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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mXDgV9TTsmg9Psswgx4fbTp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230417</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Que Pe&#231;as Faltam no Quebra-Cabe&#231;a da Adapta&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular ao Ortostatismo?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vit&#243;ria Apart Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Serra</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vit&#243;ria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia, Serra, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Antonio Moraes</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ufes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Antonio Moraes (Hucam) &#8211; Ufes, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jorge Elias Neto &#8226; Vitoria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia &#8211; Rodovia BR-101 Norte, Km 2,38, s/n. CEP 29161-900, Boa Vista II, Serra, ES &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jeliasneto@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230417</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Variabilidade R-R</kwd>
        <kwd>Velocidade da Onda de Pulso</kwd>
        <kwd>Ortostase</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O bipedalismo da esp&#233;cie humana &#233; um marco evolutivo e tem motivado extensas pesquisas nas &#225;reas fisiol&#243;gica e antropol&#243;gica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora a for&#231;a gravitacional (+Gz), atuando a uma velocidade m&#233;dia de 9,8 m/s<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">2</xref></sup> , crie um gradiente de press&#227;o ao n&#237;vel do sistema circulat&#243;rio, o ser humano &#233; capaz de manter uma postura ereta porque a press&#227;o gravitacional &#233; parcialmente neutralizada por mecanismos compensat&#243;rios auton&#244;micos e cardiovasculares que impedem a hipotens&#227;o e a perda de consci&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a ortostase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Oliveira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">4</xref></sup> contribuem com mais algumas pe&#231;as para este complexo quebra-cabe&#231;a de adapta&#231;&#227;o ao estresse gravitacional em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Recentemente, observou-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do uso do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI) na investiga&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ncope. Alguns autores chegaram a argumentar que o TI para investiga&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ncope deveria ser abolido devido &#224; possibilidade de n&#227;o estabelecer uma causa expl&#237;cita de s&#237;ncope; ter muitos falsos positivos e nunca desempenham um papel na orienta&#231;&#227;o do tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora o TI ao longo do tempo ser utilizado na estratifica&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica mais relacionada a subgrupos espec&#237;ficos de pacientes com hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope, persiste como m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico seguro, de baixo custo, reprodut&#237;vel e de baixo risco para investiga&#231;&#227;o da resposta ao estresse gravitacional e para estudar a fisiopatologia relacionada &#224; s&#237;ncope e outras patologias relacionadas ao desajuste ao estresse ortost&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>Essa observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; corroborada pelo presente estudo, onde uma abordagem cl&#237;nica integrada, utilizando a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, o escore de Calgary e o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, possibilitou o diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico na grande maioria dos pacientes, evitando assim exames desnecess&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Alguns aspectos se destacam neste estudo.</p>
    <p>O primeiro foi que diversas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e os escores de Calgary n&#227;o permitiam predizer a resposta ao TI.</p>
    <p>No entanto, esse achado &#233; consistente com a literatura.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que o reflexo induzido pelo TI pode n&#227;o ser id&#234;ntico aos ataques espont&#226;neos, sendo as bradiarritmias as mais frequentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">6</xref></sup> A forma cardioinibit&#243;ria, por vezes sem pr&#243;dromos e com trauma significativo, &#233; frequentemente registrada em pacientes submetidos a monitor de eventos implant&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outro ponto importante a ser discutido &#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do acesso IV e sua poss&#237;vel interfer&#234;ncia na an&#225;lise da variabilidade RR e a alta incid&#234;ncia da necessidade de manobras farmacol&#243;gicas para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do acesso IV seria uma &#8220;pe&#231;a&#8221; inadequada que interfere na an&#225;lise fisiopatol&#243;gica da s&#237;ncope vasovagal?</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ncope vasovagal &#233; uma rea&#231;&#227;o complexa e, al&#233;m da idade, grande parte da varia&#231;&#227;o de resposta entre os indiv&#237;duos tamb&#233;m pode ser provocada por est&#237;mulos nocivos e estar relacionada a m&#233;todos de estudo como a pun&#231;&#227;o venosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Stevens, em 1966 demonstrou que a instrumenta&#231;&#227;o e sua ansiedade associada aumentavam consideravelmente a probabilidade de uma rea&#231;&#227;o hipotensiva. