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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PBXThv7vtS8grJkM8VtNGSq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000800701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220808</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Leucemia Mieloide Aguda Poderia ter se Apresentado Ainda Pior? &#8220;Causa Incomum de Trombose Multiarterial Concomitante&#8221;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hazir</surname>
            <given-names>Kutluhan Eren</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6084-0982</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Simsek</surname>
            <given-names>Ersin Cagri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5046-9040</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baldan</surname>
            <given-names>Esra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Uzun</surname>
            <given-names>Hakan G&#246;kalp</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5333-8679</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bulbul</surname>
            <given-names>Hale</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yarci</surname>
            <given-names>Bengisu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7850-7264</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ozcan</surname>
            <given-names>Elif Busra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Cardiology, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Internal Medicine, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Hematology, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Neurology, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Kutluhan Eren Hazir &#8226; Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; G&#252;ney mah Tepecik Eah Konak &#304;zmir Konak 35180 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>kutluhanerenhazir@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>20220808</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A leucemia promieloc&#237;tica aguda (LPA) &#233; um subgrupo da leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA). Embora se saiba que as complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas s&#227;o comuns, as complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#227;o raras quanto se pensa. No entanto, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico s&#227;o muito raros durante a LMA. Aqui, apresentamos o caso surpreendente de LPA diagnosticada com pancitopenia em sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Leucemia Promieloc&#237;tica Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A leucemia promieloc&#237;tica aguda (LPA ou LMA-M3) &#233; um subgrupo de leucemia mieloide com um curso cl&#237;nico e fisiopatologia diferente de outras formas de leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; bem conhecido que a coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada (CID) e a leucocitose que se desenvolvem durante a LMA podem causar hipercoagulopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Sabe-se tamb&#233;m que a frequ&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares aumenta durante as doen&#231;as malignas; no entanto, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico s&#227;o muito raros no curso da LMA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 49 anos, com hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica de hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, deu entrada no pronto-socorro com quadro de angina. Dois anos antes da admiss&#227;o, foi realizado implante de Stent na descendente anterior esquerda (DAE), circunflexa (Cx) e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (CD) devido &#224; s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Desde ent&#227;o, o paciente faz uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 100 mg uma vez ao dia, perindopril 5 mg e nebivolol 5 mg uma vez ao dia para hipertens&#227;o, que estava bem controlada no momento da admiss&#227;o. O paciente foi encaminhado ao laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo card&#237;aco ap&#243;s constata&#231;&#227;o de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es anteriores ao eletrocardiograma ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Uma coronariografia de emerg&#234;ncia revelou oclus&#245;es totais nas tr&#234;s principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Os stents DAE, OM1 e CD foram feitos com sucesso com stent farmacol&#243;gico (SF) 3,02x24mm, SF 2,75x31mm e SF 2,75x16mm. O fluxo TIMI 3 foi fornecido em todos os 3 vasos. Ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ad hoc de 3 vasos com sucesso ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ), o paciente iniciou &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 100 mg, clopidogrel 75 mg, atorvastatina 80 mg, metoprolol 50 mg, ramipril 2,5 mg e pantoprazol 40 mg e foi acompanhado na unidade de terapia intensiva coronariana.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Supradesnivelamento do segmento ST observado em D1, D2, V3, V4, V5, V6 no momento da admiss&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-20220808-20808-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A angiografia coron&#225;ria mostra 100% de les&#245;es trombosadas nas art&#233;rias art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, descendente anterior esquerda e circunflexa.