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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">VWqphfYvb9HZjFZYNNs9ZNv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000800305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220584</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso do Modelo de Risco ADHERE como Preditor de Piora Intra-Hospitalar de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em uma Coorte</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7092-6322</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1 </sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Scherer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2 </sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mantovani</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2 </sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Pereira de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3 </sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldraich</surname>
            <given-names>Livia Adams</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4 </sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4 </sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4374-4419</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eneida Rejane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4 </sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Enfermagem</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Uberl&#226;ndia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Transplante Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Grupo de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Transplante Card&#237;aco, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Eneida Rejane Rabelo da Silva &#8226; Rua S&#227;o Manoel, 963. CEP 90620-110, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil Email: <email>eneidarabelo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220584</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Pacientes hospitalizados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) aguda descompensada est&#227;o sujeitos a desenvolver epis&#243;dios de piora que requerem interven&#231;&#245;es mais complexas. O modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco &#8220;Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry&#8221; (ADHERE) foi desenvolvido nos Estados Unidos para prever o risco de piora intra-hospitalar da IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Utilizar o modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco ADHERE para avaliar o risco de piora intra-hospitalar da IC e determinar a sua sensibilidade e especificidade em pacientes hospitalizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O presente estudo de coorte foi realizado em um hospital universit&#225;rio p&#250;blico brasileiro e os dados de 2013 a 2020 foram coletados retrospectivamente. Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 890 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 74 &#177; 8 anos. O modelo mostrou que no grupo de 490 pacientes de risco, 254 (51,8%) desenvolveram piora intra-hospitalar da IC. No grupo de 400 pacientes sem risco, apenas 109 (27,2%) apresentaram piora da IC. Os resultados demonstraram uma curva estatisticamente significativa (&#225;rea sob a curva = 0,665; erro padr&#227;o = 0,018; p &lt; 0,01; intervalo de confian&#231;a = 0,609 a 0,701), indicando boa precis&#227;o. O modelo apresentou sensibilidade de 69,9% e especificidade de 55,2%, com valor preditivo positivo de 52% e valor preditivo negativo de 72,7%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Na presente coorte, demonstramos que o modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco ADHERE foi capaz de discriminar pacientes que, de fato, desenvolveram piora da IC durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o daqueles que n&#227;o desenvolveram.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Grupos de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Uso do Modelo de Risco ADHERE como Preditor de Piora Intra-Hospitalar de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em uma Coorte</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220584-20584-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) aguda descompensada representam um marco no curso natural da s&#237;ndrome e constituem um fator de risco relevante para a mortalidade no ano seguinte &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o e para re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es recorrentes.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A cada novo epis&#243;dio de descompensa&#231;&#227;o e interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, o progn&#243;stico piora, de modo que aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes que recebem alta s&#227;o readmitidos nos 12 meses seguintes.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes hospitalizados com IC aguda descompensada est&#227;o sujeitos a desenvolver epis&#243;dios de piora durante a interna&#231;&#227;o que requerem interven&#231;&#245;es mais complexas, por exemplo, medicamentos inotr&#243;picos e/ou vasodilatadores intravenosos, ou mesmo transfer&#234;ncia para unidades de terapia intensiva.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, foi desenvolvido o &#8220;Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry&#8221; (ADHERE) nos Estados Unidos para prever o risco de piora intra-hospitalar da IC. O ADHERE &#233; considerado o maior registro internacional de IC e foi concebido para possibilitar estudos que avaliam caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, manejo do cuidado e suas implica&#231;&#245;es em uma grande amostra de pacientes internados por IC.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ADHERE foi aplicado em um estudo de coorte realizado no Brasil com 634 pacientes hospitalizados. Foram testados par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que, associados ao ADHERE, melhorariam sua precis&#227;o para avaliar o risco de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. A estimativa do risco de mortalidade usando apenas o ADHERE foi limitada. O par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar teve valor progn&#243;stico independente, aumentando discretamente a precis&#227;o do escore.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Subsequentemente, foi realizado um novo estudo para validar o modelo predi&#231;&#227;o de risco ADHERE para prever a piora intra-hospitalar da IC.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Os resultados demonstraram que 37% dos pacientes que estavam com risco de desenvolver piora da IC de acordo com o modelo realmente desenvolveram, enquanto 89% dos pacientes sem risco n&#227;o apresentaram piora da IC.