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o foi consistente com estudos humanos anteriores mostrando vasodilata&#231;&#227;o nos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos durante o estresse emocional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O acesso IV tamb&#233;m apresentava a desvantagem de poss&#237;vel dor concomitante, poluindo a atmosfera auton&#244;mica do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entre os poucos estudos na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica que foram publicados para investigar a atividade dos barorreceptores e a variabilidade RR durante o TI, a maioria n&#227;o usou acesso IV ou meios farmacol&#243;gicos para evitar rea&#231;&#245;es cruzadas aos receptores e altera&#231;&#245;es resultantes na fisiologia normal do reflexo barorreceptor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Fato que chama a aten&#231;&#227;o no estudo de Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">4</xref></sup> &#233; que entre os 54 pacientes com TI positivo, 9 (16,6%) precisaram de interven&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">4</xref></sup> Embora seja um resultado superior ao observado em outros estudos, os autores n&#227;o analisaram esse subgrupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>A seguran&#231;a do TI em crian&#231;as &#233; provavelmente a maior preocupa&#231;&#227;o. A maioria dos eventos adversos do TI em pacientes com cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal est&#225; relacionada ao teste sensibilizado com isoproterenol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">13</xref></sup> Em geral, os eventos mais significativos est&#227;o presentes em pacientes com forma cardioinibit&#243;ria, mas a maioria desses pacientes se recuperou completamente ap&#243;s deitar-se.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A hipotens&#227;o induzida pelo TI geralmente &#233; autolimitada e se recupera 1 minuto ap&#243;s a inclina&#231;&#227;o para tr&#225;s. No entanto, Wieling et al. relataram sete casos adultos com hipotens&#227;o prolongada p&#243;s-s&#237;ncope (HPPS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">14</xref></sup> Apesar do uso de nitrato sublingual nesses casos, o autor argumenta que o mecanismo de HPPS demonstrou ser a recupera&#231;&#227;o retardada de VS e CO devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade card&#237;aca, e n&#227;o &#224; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pela retirada simp&#225;tica vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os sinais e sintomas prodr&#244;micos s&#227;o mais frequentemente experimentados em indiv&#237;duos jovens quando a s&#237;ncope vasovagal espont&#226;nea secund&#225;ria &#224; emo&#231;&#227;o de estresse medo-dor &#233; iminente. Isso indica um controle auton&#244;mico mais robusto.<sup>16</sup></p>
    <p>Durante a HPPS, o barorreflexo arterial est&#225; com a fun&#231;&#227;o deprimida e a FC e a PA persistentemente baixas e inapropriadas s&#227;o consistentes com a supress&#227;o sustentada dos mecanismos excitat&#243;rios. Esses pacientes podem ser incapazes de ativar as vias simp&#225;ticas centrais para superar a atividade vagal exagerada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que esse aspecto esteja envolvido no n&#250;mero significativo de HPPS relatados neste artigo.</p>
    <p>&#201; relatada maior ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica na posi&#231;&#227;o supina no sexo masculino, no grupo com TI positivo, ao contr&#225;rio da aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a entre os sexos durante a ortostase.Os autores enfatizam a diferen&#231;a temporal entre a puberdade e o sexos, o que pode afetar as diferentes respostas auton&#244;micas observadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Seria poss&#237;vel acrescentar mais duas vari&#225;veis que poderiam contribuir para esse achado: o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e, principalmente, a altura dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>O IMC &#233; um marcador preciso de aumento do risco cardiovascular, mas tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado &#224; intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica. O IMC de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de taquicardia ortost&#225;tica postural com baixo volume sangu&#237;neo foi significativamente menor do que o de pacientes com volume sangu&#237;neo normal. Isso sugere que o IMC est&#225; relacionado ao volume sangu&#237;neo.<sup>17</sup></p>
    <p>Por outro lado, a s&#237;ncope vasovagal ocorre mais comumente em indiv&#237;duos mais altos, o que se justifica pela import&#226;ncia da altura (h) no estresse gravitacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A dire&#231;&#227;o do campo gravitacional da Terra perto da superf&#237;cie &#233; vertical, e a dist&#226;ncia r &#233; igual &#224; altura do sistema: Ugr=gz x h. Isso explica porque o efeito da gravidade &#233; significativo apenas na postura ortost&#225;tica. Na postura horizontal, a altura do corpo humano, h, &#233; muito pequena, tornando Ugr insignificante, mas aumenta muito durante a ortostase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Recentemente, Elias Neto et al. demonstraram que a velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) de indiv&#237;duos jovens ap&#243;s a ortostase apresentou valores semelhantes aos encontrados em idosos na posi&#231;&#227;o dorsal, corroborando o papel do aumento da VOP com o aumento do componente retr&#243;grado da onda de pulso na adapta&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica.<sup>18</sup></p>
    <p>Como o comprimento a&#243;rtico est&#225; relacionado com a altura corporal, a onda de reflex&#227;o arterial ocorre mais tardiamente em indiv&#237;duos mais altos. N&#227;o seria incongruente supor que, em indiv&#237;duos jovens, principalmente do sexo feminino, aqueles que apresentam n&#237;veis basais de press&#227;o arterial mais baixos, a presen&#231;a de uma aorta mais alongada poderia interferir no retorno do componente refletido &#224;s por&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rticas proximais de forma otimizada, o que poderia resultar na ativa&#231;&#227;o de reflexos relacionados &#224; g&#234;nese da s&#237;ncope (por exemplo, o reflexo de Bezold-Jarisch).<sup>18</sup></p>
