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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ggQ57zKhmTszm5ZrTKgD9QF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000800502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220765</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Que os Olhos N&#227;o Veem, o Cora&#231;&#227;o Sente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1633-0883</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Ortiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarbine</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9615-5186</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Denk</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5480-144X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Shibata</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0361-2569</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Michel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini Ltda</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini Ltda, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Costantino Roberto Costantini &#8226; Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini Ltda &#8211; Rua Pedro Collere, 890.CEP 80320-320, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>crcostantini@hospitalcostantini.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220765</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ultrassom Intravascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassom Intracoron&#225;rio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Em dezembro de 1987, com mais de 300 implantes coron&#225;rios experimentais realizados em c&#227;es e cad&#225;veres, Palmaz e Schatz,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> acompanhados pelo Dr. Eduardo Sousa (Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia), realizaram em S&#227;o Paulo o primeiro implante de <italic>stent</italic> em um ser humano, com uma pr&#243;tese desenvolvida pelo pr&#243;prio Palmaz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No entanto, os resultados iniciais apresentados pelo primeiro estudo multic&#234;ntrico realizado sobre o tema n&#227;o foram nada animadores, pois o dispositivo utilizado apresentou altos &#237;ndices de oclus&#227;o subaguda (18%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> apesar do <italic>stent</italic> de Palmaz apresentar in&#250;meros aspectos favor&#225;veis de biocompatibilidade, de mec&#226;nica e de hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
    <p>Desta forma, com o intuito de diminuir os &#237;ndices de oclus&#227;o subaguda, Schatz prop&#244;s uma altera&#231;&#227;o no desenho original do <italic>stent</italic> de Palmaz, sendo criado um novo modelo denominado Palmaz-Schatz. Al&#233;m disso, para reduzir a relativa trombogenicidade da endopr&#243;tese, foi elaborado e aplicado um protocolo que previa a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos antiagregantes associados a dois anticoagulantes, por via endovenosa e oral, iniciado imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante do <italic>stent</italic> .</p>
    <p>Enquanto isso, paralelamente aos estudos conduzidos por Palmaz e Schatz (1987) para o tratamento percut&#226;neo da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), outros autores, entre eles Paul Yock et al. (1988), apresentam, na <italic>37th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology</italic> ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> o primeiro estudo com resultados relacionados &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio (USIC) como uma ferramenta de excelente qualifica&#231;&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico da DAC. Com essa nova tecnologia, seria poss&#237;vel avaliar a morfologia da superf&#237;cie do vaso.</p>
    <p>Com o avan&#231;o destes estudos, seria quest&#227;o de tempo associar a realiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento percut&#226;neo &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de imagem intravascular com o objetivo de visualizar, de forma efetiva e segura, a efic&#225;cia da t&#233;cnica do implante de <italic>Stent</italic> . Isto de fato ocorreu em 1994, quando Nakamura e Goldenberg apresentaram ao mundo os primeiros resultados que relacionaram o procedimento de angioplastia transluminal coronariana (ATC) com a coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> e a &#8220;nova&#8221; morfologia do vaso submetido ao procedimento visualizada a partir do USIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A partir da apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do trabalho de Nakamura et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> os trabalhos anteriormente publicados passaram a ser questionados quanto &#224;s medidas utilizadas de desfecho de efic&#225;cia, pois o USIC demonstrou que a expans&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> se demonstrava insuficiente na maioria dos casos (80%), a despeito do implante ter sido considerado bem sucedido, do ponto de vista angiogr&#225;fico, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de momento. Assim sendo, os altos &#237;ndices de trombose subaguda encontrados nos estudos iniciais, como o de Palmaz e Schatz,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> estariam relacionados &#224; subexpans&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic> guiados somente por angiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A partir disto, foi desenvolvida a t&#233;cnica da libera&#231;&#227;o &#243;tima de <italic>stents</italic> guiada por USIC, descrita j&#225; no ano seguinte, em 1995, por Colombo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esta t&#233;cnica, associada &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cateteres bal&#227;o de alta press&#227;o (&gt; 12 atm), apresentou uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de trombose subaguda de 10-24% para 0,9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A partir dos resultados deste estudo, foi descontinuado o uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral pela maioria dos servi&#231;os de cardiologia intervencionista, sendo substitu&#237;da pela antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (&#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e tienopirid&#237;nicos), sendo simplificada, assim, a farmacoterapia adjunta, tanto no pr&#233;-tratamento como ap&#243;s o procedimento. Essa modifica&#231;&#227;o resultou em uma redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de sangramento com um maior efeito preventivo contra a trombose de <italic>stent</italic> , tendo como consequ&#234;ncia um menor tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Considerando esses achados e com o otimismo renovado, alguns intervencionistas come&#231;aram a empregar esta t&#233;cnica rotineiramente em seus servi&#231;os, surgindo assim novos ensaios