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Para avaliar o risco de piora da IC para cada paciente, foram inclu&#237;das 9 vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais no modelo: idade, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP), troponina, s&#243;dio, nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue e creatinina.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os resultados do modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco ADHERE permitem que a equipe de sa&#250;de avance e planeje interven&#231;&#245;es individualizadas com a finalidade de potencialmente minimizar ou diminuir o risco de instabilidade cl&#237;nica durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Essa ferramenta ainda n&#227;o foi testada em uma amostra brasileira de pacientes com IC aguda descompensada, o que surge como uma proposta interessante para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de sua aplicabilidade. Portanto, o objetivo foi usar o modelo de risco ADHERE para predizer a piora da IC em pacientes hospitalizados e avaliar sua sensibilidade e especificidade. O presente estudo &#233; relevante para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pois agrega mais uma ferramenta que pode auxiliar na tomada de decis&#245;es no &#226;mbito hospitalar.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e local do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo de coorte foi realizado a partir da coleta retrospectiva de dados de pacientes com IC aguda descompensada admitidos na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia de um hospital universit&#225;rio p&#250;blico da Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil no per&#237;odo de 2013 a 2020. O hospital atende cerca de 60 especialidades m&#233;dicas e &#233; refer&#234;ncia para transplante card&#237;aco. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Institucional, de acordo com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>O estudo incluiu homens e mulheres com idade &#8805; 60 anos, hospitalizados com IC aguda descompensada, cujos resultados do exame de BNP estavam dispon&#237;veis na admiss&#227;o. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes cuja interna&#231;&#227;o foi eletiva e/ou que necessitaram do uso de drogas vasoativas para o manejo do epis&#243;dio de IC aguda descompensada (medicamentos inotr&#243;picos e/ou vasodilatadores intravenosos) no momento da admiss&#227;o ou que foram transferidos para unidades de terapia intensiva nas primeiras 12 horas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Foram identificados os pacientes eleg&#237;veis por meio de uma busca com filtros relacionados ao c&#243;digo I50 da CID-10 e unidades como o pronto-socorro, a unidade intensiva de cardiologia e a enfermaria cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis e fonte de dados</title>
        <p>Foi elaborada uma lista de pacientes respeitando os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o. A partir dessa lista, foram coletados retrospectivamente os dados de admiss&#227;o dos pacientes (vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e demogr&#225;ficas): idade e hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pr&#233;via (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, dislipidemia, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, hipotireoidismo, acidente vascular cerebral e hist&#243;ria de tabagismo). Tamb&#233;m foram consultados os prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos para dados faltantes.</p>
        <p>Foram usadas as 9 vari&#225;veis do modelo de risco ADHERE (idade, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, FEVE, BNP, troponina, s&#243;dio, nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue e creatinina) para prever o risco de piora da IC. Em seguida, foi calculada uma pontua&#231;&#227;o para cada paciente.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Com base nas pontua&#231;&#245;es, a amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: a) grupo de risco para desenvolver piora intra-hospitalar da IC; b) grupo sem risco de desenvolver piora intra-hospitalar da IC. Foi realizada a an&#225;lise dos dados de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar do prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico com o objetivo de verificar se cada grupo apresentou piora da IC de acordo com o modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de piora da IC intra-hospitalar foram: necessidade de medica&#231;&#227;o inotr&#243;pica e vasodilatadora &gt; 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, hemodi&#225;lise, suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico e transfer&#234;ncia para unidades de cuidado intensivo. A presen&#231;a de qualquer um desses crit&#233;rios, isoladamente ou combinados, foi considerada piora da IC. O modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco foi calculado usando a f&#243;rmula do estudo original. Esse c&#225;lculo &#233; baseado na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para predizer o risco de piora intra-hospitalar da IC, utilizando como ponto de corte o valor de 15%, ou seja, valores de probabilidade predita abaixo de 0,2559150, obtidos pelo c&#225;lculo da pontua&#231;&#227;o de risco.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, de acordo com o resultado do teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk; portanto, foram expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Foi utilizado o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado para comparar dois grupos de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A associa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os dois grupos de risco foi analisada pelo teste qui-quadrado. Foi utilizado o modelo de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para predizer o risco de piora intra-hospitalar. A an&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) foi realizada para avaliar a precis&#227;o do modelo.</p>
        <p>Foi avaliada a mortalidade intra-hospitalar pela regress&#227;o de Cox de acordo com o grupo de risco e o modelo foi ajustado para a vari&#225;vel sexo. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no SPSS 18.0 e foram considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Em total, foram inclu&#237;dos 890 pacientes. Destes, o modelo de risco ADHERE colocou 490 (55%) pacientes no grupo de risco de piora intra-hospitalar da IC e 400 (45%) pacientes ao grupo sem risco de piora intra-hospitalar da IC. A <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> exibe as vari&#225;veis do modelo e as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da amostra. A m&#233;dia de idade foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Sexo, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica foram significativos (p &lt; 0,01) e mais frequentes no grupo de risco quando comparado ao grupo sem risco.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis do modelo e caracter&#237;sticas de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Com risco (490)</th>