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-20220808-20808-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Descendente anterior esquerda (DAE), circunflexa (Cx) e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita revascularizadas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-20220808-20808-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica revelou que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) era de 30%. Havia aneurismas e hipocinesia grave no &#225;pice, hipocinesia grave na parede anterior e hipocinesia leve nas paredes inferior e lateral. N&#227;o foi observado trombo intracard&#237;aco. Testes laboratoriais revelaram que a contagem de gl&#243;bulos brancos (CGB) era de 0,6 109/L, a hemoglobina era de 6,5 g/dL, a contagem de plaquetas era de 61109/L, o d&#237;mero D era de 3 mg/L e o fibrinog&#234;nio (FIB) era de 2,69 g/L.TO paciente apresentava pancitopenia nos exames de sangue realizados ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia sem hepatoesplenomegalia e linfadenopatia ao exame f&#237;sico. Pet&#233;quias, p&#250;rpura e equimoses n&#227;o foram observadas. A fim de determinar a etiologia subjacente da pancitopenia grave observada no hemograma completo do paciente, uma bi&#243;psia de medula &#243;ssea foi realizada. Os esfrega&#231;os do aspirado e da bi&#243;psia de medula &#243;ssea mostraram uma medula hipercelular com infiltra&#231;&#227;o difusa de blastos finamente granulados cujos n&#250;cleos eram frequentemente bilobados com contorno dobrado ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ). O tempo de protrombina (TP), tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (aPPT) e FIB estavam todos dentro da faixa normal.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Blastos finamente granulados com n&#250;cleos bilobados observados ao microsc&#243;pio em esfrega&#231;os de aspirado de medula &#243;ssea.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-20220808-20808-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O paciente relatou perda de vis&#227;o no segundo dia de acompanhamento na unidade de terapia intensiva. Apenas hemianopsia hom&#244;nima esquerda foi descoberta no exame neurol&#243;gico como achado patol&#243;gico. A imagem neurocraniana revelou um infarto subagudo nas regi&#245;es occipital direita e lobo temporal posteromedial direito compat&#237;vel com a &#225;rea de suprimento da art&#233;ria cerebral posterior (ACP) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ). A tomografia computadorizada de cabe&#231;a e pesco&#231;o com contraste revelou que as art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comuns (ACC), car&#243;tidas internas (ACI) e car&#243;tidas externas (ACE) bilaterais eram normais. N&#227;o havia estenose significativa ou dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Infarto subagudo em occipital direito e lobo temporal posteromedial direito visto na tomografia computadorizada do paciente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-20220808-20808-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria (&#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e clopidogrel) que o paciente vinha fazendo foi mantida. Em um exame mais aprofundado do paciente com m&#250;ltiplos eventos tromb&#243;ticos, o <italic>anticorpo antinuclear</italic> (ANA) e o painel de trombofilia heredit&#225;ria foram negativos. A transloca&#231;&#227;o cromoss&#244;mica t (15;17) foi detectada. O estudo de citometria de fluxo do aspirado de medula &#243;ssea revelou 62% de blastos com CD117, CD33 e forte positividade para CD34 e imunofen&#243;tipo HLA-DR negativo. &#192; luz desses achados cl&#237;nicos, o paciente foi diagnosticado com a variante microgranular de (LPA).</p>
      <p>Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o para a quimioterapia, o paciente apresentou colapso hemodin&#226;mico s&#250;bito. Uma patologia card&#237;aca aguda n&#227;o foi considerada porque n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas ativas no ECG. Devido &#224; insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e hipotens&#227;o, o paciente morreu em um curto per&#237;odo. A aut&#243;psia n&#227;o p&#244;de ser realizada no caso. A angiografia neurocraniana e da art&#233;ria pulmonar n&#227;o p&#244;de ser realizada devido aos esfor&#231;os de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar. No entanto, a parada respirat&#243;ria pode ter se desenvolvido devido &#224; hemorragia pontina no paciente pancitop&#234;nico recebendo terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria terapia ou uma embolia pulmonar rec&#233;m-desenvolvida, al&#233;m de eventos tromb&#243;ticos coronarianos. Al&#233;m disso, no paciente com FEVE baixa, a causa do colapso hemodin&#226;mico s&#250;bito pode estar relacionada ao choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste caso, apresentamos um caso rec&#233;m-diagnosticado de LMA-variante microgranular com m&#250;ltiplas tromboses catastr&#243;ficas nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e complicadas com acidente vascular cerebral no momento do diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>A variante microgranular &#233; respons&#225;vel por cerca de 25% de todos os casos de LMA. A variante microgranular da LPA foi considerada em nosso paciente por causa dos blastos finamente granulados com n&#250;cleos bilobados na avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica. Ao contr&#225;rio da variante hipergranular, a positividade de CD34 &#233; mais comum na variante microgranular. Da mesma forma, a forte positividade de CD34 em nosso caso apoiou o diagn&#243;stico de LPA microgranular. O CD34 fraco/ausente &#233; patognom&#244;nico para o diagn&#243;stico de LPA. No entanto, em casos raros, a LPA pode apresentar um forte imunofen&#243;tipo positivo para CD34.