cl&#237;nicos com s&#233;ries maiores de pacientes. Ainda na era dos <italic>Bare Metal Stents</italic> (BMS), destacam-se duas metan&#225;lises que inclu&#237;ram somente estudos randomizados, as quais demonstraram que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineira do USIC reduziu a necessidade de novas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) quando comparada com a interven&#231;&#227;o guiada somente por angiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio destas evid&#234;ncias documentadas, o protocolo de um dos mais importantes estudos da era dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (SFs), o estudo Syntax I,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> utilizou o USIC para guiar o implante dos <italic>stents</italic> TAXUS em menos de 5% dos 903 pacientes randomizados; j&#225; o estudo Syntax II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> utilizou a ferramenta em 84,1% dos 450 pacientes randomizados, obtendo, assim, queda significativa nos &#237;ndices de todas as revasculariza&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s um ano de seguimento em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Syntax I (13,7% vs. 8,2%, respectivamente).</p>
    <p>Diante das evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas sobre os benef&#237;cios do uso sistem&#225;tico do USIC para guiar e otimizar o implante dos SFs tanto de 1&#170;, 2&#170; e 3&#170; gera&#231;&#245;es em v&#225;rios cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos distintos (les&#245;es longas, les&#245;es complexas, bifurca&#231;&#245;es, les&#245;es de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda e IAM), algumas metan&#225;lises demonstraram quedas significativas nos &#237;ndices de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), trombose (definitiva/prov&#225;vel), reestenose da les&#227;o tratada, reestenose do vaso tratado, mortalidade cardiovascular e ECAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Cabe lembrar que a angioplastia guiada por USIC contribuiu para o aprimoramento da ATC guiada por angiografia, uma vez que, ao longo dos anos, os conhecimentos adquiridos com o uso da imagem intravascular foram sendo adaptados para interven&#231;&#245;es guiadas somente por angiografia, de modo que as interven&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o utilizam USIC tamb&#233;m apresentam elevado grau de seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora exista atualmente um alto n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a no valor cl&#237;nico do uso do USIC para orientar e otimizar a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP), a aplica&#231;&#227;o rotineira na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria do mundo real parece estar distante de ser uma realidade. Alguns dos motivos para esta baixa ades&#227;o foram relatados em um impactante artigo da revista <italic>EUROINTERVENTION</italic> publicado no ano de 2018, dos quais destacam-se alto custo (65,9%), aumento do tempo processual (35%), falta de reembolso (29,3%) e falta de treinamento para interpretar as imagens (17,1%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No entanto, tais barreiras s&#243; podem ser superadas pelo operador, o qual &#233; o &#250;nico respons&#225;vel por garantir a implanta&#231;&#227;o &#243;tima de cada <italic>stent</italic> . Todavia, &#233; de responsabilidade de toda a sociedade de cardiologia intervencionista transmitir esta mensagem aos seus jovens <italic>fellows</italic> , pois s&#243; assim o m&#233;todo ser&#225; fortalecido. Precisamos incentivar a discuss&#227;o sobre o atual n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica relacionado &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o do USIC, reavaliando as indica&#231;&#245;es atuais (IIa B). Caso contr&#225;rio, teremos que conviver com as d&#250;vidas do passado e tamb&#233;m do presente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos verdadeiros culpados pelas falhas dos <italic>stents</italic> . E, desta forma, editoriais como aqueles de Serruys et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> ser&#227;o sempre atemporais: <italic>&#8220;Who Is Thrombogenic: The Stent/Scaffold or the Doctor?&#8221;</italic></p>
    <p>Diante deste cen&#225;rio, entendemos que a frase atribu&#237;da a Conf&#250;cio, imperador e fil&#243;sofo Chin&#234;s &#8220;Uma imagem vale mais que mil palavras&#8221; deveria ser um mandamento do intervencionismo, pois ao contr&#225;rio do dito popular &#8220;O que os olhos n&#227;o veem, o cora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o sente&#8221;, a hist&#243;ria do intervencionismo tem nos ensinado que: o que os nossos olhos n&#227;o veem, o cora&#231;&#227;o de muitos dos nossos pacientes sente.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Out of Sight, Out of Heart?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1633-0883</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Ortiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarbine</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9615-5186</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Denk</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5480-144X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Shibata</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0361-2569</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Michel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini Ltda, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Costantino Roberto Costantini &#8226; Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini Ltda &#8211; Rua Pedro Collere, 890. Postal Code 80320-320, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: crcostantini@hospitalcostantini.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Intravascular Ultrasound</kwd>
        <kwd>Intracoronary Ultrasound</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In December 1987, with over 300 experimental coronary implants performed in dogs and cadavers, Palmaz and Schatz,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> accompanied by Dr. Eduardo Sousa (Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute), performed the first human stent implantation in S&#227;o Paulo, with a prosthesis developed by Palmaz himself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, the initial results of the first multicenter study on the subject were less than encouraging, as the device showed high rates of subacute occlusion (18%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> despite the Palmaz stent presenting numerous favorable aspects of biocompatibility, mechanics, and hemodynamics.</p>
      <p>Thus, aiming to reduce the rates of subacute occlusion, Schatz proposed a design modification to the original Palmaz stent, therefore creating a new model called the Palmaz-Schatz stent. Moreover, in order to reduce the relative thrombogenicity of the endoprosthesis, a protocol that provided for the use of three antiplatelet drugs associated with two anticoagulants, intravenously and orally, was designed and applied, starting immediately after stent implantation.</p>
