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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6vDPYLwgMjDhmjSPP8R9N4F</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700213</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00213</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230492</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ventila&#231;&#227;o e Par&#226;metros Respirat&#243;rios em RCP: Onde Estamos e Pr&#243;ximos Passos!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5523-1015</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lio Penna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein / Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo-UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: H&#233;lio Penna Guimar&#227;es</bold> &#8226; Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701, 5&#186; andar. CEP 05652-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>helio.guimaraes@einstein.br</email>; <email>heliopg@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230492</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Reanima&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventila&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>&#8220;<italic>Ent&#227;o formou o Senhor Deus o homem do p&#243; da terra, e lhe soprou nas narinas o f&#244;lego da vida, e o homem passou a ser alma vivente</italic>&#8221;</p>
      <p>B&#237;blia; G&#234;nesis, 2:7.</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>A primeira men&#231;&#227;o de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar refere-se ao momento da cria&#231;&#227;o de Ad&#227;o, tendo Deus &#8220;soprado em sua boca, dando-lhe a vida&#8221;. Menos simb&#243;lica e mais precisa em seu detalhamento, e considerada por muitos historiadores como o primeiro relato de manobras de RCP, est&#225; tamb&#233;m na b&#237;blia a descri&#231;&#227;o no livro dos Reis sobre o profeta Eliseu, um disc&#237;pulo de Elias, que reanimou um jovem filho de uma vi&#250;va sunamita. &#8220;...subiu &#224; cama, deitou-se sobre o menino e, pondo a sua boca sobre a boca dele, os seus olhos sobre os olhos dele e suas m&#227;os sobre as m&#227;os dele, se estendeu sobre o menino; este espirrou sete vezes e abriu os olhos&#8221; manobra realizada por Eliseu, narrada no II Reis 4:34-35141.</p>
    <p>Paracelsus avaliou, em 1530, uso de foles de lareira para introdu&#231;&#227;o do ar nos pulm&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos aparentemente mortos, caracterizando as primeiras e r&#250;sticas tentativas de ventila&#231;&#227;o artificial, baseadas no princ&#237;pio, at&#233; hoje utilizado, da ventila&#231;&#227;o sob press&#227;o positiva, utilizando as unidades bolsa-valva-m&#225;scara.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Tais relatos hist&#243;ricos t&#234;m em comum, desde as primeiras tentativas de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP), a preocupa&#231;&#227;o em ventilar/promover a respira&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o apenas a circula&#231;&#227;o, sempre foi fator de aten&#231;&#227;o para as manobras de suporte b&#225;sico e avan&#231;ado de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a fase inicial da RCP com prioridade de compress&#245;es utilizando a oxigena&#231;&#227;o residual sangu&#237;nea, a ventila&#231;&#227;o &#233; essencial para garantir a oxigena&#231;&#227;o e elimina&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De fato, a maioria dos estudos sobre ventila&#231;&#227;o durante a RCP avalia sua intera&#231;&#227;o com a efic&#225;cia das compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas e consequ&#234;ncias hemodin&#226;micas. Os efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos da ventila&#231;&#227;o durante a RCP ainda demandam de adequada compreens&#227;o abrangente de seu papel.</p>
    <p>Com o avan&#231;o de conhecimentos e diretrizes em RCP, a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP) foi direcionada para a uma maior preocupa&#231;&#227;o com qualidade de compress&#227;o, a despeito de que a ventila&#231;&#227;o adequada para evitar a hiperventila&#231;&#227;o continua sendo um problema comum, mesmo quando a RCP &#233; realizada por equipes de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o adequadamente capacitadas. Isso faz com que o monitoramento da ventila&#231;&#227;o seja considerado um procedimento fundamental, a fim de evitar efeitos hemodin&#226;micos delet&#233;rios e o aumento das frequ&#234;ncias respirat&#243;rias e dos volumes correntes causadores de barotrauma, volutrauma e atelectrauma, incorrendo em desfechos impactantes de morbidade e mortalidade nas s&#237;ndromes p&#243;s RCP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Cordioli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> registraram epis&#243;dios de ventila&#231;&#227;o reduzida associada a compress&#245;es, retratando tra&#231;ado de fluxo inspirat&#243;rio limitado durante a descompress&#227;o tor&#225;cica em PEEP zero. Estes autores justificam tal fato pela redu&#231;&#227;o do volume pulmonar abaixo do volume tor&#225;cico expirat&#243;rio final induzido por compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas, podendo provocar o fechamento das vias a&#233;reas distais e levar &#224; limita&#231;&#227;o do fluxo.</p>