                <th>Sem risco (400)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">126 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">132 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pulso*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">89 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1384 &#177; 1317</td>
                <td align="center">382 &#177; 326</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Troponina*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,110 &#177; 0,174</td>
                <td align="center">0,026 &#177; 0,083</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>S&#243;dio*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">138 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">140 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">94 &#177; 50</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Creatinina*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,02 &#177; 1,74</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 &#177; 0,44</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">303 (61,8)</td>
                <td align="center">197 (49,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,66</td>
                <td align="center">1,27-2,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">187 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">203 (50,8)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cor da pele<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Branca</td>
                <td align="center">433 (88,4)</td>
                <td align="center">356 (89,0)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Parda</td>
                <td align="center">48 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,77-0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Preta</td>
                <td align="center">9 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">361 (73,7)</td>
                <td align="center">310 (77,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">1,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,90-1,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">245 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">166 (41,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,54-0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Fibrila&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">199 (40,6)</td>
                <td align="center">177 (44,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">1,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,88-1,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">38 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">1,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,78-1,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">136 (27,8)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (24,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,63-1,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">185 (37,8)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (16,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,24-0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">84 (17,1)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (24,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,54</td>
                <td align="center">1,15-2,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hipotireoidismo</td>
                <td align="center">58 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">1,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,85-1,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">86 (17,5)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (16,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,64-1,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">39 (8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
                <td align="center">1,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,76-1,93</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>*Vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua expressa em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (&#177;); <sup>&#8224;</sup>vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica expressa em n&#250;mero e porcentagens (%). IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: odds ratio. Fonte: Dados da pesquisa, 2022.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No grupo de 490 pacientes de risco, 254 (51,8%) desenvolveram piora intra-hospitalar da IC, enquanto no grupo de 400 pacientes sem risco, 291 (72,8%) n&#227;o pioraram. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos de piora intra-hospitalar, todos os crit&#233;rios apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa em ambos os grupos, com exce&#231;&#227;o do uso de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Para o c&#225;lculo da <italic>odds ratio</italic> , o grupo sem risco foi considerado o grupo de refer&#234;ncia. O uso de vasodilatadores foi mais prevalente que os demais crit&#233;rios, de acordo com os dados apresentados na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfechos da piora intra-hospitalar da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos grupos de risco e sem risco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Crit&#233;rios de piora da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</th>
                <th>Com risco (490) N (%)</th>
                <th>Sem risco (400) N (%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Vasodilatador &gt; 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">188 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,74</td>
                <td align="center">1,43-2,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medicamento inotr&#243;pico &gt; 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">96 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,93</td>
                <td align="center">1,42-2,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica</td>
                <td align="center">42 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,63-0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemodi&#225;lise</td>
                <td align="center">62 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">4,72</td>
                <td align="center">2,33-9,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico</td>