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Por outro lado, em casos de forte positividade para CD34, os subtipos de LMA n&#227;o-LPA devem ser considerados no diagn&#243;stico diferencial. Em nosso paciente com m&#250;ltiplas tromboses catastr&#243;ficas, CID n&#227;o foi considerado como FIB, aPTT, TP e INR foram todos considerados normais. Foi diagnosticado por fenotipagem morfol&#243;gica e imunol&#243;gica. Embora as complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas e relacionadas &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o sejam encontradas principalmente (10-20%) no curso cl&#237;nico da LPA, as complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas devido &#224; CID tamb&#233;m podem ser raramente observadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O n&#250;mero de estudos sobre a incid&#234;ncia de desenvolvimento de trombose no momento do diagn&#243;stico antes da terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o &#233; muito limitado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) durante a LMA n&#227;o &#233; frequentemente encontrado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. O IAM ocorre mais comumente devido &#224; trombose aguda, que, juntamente com a ruptura ou eros&#227;o das placas desenvolvidas por um fundo ateroscler&#243;tico, obstrui as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias secund&#225;rias &#224; trombog&#234;nese local e sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, condi&#231;&#245;es que causam desequil&#237;brio na oferta e na demanda de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio tamb&#233;m podem causar IAM n&#227;o obstrutivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Doen&#231;as malignas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o conhecidas por causar um aumento na frequ&#234;ncia de IAM devido a vasoespasmo, trombose, aterosclerose acelerada e dano endotelial relacionado &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Um relato de caso afirmou que IAMSST inferior se desenvolveu em um paciente LPA com CID, e a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda regrediu dramaticamente em um curto per&#237;odo de tempo com infus&#227;o de heparina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os autores consideraram que a etiologia da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda do paciente foi devida &#224; CID e n&#227;o &#224; ruptura da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Casos de IAM n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico secund&#225;rio a hiperleucocitose e leucostase e IAM tromb&#243;tico secund&#225;rio a CID t&#234;m sido relatados na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Curiosamente, neste caso que apresentamos, n&#227;o houve hiperleucocitose, leucostase ou CID. Sabe-se tamb&#233;m que, principalmente na LPA, os promiel&#243;citos leuc&#234;micos podem aumentar a express&#227;o do fator tecidual (FT) e do pr&#243;-coagulante do c&#226;ncer (PC), levando &#224; trombose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O desenvolvimento de trombose existente sem coagulopatia pode ser considerado secund&#225;rio ao conte&#250;do pr&#243;-coagulante nos gr&#226;nulos de promiel&#243;citos anormais.</p>
      <p>A coocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCV) com leucemia, que possuem fatores de risco semelhantes ao IAM, n&#227;o &#233; comum na comunidade. No entanto, um estudo mostrou que o risco de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular &#233; maior em pacientes com leucemia em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o normal. A taxa de mortalidade aumenta cinco vezes mais em pacientes com leucemia com desenvolvimento de DCV em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com leucemia sem ela.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> As DCV isqu&#234;micas s&#227;o uma complica&#231;&#227;o extremamente rara na leucemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi relatado um caso nos EUA em que um paciente apresentou trombose aguda de stent coronariano de extremidade inferior e tardia, que se pensava ser secund&#225;ria a CID, e foi diagnosticado com LMA-M3 durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, eventos tromboemb&#243;licos arteriais-venosos recorrentes com risco de vida (como trombose venosa profunda, embolia pulmonar, infarto espl&#234;nico, infarto renal, etc.) foram relatados em pacientes com LPA na literatura, principalmente durante a terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o de quimioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Xiao et al. relataram que CGB/d&#237;mero-D alta (&gt;5) e FIB/d&#237;mero-D baixa (&lt;5) poderiam ser preditores independentes para trombose em seu estudo em pacientes com LPA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> No caso que apresentamos, a rela&#231;&#227;o FIB/d&#237;mero-D foi baixa em correla&#231;&#227;o com este estudo (1,1), mas diferentemente, a rela&#231;&#227;o CGB/d&#237;mero-D n&#227;o foi alta (0,2). Essa diferen&#231;a pode ser explicada pelo fato de nosso caso ser pancitop&#234;nico, enquanto pacientes com leuc&#243;citos muito altos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Pensamos que os m&#250;ltiplos eventos tromb&#243;ticos experimentados pelo paciente eram principalmente devidos &#224; LMA causando coagulopatia secund&#225;ria ao conte&#250;do pr&#243;-coagulante nos gr&#226;nulos de promiel&#243;citos anormais. Ao mesmo tempo, aneurisma apical e hipocinesia grave no &#225;pice tamb&#233;m s&#227;o poss&#237;veis na etiologia do AVC cardioemb&#243;lico, apesar da aus&#234;ncia de trombo intracard&#237;aco na ecocardiografia ap&#243;s IAM.</p>