    <p>Em modelos animais, o decl&#237;nio ao longo do tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o produzida apenas por compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas sozinhas levou a grandes &#225;reas de atelectasias e menor PaO2 em compara&#231;&#227;o com animais ativamente ventilados precocemente durante a RCP. A via a&#233;rea mantida sobre press&#227;o positiva permitiu a manuten&#231;&#227;o de uma ventila&#231;&#227;o eficiente e troca gasosa adequada apenas com compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas. A despeito disso, h&#225; um potencial efeito negativo da PEEP no fluxo sangu&#237;neo durante a RCP que potencialmente prejudicaria o retorno venoso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste cen&#225;rio, buscando estabelecer estrat&#233;gias de ventila&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica e protetora durante a RCP, a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e cerebral se apresenta como um desafio para os estudiosos.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Pal&#225;cio et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> avaliaram um ventilador mec&#226;nico port&#225;til com pico de press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria em modelo experimental com porcos com o intuito de avaliar a viabilidade da ventila&#231;&#227;o durante a RCP e comparar os par&#226;metros monitorados com a ventila&#231;&#227;o bolsa-v&#225;lvula. Os autores demostraram taxas de retorno para circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea e satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio semelhantes; com varia&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas de volume corrente, ETCO<sub>2</sub> e pico de fluxo inspirat&#243;rio, sendo menor a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar din&#226;mica ap&#243;s RCE no grupo bolsa-v&#225;lvula. O artigo conclui que a ventila&#231;&#227;o <italic>VLP2000E</italic> &#233; vi&#225;vel durante a RCP e equivalente &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o bolsa-v&#225;lvula quanto &#224;s taxas de RCE e &#224; satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio, por&#233;m com melhor perfil de par&#226;metros respirat&#243;rios e menor press&#227;o nas vias a&#233;reas e volume corrente.</p>
    <p>Considerando futuros e distintos cen&#225;rios como ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar ou mesmo departamentos de emerg&#234;ncia, dispositivos com esta performance podem otimizar a capacidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o durante a RCP, reduzindo a necessidade de membros adicionais na equipe com &#234;nfase na ventila&#231;&#227;o e permitindo maior foco de aten&#231;&#227;o a compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas, sem a perda da qualidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o e oxigena&#231;&#227;o. Estudos de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar s&#227;o muito bem-vindos &#224; literatura cient&#237;fica brasileira e a transla&#231;&#227;o dos estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos para estudos de fase III, visando a adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o dos achados, confere o pr&#243;ximo importante passo, similar aos dispositivos de feedback e compress&#227;o tor&#225;cica, para efetivamente recompor a qualidade da ventila&#231;&#227;o com menores impactos de les&#227;o pulmonar e per&#237;odo p&#243;s-PCR.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: O Uso de um Ventilador Mec&#226;nico Port&#225;til na Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar &#233; Vi&#225;vel, Melhora os Par&#226;metros Respirat&#243;rios e Previne a Redu&#231;&#227;o da Complac&#234;ncia Pulmonar Din&#226;mica</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ventilation and Respiratory Parameters in CPR: Where are We and Next Steps!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5523-1015</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lio Penna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein / Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo-UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: H&#233;lio Penna Guimar&#227;es</bold> &#8226; Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701, 5&#186; andar. Postal Code 05652-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: helio.guimaraes@einstein.br; heliopg@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventilation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>&#8220;<italic>Then the Lord God formed Man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul.</italic>&#8221;</p>
        <p>Bible; Genesis, 2:7.</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>The first mention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation refers to the moment of Adam&#8217;s creation, in which God &#8220;breathed into his mouth, giving him life.&#8221; The Bible also mentions, in the book of the Kings, prophet Elisha, a disciple of Elijah, who revived a young son of a Shunamite widow, whose description is less symbolic and more precise in its detailing, being considered by many historians to be the first account of CPR maneuvers. &#8220;... and he went up, and lay upon the child, and put his mouth upon his mouth, and his eyes upon his eyes, and his hands upon his hands: and he stretched himself upon the child; the child sneezed seven times, and the child opened his eyes,&#8221; maneuver performed by Elisha, narrated in II Kings 4:34-35141.</p>