                <td align="center">25 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">1(0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">12,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,75-82,2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>*Vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica expressa em n&#250;mero (%). IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: odds ratio. Fonte: Dados da pesquisa, 2022.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de sobrevida foi realizada por meio da regress&#227;o de Cox, onde foi observada mortalidade intra-hospitalar de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco (p = 0,063), em um modelo ajustado por sexo, conforme demonstrado na <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> . Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento hospitalar (m&#233;dia do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o de 13 dias), ocorreram 56 &#243;bitos (6,3%). De acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco do ADHERE, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na mortalidade intra-hospitalar ( <italic>hazard ratio</italic>:  1,82; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,97 a 3,43; p = 0,063).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de sobrevida por regress&#227;o de Cox. Fonte: Dados da pesquisa, 2022.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220584-20584-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Conforme mostrado na <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> , para avaliar a precis&#227;o do modelo ADHERE para risco de piora da IC, os resultados demonstraram uma curva estatisticamente significativa (AUC = 0,665; erro padr&#227;o = 0,018; p &lt; 0,01; intervalo de confian&#231;a = 0,609 a 0,701), indicando boa precis&#227;o. O modelo de risco ADHERE apresentou sensibilidade de 69,9% e especificidade de 55,2%, com valor preditivo positivo de 52% e valor preditivo negativo de 72,7%.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de sensibilidade e especificidade de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada. Fonte: Dados da pesquisa, 2022.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220584-20584-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via na literatura cient&#237;fica de outros estudos que utilizaram escores para avaliar o progn&#243;stico admissional no &#226;mbito de piora intra-hospitalar da IC em centros da Am&#233;rica Latina. Em contraste, a diretriz brasileira para IC aguda recomenda (classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o I e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A) o uso de escores de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco intra-hospitalar no momento da admiss&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup> Diretrizes internacionais tamb&#233;m recomendam o uso de escores de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco intra-hospitalar no momento da admiss&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> - <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Os achados do presente estudo foram semelhantes aos do estudo original que avaliou o modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco ADHERE para piora da IC, uma vez que aproximadamente metade dos pacientes de risco realmente apresentou piora intra-hospitalar da IC. A maioria dos pacientes sem risco n&#227;o desenvolveu piora da IC.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos crit&#233;rios de piora da IC, medicamentos vasodilatadores e inotr&#243;picos foram usados em 30% e 14% da amostra total, respectivamente, &gt; 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o. No Registro Brasileiro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda (BREATHE), menos de 15% da amostra recebeu essas terapias intravenosas.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup> Esses medicamentos s&#227;o indicados pelas atuais diretrizes de IC aguda porque atuam controlando os sintomas e corrigindo dist&#250;rbios hemodin&#226;micos, como a redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e o aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>De acordo com as diretrizes brasileiras para IC aguda, o uso de vasodilatadores intravenosos no &#226;mbito de IC aguda &#233; considerado classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o I e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Vasodilatadores como nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio e nitroglicerina s&#227;o altamente indicados para al&#237;vio da congest&#227;o pulmonar, pois aumentam o d&#233;bito e, portanto, a diurese, sendo importantes para controlar a press&#227;o arterial em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o e melhorar a dispn&#233;ia.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup> Embora os medicamentos inotr&#243;picos estejam associados a um aumento de isquemia e arritmias, eles n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#227;o eficazes para os desfechos hemodin&#226;micos.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> - <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, 11% da amostra necessitou de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, 8% de terapia dial&#237;tica e 3% de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico. Tais fatores s&#227;o t&#237;picos da piora da IC, embora a sua defini&#231;&#227;o permane&#231;a controversa na literatura.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> - <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> </sup> De modo geral, essa condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; caracterizada por aumento de diur&#233;ticos (por exemplo, aumento de dose, adi&#231;&#227;o de um diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico a diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a ou rein&#237;cio de terapia intravenosa); in&#237;cio de medicamentos inotr&#243;picos, vasopressores ou vasodilatadores intravenosos; e uso de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica ou suporte circulat&#243;rio.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora o uso de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica tenha sido relativamente baixo (11%) no presente estudo, sabe-se que pacientes com IC aguda descompensada apresentam m&#250;ltiplas morbidades, inclusive n&#227;o card&#237;acas, desencadeando complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Um estudo anterior mostrou uma incid&#234;ncia de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica que variava de 5,0% a 13,9% em pacientes internados com IC aguda descompensada. No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o uso de estrat&#233;gias de suporte ventilat&#243;rio em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e como a insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria afeta os resultados cl&#237;nicos ainda n&#227;o est&#225; clara na literatura.