      <p>Neste relato de caso, apresentamos um paciente com IAM que desenvolveu <italic>acidente vascular cerebral</italic> durante o acompanhamento e foi diagnosticado com LMA-M3 com resultados catastr&#243;ficos. Embora a LMA-M3 tenha o melhor progn&#243;stico entre as leucemias mieloides, &#233; &#243;bvio que o progn&#243;stico &#233; prejudicado pela coexist&#234;ncia de IAM e acidente vascular cerebral. Embora a CID e a leucostase sejam as culpadas na maioria dos casos de IAM relacionados &#224; LMA relatados na literatura, esses quadros cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o estavam presentes em nosso caso. A LPA deve ser considerada no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de trombose acompanhada de pancitopenia.</p>
      <p>Nos casos que causam isquemia multiarterial, as doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas devem ser inclu&#237;das na investiga&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica. Poss&#237;veis patologias devem ser avaliadas por estudo de hemograma completo, d&#237;mero D e FIB. O diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a prim&#225;ria subjacente &#233; importante para determinar o m&#233;todo de tratamento (como medica&#231;&#227;o antitromb&#243;tica, leucaf&#233;rese ou interven&#231;&#245;es arteriais percut&#226;neas) e o progn&#243;stico.</p>
    </sec>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Could Acute Myeloid Leukemia Have Presented Even Worse? &#8220;Uncommon Cause of Concurrently Multivessel Thrombosis&#8221;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hazir</surname>
            <given-names>Kutluhan Eren</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6084-0982</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Simsek</surname>
            <given-names>Ersin Cagri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5046-9040</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baldan</surname>
            <given-names>Esra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Uzun</surname>
            <given-names>Hakan G&#246;kalp</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5333-8679</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bulbul</surname>
            <given-names>Hale</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yarci</surname>
            <given-names>Bengisu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7850-7264</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ozcan</surname>
            <given-names>Elif Busra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Cardiology, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Internal Medicine, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Hematology, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Neurology, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Kutluhan Eren Hazir &#8226; Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; G&#252;ney mah Tepecik Eah Konak &#304;zmir Konak 35180 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: kutluhanerenhazir@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subgroup of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although it is known that hemorrhagic complications are common, thrombotic complications are not as rare as thought. However, myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke incidence are very rare during AML. Here, we present the astonishing case of APL diagnosed with pancytopenia in its presentation with acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Cerebral Infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL or AML-M3) is a subgroup of myeloid leukemia with a clinical course and pathophysiology different from other forms of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is well known that disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and leukocytosis that develop during AML may cause hypercoagulopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is also known that the frequency of cardiovascular events increases during malignant diseases; however, myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke are very rare in the course of AML.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 49-year-old male patient with a medical history of hypertension and coronary artery disease was admitted to the emergency department with angina. Two years before admission, stent implantation was performed on the left anterior descending (LAD), circumflex (Cx), and right coronary artery (RCA) due to acute coronary syndrome. Since then, the patient has been taking acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg once daily along with perindopril 5mg and nebivolol 5mg once daily for hypertension which was well controlled at the time of the admission. The patient was taken to the cardiac catheterization laboratory after ST-segment elevation in the anterior leads was observed on the electrocardiogram ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). An emergency coronary angiography revealed total occlusions in the three main coronary arteries ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). Stenting LAD, OM1, and RCA were done successfully with drug-eluting stent (DES) 3.02x24mm, DES 2.75x31mm, and DES 2.75x16mm. TIMI 3 flow was provided in all 3 vessels. After successful ad hoc 3-vessel revascularization ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). The patient was started on acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg, clopidogrel 75 mg, atorvastatin 80 mg, metoprolol 50 mg, ramipril 2.5 mg and pantoprazole 40 mg and was followed up in the coronary intensive care unit.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ST-segment elevation observed in D1, D2, V3, V4, V5, V6 at the time of admission.