      <p>Paracelsus evaluated, in 1530, the use of fireplace bellows to introduce air into the lungs of apparently dead individuals, characterizing the first and rustic attempts at artificial ventilation, based on the current principle of positive pressure ventilation using the bag-valve-mask units.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>These historical reports of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) attempts have one thing in common: the concern to ventilate/promote breathing and not only promote circulation has always been a factor of attention for basic and advanced life support maneuvers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>After the initial phase of CPR with priority compressions using residual blood oxygenation, ventilation is essential to ensure oxygenation and elimination of CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In fact, most studies on ventilation during CPR evaluate its interaction with the efficacy of chest compressions and hemodynamic consequences. The physiological effects of ventilation during CPR still demand an adequate comprehensive understanding of its role.</p>
      <p>With the advancement of knowledge and guidelines in CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was directed to a greater concern with compression quality, despite the fact that adequate ventilation to avoid hyperventilation remains a common problem, even when CPR is performed by adequately trained resuscitation teams. This requires ventilation monitoring to be considered a fundamental procedure, in order to avoid deleterious hemodynamic effects and the increase in respiratory rates and tidal volumes, which result in barotrauma, volutrauma and atelectrauma, incurring impacting morbidity and mortality outcomes in post-CPR syndromes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Cordioli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> recorded episodes of reduced ventilation associated with compressions, depicting limited inspiratory flow tracing during thoracic decompression in PEEP zero. These authors attribute this fact to the reduction of lung volume below the end-expiratory thoracic volume induced by chest compressions, which can cause closure of the distal airways and lead to flow limitation.</p>
      <p>In animal models, the decline over ventilation time produced only by chest compressions alone led to large atelectasis areas and lower PaO2 compared to animals that were ventilated early during CPR. The airway maintained under positive pressure allowed the maintenance of efficient ventilation and adequate gas exchange only with chest compressions. Despite these findings, there is a potential negative effect of PEEP on blood flow during CPR that would potentially impair venous return.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this scenario, seeking to establish strategies for practical and protective ventilation during CPR, cardiopulmonary and cerebral resuscitation poses itself as a challenge to scholars.</p>
      <p>In this edition, Palacio et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> evaluated a portable mechanical ventilator with peak inspiratory pressure in an experimental model with pigs, aiming to evaluate the viability of ventilation during CPR and compare the monitored parameters with bag-valve ventilation.</p>
      <p>The authors demonstrated similar rates of return for spontaneous circulation and arterial oxygen saturation; with statistically significant variations in tidal volume, CTE<sub>2,</sub> and peak inspiratory flow, with lower dynamic pulmonary compliance after WHR in the bag-valve group. The article concludes that <italic>VLP2000E</italic> ventilation is feasible during CPR and equivalent to bag-valve ventilation in terms of WHR rates and arterial oxygen saturation, but with a better profile of respiratory parameters and lower airway pressure and tidal volume.</p>
      <p>Considering future and different scenarios such as pre-hospital environments or even emergency rooms, devices with this performance can optimize ventilation capacity during CPR, reducing the need for additional team members focused on ventilation and allowing greater focus of attention to chest compressions, without the loss of quality of ventilation and oxygenation. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation studies are very welcome in the Brazilian scientific literature, and the translation of preclinical studies to phase III studies for adequate evaluation of findings confers the next important step, similar to feedback devices and chest compression, to effectively recompose the quality of ventilation with lower impacts on lung injury and post-CRP periods.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Use of a Portable Mechanical Ventilator during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is Feasible, Improves Respiratory Parameters, and Prevents the Decrease of Dynamic Lung Compliance</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