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> - <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> </sup> O suporte ventilat&#243;rio invasivo &#233; considerado para pacientes com IC aguda descompensada que permanecem sintom&#225;ticos e/ou hipox&#234;micos apesar de outras formas n&#227;o invasivas de suporte ventilat&#243;rio.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma pequena parcela da amostra (8%) necessitou de hemodi&#225;lise. Um estudo anterior constatou que pacientes com IC aguda descompensada apresentaram melhora significativa da congest&#227;o com o in&#237;cio da ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o venovenosa. No entanto, essa interven&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica deve ser ajustada de acordo com as necessidades individuais de cada paciente, pois pode paradoxalmente induzir uma piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, sem quaisquer benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O progn&#243;stico admissional da IC aguda descompensada permite um planejamento terap&#234;utico precoce, proporcionando interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas e individualizadas para minimizar o risco previsto da piora intra-hospitalar da IC e permitindo o acompanhamento dos pacientes com protocolos e unidades terap&#234;uticas mais adequados.</p>
      <p>A coleta retrospectiva de dados e o fato de ser um estudo unic&#234;ntrico s&#227;o limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo, o que pode restringir a aplica&#231;&#227;o e a an&#225;lise de escores de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco a coortes diferentes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados demonstram que a aplica&#231;&#227;o do ADHERE na admiss&#227;o hospitalar pode melhorar a previs&#227;o de risco de piora da IC. Nesta coorte de pacientes com IC aguda descompensada, o escore de risco apresentou maior sensibilidade do que especificidade. No entanto, devido &#224; sua capacidade limitada de predizer a piora da IC, n&#227;o deve ser utilizado isoladamente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Mais estudos multic&#234;ntricos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar outras poss&#237;veis aplica&#231;&#245;es desses achados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte do Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 17-0125. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn6">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Use of the ADHERE Risk Model as a Predictor of Risk of in-Hospital Worsening Heart Failure in a Cohort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7092-6322</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Scherer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mantovani</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Pereira de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldraich</surname>
            <given-names>Livia Adams</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4374-4419</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eneida Rejane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Grupo de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Transplante Card&#237;aco, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Eneida Rejane Rabelo da Silva &#8226; Rua S&#227;o Manoel, 963. Postal Code 90620-110, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil Email: eneidarabelo@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure (HF) are subject to developing worsening episodes that require more complex interventions. The Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) risk model was developed in the United States to predict the risk of in-hospital worsening HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To use the ADHERE risk model in the assessment of risk of in-hospital worsening HF and to determine its sensitivity and specificity in hospitalized patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This cohort study was conducted at a Brazilian public university hospital, and data from 2013 to 2020 were retrospectively collected. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A total of 890 patients with a mean age of 74 &#177; 8 years were included. The model showed that, in the group of 490 patients at risk, 254 (51.8%) developed in-hospital worsening HF. In the group of 400 patients not at risk, only 109 (27.2%) experienced worsening HF. The results demonstrated a statistically significant curve (area under the curve = 0.665; standard error = 0.018; P &lt; 0.01; confidence interval = 0.609 to 0.701), indicating good accuracy. The model had a sensitivity of 69.9% and a specificity of 55.2%, with a positive predictive value of 52% and a negative predictive value of 72.7%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>In this cohort, we showed that the ADHERE risk model was able to discriminate patients who in fact developed worsening HF during the admission period, from those who did not.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Groups</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Use of the ADHERE Risk Model as a Predictor of Risk of in-Hospital Worsening Heart Failure in a Cohort</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220584-20584-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hospital admissions for acute decompensated heart failure (HF) represent a milestone in the natural course of this syndrome and constitute a relevant risk factor for mortality during the year following hospitalization and for recurrent readmissions.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>With each new episode of decompensation and admission, the prognosis becomes poorer, so that approximately 50% of discharged patients are readmitted within the following 12 months.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients admitted with acute decompensated HF are subject to developing worsening episodes during hospitalization that require more complex interventions, such as inotropic medications and/or intravenous vasodilators, or even transfer to intensive care units.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>Within this context, the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) was developed in the United States. The ADHERE is considered the largest HF international registry, and was designed to enable studies that assess clinical characteristics, management of care, and their implications in a large sample of patients hospitalized for HF.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The ADHERE was applied in a cohort study that took place in Brazil with 634 hospitalized patients. Echocardiographic parameters that, associated with the ADHERE, would improve its accuracy to assess the risk of hospital mortality were tested. Estimation of mortality risk using the ADHERE alone was limited. The echocardiographic parameter pulmonary artery systolic pressure had independent prognostic value, slightly increasing the score&#8217;s accuracy.