      <p>Meanwhile, in parallel with the studies conducted by Palmaz and Schatz (1987) for the percutaneous treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD), other authors, including Paul Yock&#8217;s et al. (1988), presented the first study related to the use of intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) as an excellent qualification tool for the diagnosis of CAD at the 37th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This new technology would allow for the evaluation of the vessel surface morphology.</p>
      <p>With the advancement of these studies, it would be only a matter of time before percutaneous treatments were associated with intravascular image evaluation in order to effectively and safely visualize the efficacy of the stent implantation technique. Such an event actually occurred in 1994, when Nakamura and Goldenberg presented the first results relating to the procedure of transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA) with the placement of a stent and the &#8220;new&#8221; vessel morphology submitted to ICUS visualization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>From the presentation of Nakamura&#8217;s<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> results, the previously published studies began to be questioned regarding their measures of efficacy endpoints, since the ICUS demonstrated that the expansion of the stent was proved insufficient in most cases (80%), despite the fact that the implant was considered successful from an angiographic standpoint, according to the criteria at the time. Thus, the high rates of subacute thrombosis found in initial studies, such as that of Palmaz and Schatz,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> would be related to the under expansion of stents guided by angiography only.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This led to the development of an optimal stent release technique guided by ICUS, which was described in 1995 by Colombo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> . This technique, associated with the use of high-pressure balloon catheters (&gt; 12 atm), showed a significant reduction in subacute thrombosis rates from 10-24% to 0.9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Based on the results of this study, oral anticoagulation therapy was discontinued by most interventional cardiology services, and replaced with antiplatelet therapy (acetylsalicylic acid and thienopyridines), thus simplifying adjunctive pharmacotherapy, both pre-treatment and after the procedure. This modification reduced the risk of bleeding with a greater preventive effect against stent thrombosis, resulting in shorter hospital stay for patients.</p>
      <p>Considering these findings, some optimistic interventionists began to use this technique routinely in their services, thus giving rise to new clinical trials with larger series of patients. Still in the Bare Metal Stents (BMS) era, two meta-analyses stand out, which included randomized studies demonstrating that the routine use of ICUS reduced the need for new revascularizations and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) when compared with intervention guided exclusively by angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Contrary to this documented evidence, the protocol of one of the most important studies of the drug-eluting stents (DES) era, Syntax I,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> used ICUS to guide the implantation of TAXUS stents in less than 5% of the 903 randomized patients; the Syntax II study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> used it in 84.1% of the 450 randomized patients, thus obtaining a significant drop in all revascularizations rates after a one-year follow-up compared to Syntax I (13.7% vs. 8.2%, respectively).</p>
      <p>Given the scientific evidence on the benefits of the systematic use of ICUS to guide and optimize the implantation of 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, and 3<sup>rd</sup>generation DES in several different clinical scenarios (long lesions, complex lesions, bifurcations, lesions of the left main coronary, and AMI), some meta-analyses have shown significantly decreased rates of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), thrombosis (definite/probable), restenosis of the treated lesion, restenosis of the treated vessel, cardiovascular mortality, and MACE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> It is worth noting that ICUS-guided angioplasty has contributed to the improvement of angiography-guided TCA since the knowledge acquired over the years with the use of intravascular imaging has been adapted for interventions guided exclusively by angiography, so that interventions that do not use ICUS also have a high degree of safety and efficacy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although there is currently a high level of confidence in the clinical value of using ICUS to guide and optimize percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), routine real-world applications seem to be far from being a reality. Some of the reasons for this low adherence were reported in a breakthrough article published in 2018 in the EUROINTERVENTION journal, which points out to high cost (65.9%), increased procedural time (35%), lack of reimbursement (29.3%) and lack of image interpretation training (17.1%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, such barriers can only be overcome by the operator, who is the sole responsible for ensuring the optimal implantation of each stent. However, it is the entire society of interventional cardiology&#8217;s responsibility to convey this message to its younger fellows, as this is the only way to actually strengthen the method. Discussion about the current level of scientific evidence related to the use of ICUS needs to be encouraged by reassessing current indications (IIa B). Otherwise, we will have to live with the doubts of the past and present regarding the real culprits for stent failures. Thus, editorials like those by Serruys and Colombo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> will always be timeless works: <italic>&#8220;</italic> Who Is Thrombogenic: The Stent/Scaffold or the Doctor?&#8221;</p>
      <p>Given this scenario, the phrase attributed to Chinese emperor and philosopher Confucius &#8220;A picture is worth a thousand words&#8221; should be the leading commandment of interventionism, because contrary to the popular saying &#8220;out of sight, out of mind,&#8221; the history of interventionism has taught us that even what our patient&#8217;s eyes can&#8217;t see, their minds and hearts can surely feel.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