    <p>Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel considerar que a an&#225;lise da influ&#234;ncia da complac&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica sobre o barorreflexo pode permitir maior elucida&#231;&#227;o da adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; ortostase e da fisiopatologia da s&#237;ncope neuromediada.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios mecanismos reguladores ocorrem instantaneamente em resposta aos efeitos da gravidade. O sistema regulador neural medeia o ajuste inicial &#224; ortostase. Entretanto, a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros f&#237;sicos e din&#226;micos vasculares, particularmente das grandes art&#233;rias, provavelmente decorrentes da evolu&#231;&#227;o da esp&#233;cie humana frente ao estresse gravitacional, pode contribuir com pe&#231;as importantes para o melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia da s&#237;ncope vasovagal, particularmente na popula&#231;&#227;o jovem que se encontra em transi&#231;&#227;o hormonal/estrutural adaptativa.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>What Pieces are Missing in the Puzzle of Cardiovascular Adaptation to Orthostatism?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vit&#243;ria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia, Serra, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Antonio Moraes (Hucam) &#8211; Ufes, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Jorge Elias Neto &#8226; Vitoria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia &#8211; Rodovia BR-101 Norte, Km 2,38, s/n. Postal Code 29161-900, Boa Vista II, Serra, ES &#8211; Brazil E-mail: jeliasneto@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Head-up Tilt Test</kwd>
        <kwd>R-R Variability</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Velocity</kwd>
        <kwd>Ortostasis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The bipedalism of the human species is an evolutionary milestone and has motivated extensive research in the physiological and anthropological areas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although the gravitational force (+Gz), acting at a mean velocity of 9.8 m/s<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , creates a gradient of pressure at the level of the circulatory system, the human being is capable of maintaining an upright posture because the gravitational pressure is partially neutralized by autonomic and cardiovascular compensatory mechanisms that prevent hypotension and loss of consciousness would ensue after orthostasis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this edition, Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> contribute with a few more pieces to this complex adaptation puzzle to gravitational stress in children and adolescents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recently, a decrease in the use of head-up tilt test (HUTT) in the investigation of syncope has been observed. Some authors have even argued that HUTT for the workup of syncope should be abolished due to the possibility that it fails to establish an explicit cause of syncope, is plagued by false positives, and never plays a role in guiding treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Even though the HUTT over time has seen its use in diagnostic stratification more related to specific subgroups of patients with a history of syncope, it persists as a safe, low-cost, reproducible, and low-risk diagnostic method for investigating the response to gravitational stress and to study the pathophysiology related to syncope and other pathologies related to maladjustment to orthostatic stress.</p>
      <p>This observation is corroborated by the present study, where an integrated clinical approach, using the clinical history, the Calgary score, and the HUTT, made it possible to make the etiological diagnosis in the vast majority of patients, thus avoiding unnecessary tests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Some aspects stand out in this study.</p>
      <p>The first was that several clinical variables and the Calgary scores did not allow for predicting the response to the HUTT.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, this finding is consistent with the literature.</p>
      <p>It is known that Tilt-induced reflex may not be identical to spontaneous attacks, with bradyarrhythmias being the more frequent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The cardioinhibitory form, sometimes without prodromes and with significant trauma, is frequently recorded in patients undergoing implantable loop recorder.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another important point to discuss is the use of I.v. access and its possible interference in the analysis of RR variability and the high incidence of the need for pharmacological maneuvers for the clinical stabilization of patients.</p>
      <p>Would using I.v. access be an inadequate &#8220;piece&#8221; that interferes with the pathophysiological analysis of vasovagal syncope?</p>
      <p>Vasovagal syncope is a complex reaction, and, in addition to age, much of the variation between individuals may also be provoked by noxious stimuli and relate to study methods such as venipuncture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Stevens, in 1966, demonstrated that instrumentation and its associated anxiety increased considerably the likelihood of a hypotensive reaction. This observation was consistent with earlier human studies showing vasodilation in skeletal muscles during emotional stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The I.v. access also had the disadvantage of possible accompanying pain, polluting the autonomic atmosphere of the patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Among the few studies in the pediatric population that have been published to investigate the baroreceptor activity and R-R variability during HUTT, most did not use I.v. access or pharmacologic means to avoid cross-reactions to receptors and resulting changes in the normal baroreceptor reflex physiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A fact that draws attention in the study by Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> is that among the 54 patients with positive HUTT, 9 (16.6%) required medical intervention for clinical stabilization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Although it is a result superior to that observed in other studies, the authors did not analyze this subgroup of patients.</p>