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Subsequently, a new study was performed to validate the ADHERE risk model for predicting in-hospital worsening HF.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>The results showed that 37% of patients who were at risk of developing worsening HF according to the model actually developed it, while 89% of patients who were not at risk did not experience worsening HF.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>To assess the risk of worsening HF for each patient, 9 demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables were included in the model: age, heart rate, blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), troponin, sodium, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The ADHERE risk model results allow the health care team to advance and plan individualized interventions in order to potentially minimize or decrease the risk of clinical instability during hospitalization. This tool has not yet been tested in a Brazilian sample of patients with acute decompensated HF, which emerges as an interesting proposal for evaluating its applicability. Therefore, the aim was to use the ADHERE risk model for predicting worsening HF in hospitalized patients and to assess its sensitivity and specificity. This study is relevant to clinical practice as it adds another tool that can assist in decision-making within hospital settings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and setting</title>
          <p>This cohort study was based on retrospective data collection of patients with acute decompensated HF admitted to the emergency department of a public university hospital in the South Region of Brazil from 2013 to 2020. This hospital provides assistance in about 60 medical specialties and is a reference for heart transplantation. The study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee, in accordance with Brazilian Resolution No. 466/2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>The study included men and women aged &#8805; 60 years, hospitalized with acute decompensated HF, whose BNP test results were available at admission. Patients whose admission was elective and/or who required the use of vasoactive drugs for the management of the acute decompensated HF episode (inotropic medications and/or intravenous vasodilators) at the time of admission or who were transferred to intensive care units within the first 12 hours of hospitalization were excluded. Eligible patients were identified by running a query using filters related to ICD-10 code I50 and units such as the emergency room, cardiology intensive unit, and clinical ward.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables and data source</title>
          <p>A list of patients was prepared respecting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. From this list, patient admission data (clinical, laboratory, and demographic variables) were collected retrospectively: age and previous medical history (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypothyroidism, stroke, and history of smoking). Electronic medical records were also consulted for missing data.</p>
          <p>The 9 ADHERE risk model variables (age, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, LVEF, BNP, troponin, sodium, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine) were used to predict the risk of worsening HF. Then, a score was calculated for each patient.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Based on the scores, the sample was divided into two groups: a) group at risk of developing in-hospital worsening HF; b) group not at risk of developing in-hospital worsening HF. The analysis of hospital stay data from the electronic medical records aimed to ascertain whether each group had worsening HF according to the risk prediction model.</p>
          <p>In-hospital worsening HF criteria were the need for vasodilator or inotropic medication &gt; 12 hours after admission, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis or mechanical circulatory support, and transfer to intensive care units. The presence of any of these criteria, alone or combined, was considered worsening HF. The risk prediction model was calculated using the formula from the original study. This calculation is based on logistic regression analysis for predicting the risk of in-hospital worsening HF using a cutoff point of 15%, that is, predicted probability values below 0.2559150, obtained through calculation of the risk score.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All continuous variables presented normal distribution, according to the result of the Shapiro-Wilk normality test; therefore, they were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies. Unpaired Student&#8217;s t test was used to compare two groups of continuous variables. The association of categorical variables between the two risk groups was analyzed by the chi-square test. The logistic regression analysis model was used to predict the risk of in-hospital worsening. AUC (area under the curve) analysis was performed to assess the accuracy of the score.</p>
          <p>In-hospital mortality was assessed using Cox regression according to the risk group, and the model was adjusted for the variable of sex. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 18.0, and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In total, 890 patients were included. Of these, the ADHERE risk model assigned 490 (55%) patients to the group at risk of developing in-hospital worsening HF and 400 (45%) patients to the group not at risk of worsening HF. <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> shows score variables and demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample. Mean age was similar in both groups. Sex, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were significant (p &lt; 0.01) and more frequent in the at-risk group when compared to the no-risk group.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Score variables and characteristics of patients with acute decompensated heart failure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>At risk (490)</th>
                  <th>No risk (400)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">77 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Systolic blood pressure*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">126 &#177; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">132 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pulse*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">89 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">83 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Left ventricular ejection fraction*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">47 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>B-type natriuretic peptide*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1384 &#177; 1317</td>