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-20220808-20808-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Coronary angiography shows 100% thrombosed lesions in the right coronary artery, left anterior descending and circumflex arteries.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-20220808-20808-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Revascularized left anterior descending, circumflex and right coronary artery.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-20220808-20808-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Transthoracic echocardiography revealed that the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 30%. There were aneurysms and severe hypokinesia at the apex, severe hypokinesia at the anterior wall, and mild hypokinesia at the inferior and lateral walls. No intracardiac thrombus was observed. Laboratory tests revealed that white blood cell count (WBC) was 0.6 10<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> /L, hemoglobin was 6.5 g/dL, platelet count was 6110<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> /L, D-dimer was 3mg/L, and fibrinogen (FIB) was 2.69 g/L. The patient had pancytopenia in the blood tests performed after emergency revascularization without hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy in the physical examination. Petechiae, purpura, and ecchymosis were not observed. In order to determine the underlying etiology of the severe pancytopenia observed in the patient&#8217;s complete blood count, a bone marrow biopsy was performed. The bone marrow aspirate and biopsy smears showed a hypercellular marrow with diffuse infiltration of finely granulated blasts whose nuclei were often bilobed with a folded contour ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ). Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPPT), and FIB were all within the normal range.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Finely granulated blasts with bilobed nuclei observed under a microscope in the bone marrow aspirate smears.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-20220808-20808-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The patient described vision loss on the second intensive care unit follow-up day. Only left homonymous hemianopsia was discovered in the neurological examination as a pathological finding. Neurocranial imaging revealed a subacute infarct in the right occipital and right posteromedial temporal lobe regions compatible with the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supply area ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ). Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the head and neck revealed that bilateral common carotid arteries (CCA), internal carotid arteries (ICA), and external carotid arteries (ECA) were normal. There was no significant stenosis or aneurysmal dilatation.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Subacute infarct in the right occipital and right posteromedial temporal lobe seen in the CT scan of the patient.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-08-20220808-20808-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The antiplatelet therapy (acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel) the patient had been taking was continued. In further examination of the patient with multiple thrombotic events, the <italic>antinuclear antibody</italic> (ANA) and hereditary thrombophilia panel were negative. Chromosomal translocation t(15;17) was detected. The flow cytometric study of the bone marrow aspirate revealed 62% of blasts with CD117, CD33, and strong CD34 positivity and an HLA-DR negative immunophenotype. In light of these clinical findings, the patient was diagnosed with the microgranular variant of (APL).</p>
        <p>During preparation for chemotherapy, sudden hemodynamic collapse developed in the patient. An acute cardiac pathology was not considered because no active ischemic changes were observed in the ECG. Due to respiratory failure and hypotension, the patient died in a short period. An autopsy could not be performed on the case. Neurocranial and pulmonary artery angiographic imaging could not be performed due to cardiopulmonary resuscitation efforts. However, respiratory arrest may have developed due to pontine hemorrhage in the pancytopenic patient receiving antiplatelet therapy or a newly developed pulmonary embolism in addition to coronary thrombotic events. In addition, in the patient with low LVEF, the cause of sudden hemodynamic collapse may be related to cardiogenic shock.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this case, we have presented a case of newly diagnosed AML-microgranular variant with multiple catastrophic thromboses in coronary arteries and complicated with stroke at the time of diagnosis.</p>
        <p>The microgranular variant is responsible for about 25 percent of all AML cases. The microgranular variant of APL was considered in our patient because of the finely granulated blasts with bilobed nuclei in the morphological evaluation. Unlike the hypergranular variant, CD34 positivity is more common in the microgranular variant. Similarly, the strong CD34 positivity in our case supported the diagnosis of microgranular APL. The weak/absent CD34 is pathognomic for the diagnosis of APL. However, in rare cases, APL can present a strong CD34 positive immunophenotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> On the other hand, in cases of strong CD34 positivity, non-APL AML subtypes should be considered in the differential diagnosis. In our patient with multiple catastrophic thromboses, DIC was not considered as FIB, aPTT, PT, and INR were all found to be normal. It was diagnosed by morphological and immune phenotyping. While hemorrhagic and infection-related complications are mostly encountered (10-20%) in the clinical course of APL, thrombotic complications due to DIC can also be rarely seen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The number of studies on the incidence of thrombosis developing at the time of diagnosis before induction therapy is very limited.