      <p>The safety of HUTT in children is probably of the greatest concern. The majority of adverse events of HUTT for patients with normal heart structure are reportedly related to the isoproterenol challenge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In general, the most significant events are present in patients with cardioinhibitory form, but most of these patients completely recovered after lying down.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Hypotension induced by HUTT is usually self-limiting and recovers 1 minute after tilting back. However, Wieling et al. reported seven adult cases with prolonged post-faint hypotension (PPFH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Despite the use of sublingual nitrate in these cases, the author argues that the mechanism for PPFH has been demonstrated to be delayed recovery of SV and CO because of decreased cardiac contractility, not vasodilatation mediated by vascular sympathetic withdrawal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The prodromal signs and symptoms are more often experienced in young subjects when spontaneous vasovagal syncope secondary to fear-pain stress emotion is imminent. This indicates a more robust autonomic control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>During PPFH, the arterial baroreflex is unloaded, and the persistent inappropriately low HR and BP are consistent with sustained suppression of excitatory mechanisms. These patients may be unable to activate the central sympathetic pathways to overcome exaggerated vagal activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>We hypothesize that this aspect is involved in the significant number of PPFH reported in this article.</p>
      <p>Greater sympathetic activation in the supine position in males, in the group with positive HUTT, as opposed to the absence of difference between the sexes during orthostasis, is reported. The authors properly emphasize the temporal difference between puberty and genders, which could impact the different observed autonomic responses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It would be possible to add two more variables that could contribute to this finding: the body mass index (BMI) and, particularly, the height of the patients.</p>
      <p>BMI is an accurate marker of increased cardiovascular risk but is also related to orthostatic intolerance. The BMI of patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome with a low blood volume was significantly lower than that of patients with a normal blood volume. This suggests that BMI is related to blood volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>On the other hand, vasovagal syncope occurs more commonly with taller individuals, which is justified by the importance of height (h) in gravitational stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The direction of the Earth&#8217;s gravitational field close to the surface is vertical, and the distance r is equal to the system height: Ugr=gz x h. That explains why the effect of gravity is significant only in the orthostatic posture. In the horizontal posture, the height of the human body, h, is too little, making Ugr negligible, but it greatly increases during orthostasis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recently, Elias Neto et al. demonstrated that the pulse wave velocity of young individuals after orthostasis showed values similar to those found in older people in the dorsal position, corroborating the role of increased pulse wave velocity with an increased retrograde wave in the individual&#8217;s adaptation to the orthostatic position.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As the aortic length is related to body height, the arterial reflection wave occurs later in taller individuals. It would not be incongruous to suppose that, in young individuals, especially females, those who present lower basal levels of arterial pressure, the presence of a more elongated aorta could interfere with the return of the reflected component to the proximal aortic portions in an optimized way, which could result in the activation of reflexes related to the genesis of the syncope (for instance, the Bezold-Jarisch reflex).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, it is possible to consider that analyzing the influence of aortic compliance on the baroreflex can allow further elucidation of the adaptation to orthostasis and the physiopathology of neuromediated syncope.</p>
      <p>Several regulatory mechanisms occur instantly in response to the effects of gravity. The neural regulatory system mediates the initial adjustment to orthostasis. However, the incorporation of physical and dynamic vascular parameters, particularly of the great arteries, probably arising from the evolution of the human species in the face of gravitational stress, may contribute with important pieces to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of vasovagal syncope and orthostatic hypotension, particularly in the young population who are in an adaptive hormonal/structural transition.</p>
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            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Clinical and Autonomic Profile, and Modified Calgary Score for Children and Adolescents with Presumed Vasovagal Syncope Submitted to the Tilt Test</italic>
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