                  <td align="center">382 &#177; 326</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Troponin*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.110 &#177; 0.174</td>
                  <td align="center">0.026 &#177; 0.083</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sodium*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">138 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">140 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Blood urea nitrogen*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">94 &#177; 50</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinine*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.02 &#177; 1.74</td>
                  <td align="center">1.24 &#177; 0.44</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Male</td>
                  <td align="center">303 (61.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (49.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1.66</td>
                  <td align="center">1.27-2.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Female</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (38.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">203 (50.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Skin color<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> White</td>
                  <td align="center">433 (88.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">356 (89.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (9.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77-0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Black</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidities<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">361 (73.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">310 (77.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90-1.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">245 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (41.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54-0.92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center">199 (40.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (44.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                  <td align="center">1.16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88-1.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (7.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (9.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  <td align="center">1.24</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78-1.99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (27.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (24.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63-1.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Chronic kidney disease</td>
                  <td align="center">185 (37.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (16.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24-0.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (17.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (24.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1.54</td>
                  <td align="center">1.15-2.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hypothyroidism</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (14.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                  <td align="center">1.26</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85-1.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (17.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (16.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64-1.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (8.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (9.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76-1.93</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>*Continuous variable expressed as mean and standard deviation (&#177;);<sup>&#8224;</sup>categorical variable expressed as n and percentages (%). CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio. Source: Research data, 2022.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the group of 490 patients at risk, 254 (51.8%) developed in-hospital worsening HF, whereas, in the group of 400 patients without risk, 291 (72.8%) did not worsen. Regarding the in-hospital worsening outcomes, all criteria presented significant difference in both groups, with the exception of mechanical ventilation use. For calculation of the odds ratio, the group without risk was considered the reference group. The use of vasodilators was more prevalent than the other criteria, according to data presented in <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Outcomes of in-hospital worsening heart failure in the at risk and no risk groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Worsening heart failure criteria</th>
                  <th>At risk (490) N (%)</th>
                  <th>No risk (400) N (%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasodilator &gt; 12 hours after admission</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,74</td>
                  <td align="center">1,43-2,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inotropic medication &gt; 12 hours after admission</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,93</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42-2,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mechanical ventilation</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63-0,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemodialysis</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">4,72</td>
