consenso geral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> n&#227;o realizamos nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica como estrat&#233;gia inicial para esse hematoma devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de caracter&#237;sticas de alto risco, incluindo comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico e aumento progressivo. Tomados em conjunto, o principal fator associado a essas complica&#231;&#245;es parece ser o mau posicionamento do fio-guia no paciente. Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplas imagens angiogr&#225;ficas (e inje&#231;&#227;o de ponta por meio de um microcateter) parece ser uma estrat&#233;gia razo&#225;vel para a coloca&#231;&#227;o adequada do fio-guia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e posterior implanta&#231;&#227;o do stent, principalmente durante a ICP de oclus&#245;es coron&#225;rias totais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>F&#237;stulas coron&#225;rio-camerais iatrog&#234;nicas e hematomas SIV raramente foram encontrados em pacientes submetidos a ICP, particularmente aqueles com caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas e de procedimentos de alto risco. No entanto, o surgimento dessas complica&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m pode ser poss&#237;vel mesmo no cen&#225;rio de interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas relativamente simples (nas configura&#231;&#245;es de OTC anter&#243;grada ou mesmo sem OTC). Portanto, todos os esfor&#231;os devem ser feitos para prevenir e gerenciar oportunamente essas complica&#231;&#245;es. Notavelmente, as estrat&#233;gias de manejo devem ser implementadas caso a caso.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Stent Misplaced in the Septal Perforating Artery: Right Ventricular Fistula, Interventricular Septal Hematoma, and Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1711-6707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Melik</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3118-9064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#246;k</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;rdo&#287;an</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kula</surname>
            <given-names>Osman</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ustaba&#351;&#305;o&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Fethi Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5966-2488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yalta</surname>
            <given-names>Kenan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Edirne</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Edirne</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Radiology Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Melik Demir &#8226;</bold> Trakya University &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; Trakya University Faculty of Medicine Department of Cardiology Edirne 22030 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: <email>melikdemir34@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Coronary-cameral fistulas, though mostly regarded as congenital entities, have also been encountered as complications of major traumas and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> On the other hand, interventricular septal (IVS) hematoma might potentially arise mostly during retrograde chronic total occlusion (CTO) interventions and has a benign course in this context.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Herein, we describe a challenging PCI complication (and its management strategy) presenting with IVS hematoma, right ventricular fistula, and right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction due to a misimplanted coronary stent in the septal perforating artery (SPA).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Propensity Score</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Septal Ventricular/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Foistula</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Outflow Obstruction</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolization Therapeutc</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Clinical case</title>
        <p>A 71-year-old male was referred to our clinics from another center following a complicated PCI of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Coronary angiographic (CAG) records demonstrated a misplacement of drug-eluting stent (DES) extending from the mid-LAD to a SPA in the IVS. This led to a large fistula draining into the right ventricle (RV), possibly due to the perforation of SPA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>). A graft stent (3.0 X 20 mm) was also implanted, with its distal segment overlapping with the proximal segment of the DES. However, subsequent CAG images demonstrated the persistence of a fistulous connection.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A large fistula draining into the right ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220901-20901-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) also demonstrated continuous color turbulence that extended from the mid-IVS to the RV chamber (consistent with fistula). Moreover, an IVS mass of 50 X 40 mm was found to impinge on the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), leading to a peak gradient of 50 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>). Computed tomography (CT) also exhibited signs of severe RVOT impingement by an IVS mass consistent with hematoma (measuring 57 X 40 X 58 mm) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Subepicardial hematoma compressing the right ventricular outflow tract in the arrow-marked area and right ventricular outflow tract leading to a peak gradient of 50 mmHg.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220901-20901-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac computed tomography multiplanar reformation represents subepicardial hematoma, compressing and displacing the right ventricular outflow tract. (Red arrow: subepicardial hematoma / Yellow arrow: right ventricular outflow tract with compression and stenosis).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220901-20901-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The fistulous connection was managed with coil embolization: 2 coils (Concerto 4x10 cm ve 4x8 cm) were transported through a microcatheter (0.18 Asahi) placed in mid-LAD. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure-4</xref> demonstrates the final image of coils in the LAD (distal LAD perfusion was maintained via retrograde collaterals) along with the complete closure of the fistulous drainage (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>). IVS hematoma and RVOT gradient regressed significantly on TTE (on follow-up) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Final image of coils in the left anterior descending artery (distal left anterior descending artery perfusion was maintained via retrograde collaterals).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220901-20901-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Interventricular septal hematoma and right ventricular outflow tract gradient regressed significantly on repeat transthoracic echocardiogram.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220901-20901-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Iatrogenic coronary artery perforation in the setting of PCI has been a rare phenomenon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, the incidence of this complication may be relatively higher in the presence of certain demographic (advanced age, female gender) and procedural features, including lesion morphology (calcified and tortuous lesions), specific interventions (PCIs for saphenous vein lesions, and CTOs, use of rotational atherectomy device) and certain technical pitfalls (balloon /artery ratio &gt; 1.2, high inflation pressures, use of stiff and hydrophilic guidewires).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As expected, the severity of coronary perforation and drainage site strongly determine the clinical outcomes, including hemodynamic instability. Fortunately, perforations manifesting as coronary-cameral fistulas (as opposed to those draining to the pericardial space) are generally well tolerated clinically. However, there exists no consensus on the management of iatrogenic coronary-cameral fistulas. Various strategies, including prolonged balloon inflation, coil or fat tissue embolization, graft stent implantation, and surgical intervention, have been tried,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> which may be preferred according to patient characteristics and institutional feasibilities.</p>
        <p>In this context, an iatrogenic fistula between the LAD and left ventricular cavity was previously reported to occur due to a misplaced guidewire in the septal perforating artery during a previous PCI and was successfully managed with graft stent implantation through a retrograde approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In another previous case undergoing retrograde CTO intervention, emerging interventricular septal hematoma and RV fistula were managed with graft stent implantation and coil embolization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the present case, graft stent implantation was the initial management strategy. However, the graft stent failed to terminate the fistulous connection, possibly due to factors such as geographic miss, multiple perforation sites, or perforation at the distal tip of the SPA. Therefore, we used coil embolization as the next step and successfully terminated the fistulous connection to the RV cavity.</p>
        <p>Another particular aspect of the present case was the emerging IVS hematoma (associated with a significant RVOT gradient) that regressed on follow-up. Based on general consensus,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> we did not undertake any surgical intervention as the initial strategy for this hematoma due to the absence of high-risk features, including hemodynamic compromise and progressive enlargement. Taken together, the primary factor associated with these complications seem to be the misplacement of the guidewire in the patient. Therefore, evaluating multiple angiographic images (and tip injection through a microcatheter) seems to be a reasonable strategy for proper guidewire placement<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and subsequent stent implantation, particularly during PCI of total coronary occlusions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Iatrogenic coronary-cameral fistulas and IVS hematomas have rarely been encountered in patients undergoing PCI, particularly those with high-risk anatomical and procedural features. However, the emergence of these complications may also be possible even in the setting of relatively simple coronary interventions (in the antegrade CTO or even non-CTO settings). Therefore, every effort should be made to prevent and timely manage these complications. Notably, management strategies should be implemented on a case-by-case basis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