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during AML is not frequently encountered in clinical practice. AMI occurs most commonly due to acute thrombosis, which, together with the rupture or erosion of plaques developed due to an atherosclerotic background, obstructs the coronary arteries secondary to local and systemic thrombogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In addition, conditions that cause an imbalance in myocardial oxygen delivery and demand can also cause nonobstructive AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Malignant diseases are also known to cause an increase in the frequency of AMI due to vasospasm, thrombosis, accelerated atherosclerosis, and radiation-related endothelial damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A case report stated that inferior STEMI developed in an APL patient with DIC, and acute coronary syndrome regressed dramatically quickly with heparin infusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The authors considered that the etiology of the patient&#8217;s acute coronary syndrome was due to DIC and not to atherosclerotic plaque rupture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Cases of non thrombotic AMI secondary to hyperleukocytosis and leukostasis and thrombotic AMI secondary to DIC have been reported in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Interestingly, in this case we have presented, there was no hyperleukocytosis, leukostasis or DIC. It is also known that especially in APL, leukemic promyelocytes can increase the expression of tissue factor (TF) and cancer procoagulant (CP), thus leading to thrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The development of existing thrombosis without coagulopathy can be thought to be secondary to the procoagulant content in the granules of abnormal promyelocytes.</p>
        <p>Co-occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) with leukemia, which have risk factors similar to AMI, is uncommon in the community. However, a study has shown that the risk of cerebrovascular disease development is increased in leukemia patients compared to the normal population. The mortality rate increases five times higher in leukemia patients with CVD development compared to leukemia patients without it.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Ischemic CVDs are an extremely rare complication in leucemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Besides, a case in the USA has been reported in which a patient presented with acute lower extremity and late coronary stent thrombosis, which was thought to be secondary to DIC, and was diagnosed with AML-M3 during hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In addition, life-threatening recurrent arterial-venous thromboembolic events (such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, splenic infarction, renal infarction, etc.) have been reported in APL patients in the literature, mostly during chemotherapy induction therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Xiao et al. reported that high WBC/D-dimer (&gt;5) and low D-dimer/FIB (&lt;5) could be independent predictors for thrombosis in their study on patients with APL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In the case we presented, the D-dimer/FIB ratio was low in correlation with this study (1.1), but differently, the WBC/D-dimer ratio was not high (0.2). This difference can be explained by our case being pancytopenic, while patients with very high WBC were included in the reference study.</p>
        <p>We thought that the multiple thrombotic events experienced by the patient were primarily due to AML causing coagulopathy secondary to the procoagulant content in the granules of abnormal promyelocytes. At the same time, apical aneurysm and severe hypokinesia at the apex are also possible in the etiology of cardioembolic stroke, despite the absence of intracardiac thrombus in echocardiography after AMI.</p>
        <p>In this case report, we present a patient with AMI who developed a <italic>cerebrovascular accident</italic> during follow-up and was diagnosed with AML-M3 with catastrophic results. Although AML-M3 has the best prognosis among myeloid leukemias, it is obvious that the prognosis is adversely affected by AMI and cerebrovascular accident coexistence. Although DIC and leukostasis are blamed in most AML-related AMI cases reported in the literature, these clinical pictures were not present in our case. APL should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pancytopenia accompanying thrombosis.</p>
        <p>In cases that cause multivessel ischemia, hematological diseases should be included in the etiological investigation. Possible pathologies should be evaluated by studying complete blood count, D-dimer, and FIB. Diagnosing the underlying primary disease is important in determining the treatment method (such as antithrombotic medication, leukapheresis, or percutaneous arterial interventions) and prognosis.</p>
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          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
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          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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