                  <td align="center">2,33-9,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mechanical circulatory support</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,75-82,2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>*Categorical variable expressed as n (%). CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio. Source: Research data, 2022.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Survival analysis was performed using Cox regression, where in-hospital mortality was observed according to the risk classification (p = 0.063), in a model adjusted for sex, as demonstrated in <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> . During the in-hospital follow-up period (mean length of stay 13 days), there were 56 deaths (6.3%). According to the ADHERE risk categorization, there was no difference in in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio = 1.82; 95% confidence interval = 0.97 to 3.43; p = 0.063).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Survival analysis using Cox regression. Source: Research data, 2022.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220584-20584-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As shown in <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> , to assess the accuracy of the ADHERE risk model for risk of worsening HF, the results demonstrated a statistically significant curve (AUC = 0.665; standard error = 0.018; p &lt; 0.01; confidence interval = 0.609 to 0.701), indicating good accuracy. The ADHERE risk model had a sensitivity of 69.9% and a specificity of 55.2%, with a positive predictive value of 52% and a negative predictive value of 72.7%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sensitivity and specificity analysis of patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Source: Research data, 2022.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-e20220584-20584-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>There is no previous description in the scientific literature of other studies that used scores to assess prognosis at admission in the setting of in-hospital worsening HF in Latin American centers. In contrast, the Brazilian guideline for acute HF recommends (class of recommendation I and level of evidence A) the use of in-hospital risk stratification scores at the time of admission.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup>International guidelines also recommend the use of in-hospital risk stratification scores at the time of admission.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> - <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>The findings of the present study were similar to those of the original study that evaluated the ADHERE risk model for worsening HF, since approximately half of the patients at risk actually experienced in-hospital worsening HF. Most patients not at risk did not develop worsening HF.</p>
        <p>Regarding worsening HF criteria, vasodilators and inotropic medications were used in 30% and 14% of the total sample, respectively, &gt; 12 hours after admission. In the Brazilian Registry of Acute Heart Failure (BREATHE), less than 15% of the sample received those intravenous therapies.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup>These drugs are indicated by current acute HF guidelines because they act by controlling symptoms and correcting hemodynamic disorders, such as reduced cardiac output and increased filling pressures.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>According to the Brazilian guidelines for acute HF, intravenous vasodilator use in the setting of acute HF is considered class of recommendation I and level of evidence B.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Vasodilators such as sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerin are highly indicated for pulmonary congestion relief, as they increase cardiac output and, therefore, diuresis, making them important for controlling blood pressure in patients with hypertension and improving dyspnea.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup>While inotropic medications are associated with an increase in ischemia and arrhythmias, they are not as effective for hemodynamic outcomes.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> - <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>In this study, 11% of the sample required mechanical ventilation, 8% dialysis therapy, and 3% mechanical circulatory support. Such factors are typical of worsening HF, although its definition remains controversial in the literature.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> - <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> </sup>In general, this condition is characterized by an increase in diuretics (e.g., increase in dose, addition of a thiazide diuretic to loop diuretics, or reinstitution of intravenous therapy); initiation of inotropic medications, vasopressors, or intravenous vasodilators; and use of mechanical ventilatory or circulatory support.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although mechanical ventilation use was relatively low (11%) in this study, it is known that patients with acute decompensated HF have multiple morbidities, including noncardiac ones, triggering respiratory complications.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>A previous study showed an incidence of mechanical ventilation ranging from 5.0% to 13.9% in patients hospitalized with acute decompensated HF. However, the relationship between the use of ventilatory support strategies in patients with ventricular dysfunction and how respiratory failure affects clinical outcomes is still unclear in the literature.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> - <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> </sup>Invasive ventilatory support is considered in patients with acute decompensated HF who remain symptomatic and/or hypoxemic despite other noninvasive forms of ventilatory support.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A small portion of the sample (8%) required hemodialysis. A previous study found that patients with acute decompensated HF showed a significant improvement in congestion with initiation of venovenous ultrafiltration. However, this clinical intervention should be adjusted according to the individual needs of each patient, as it can paradoxically induce worsening renal function, without any clinical benefits.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Prognosis of acute decompensated HF at admission allows for early therapeutic planning, providing specific and individualized interventions to minimize the predicted risk of in-hospital worsening HF and allowing patients to be followed up by more appropriate protocols and therapeutic units.</p>
        <p>Retrospective data collection and being a single-center study are limitations of this study, which may restrict the application and analysis of risk prediction scores to different cohorts.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our findings demonstrate that applying the ADHERE at hospital admission may improve risk prediction of worsening HF. In this cohort of patients with acute decompensated HF, the risk score had greater sensitivity than specificity. However, due to its limited capacity to predict worsening HF, it should not be used alone in clinical practice. More multicenter studies are needed to investigate other possible applications of these findings.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Graduate Program in Health Sciences: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 17-0125. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn6001">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
