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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">MLfPcrjyNHzwzqg3j7VGPgb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230401</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implante Transcateter de Valva A&#243;rtica: O Que j&#225; Aconteceu e o que Ainda est&#225; Por Vir</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1919-164X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Costa de Souza Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0890-5870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Bellio de Mattos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: David Costa de Souza Le Bihan &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>davidbihan@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230401</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Valva a&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Em abril 2002 foi realizado o primeiro implante transcateter de valva a&#243;rtica (TAVI) em seres humanos, ainda como um procedimento experimental, em um paciente com estenose a&#243;rtica e choque cardiog&#234;nico, sem condi&#231;&#245;es para realizar interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, tendo nesse procedimento compassivo a sua &#250;nica possibilidade de sobreviver.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Para chegar a esse momento, muitos esfor&#231;os j&#225; tinham sido empregados no desenvolvimento de prot&#243;tipos por quase 20 anos anteriores, mas provavelmente o Dr. Alain Cribier j&#225; tinha a ideia, naquela &#233;poca do primeiro implante, da revolu&#231;&#227;o que estaria por vir.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Passados 21 anos do primeiro caso, o TAVI atingiu agora a maior idade. Hoje, faz parte da rotina do cardiologista cl&#237;nico, que passou a confiar nele como uma real alternativa frente ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico convencional. O TAVI revolucionou a forma como tratamos aquela que &#233; a doen&#231;a valvar mais prevalente em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, atingindo at&#233; 7% da popula&#231;&#227;o acima de 65 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O TAVI trouxe consigo muitas novidades. Uma delas, foi a incorpora&#231;&#227;o nos hospitais dos chamados &#8220; <italic>heart teams</italic> &#8221;, ou seja, grupos compostos por cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos, intervencionistas e especialistas em imagens, al&#233;m de cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares e anestesiologistas, que passaram a se reunir de forma sistem&#225;tica para discutir casos cl&#237;nicos, buscando a melhor alternativa para tratar um doente espec&#237;fico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a partir do TAVI, o tratamento percut&#226;neo das doen&#231;as estruturais do cora&#231;&#227;o ganhou muito impulso e hoje falamos corriqueiramente de reparo <italic>valve-in-valve, valve-in-mac</italic> , implante percut&#226;neo de pr&#243;tese pulmonar, reparo mitral borda a borda, reparo tric&#250;spide percut&#226;neo, oclus&#227;o de refluxos paravalvares, entre outros procedimentos.</p>
    <p>Ao longo desses anos, o TAVI se desenvolveu e mudou muito. As pr&#243;teses evolu&#237;ram, tornando o implante mais f&#225;cil, com resultados mais previs&#237;veis e com baixos &#237;ndices de complica&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, algumas pr&#243;teses passaram a apresentar capacidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o antes da libera&#231;&#227;o final e aumentaram as facilidades para acesso aos &#243;stios coronarianos em interven&#231;&#245;es futuras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essas novas tecnologias, o treinamento das equipes e dos <italic>heart teams</italic> t&#234;m colaborado para a diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa das complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao TAVI ao longo desses 21 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os procedimentos tamb&#233;m se tornaram mais simples, sendo realizados sob seda&#231;&#227;o, sem intuba&#231;&#227;o traqueal e com monitora&#231;&#227;o apenas por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> De fato, atualmente s&#227;o realizados com anestesia geral e ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico tridimensional apenas os casos com desafios anat&#244;micos, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ou impossibilidade de uso de contraste iodado por disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nos demais casos, o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico para diagn&#243;stico e em sala para avaliar complica&#231;&#245;es e a tomografia computadorizada antes do procedimento (para defini&#231;&#227;o da anatomia do complexo a&#243;rtico e das vias de acesso) s&#227;o suficientes para dar suporte a essa interven&#231;&#227;o. Essa estrat&#233;gia minimalista, de fato, refletiu em substancial economia para o TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o do TAVI tamb&#233;m permitiu conhecer melhor suas limita&#231;&#245;es, tais como os an&#233;is muito pequenos ou muito grandes, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o que se estende para a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, os dist&#250;rbios el&#233;tricos avan&#231;ados, os seios de Valsalva estreitos, os &#243;stios coronarianos de implante baixo, vias de acesso estreitas e as valvas bivalvulares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Apesar de nenhum desses se tratar de contraindica&#231;&#227;o absoluta, implicam em maiores riscos, que atualmente s&#227;o bem conhecidos e podem ser ponderados pelo <italic>heart team</italic> para tomada de decis&#227;o, frente &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente e &#224; possibilidade de cirurgia convencional.</p>
    <p>Com todo esse suporte de conhecimento, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais e brasileira passaram a indicar o TAVI para pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica em todo o espectro de risco operat&#243;rio, dependendo da situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Dentro desse contexto, o artigo de Diegoli et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, compila os resultados dos grandes estudos randomizados que foram realizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Ao reanalisar esses resultados em uma metan&#225;lise, chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o os melhores desfechos observados na popula&#231;&#227;o de risco cir&#250;rgico baixo, para a qual a cirurgia convencional ainda &#233; colocada como primeira op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise dos dados de Diegoli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> nos desperta d&#250;vidas sobre o futuro do tratamento para estenose a&#243;rtica: ser&#225; o TAVI, em breve, a estrat&#233;gia preferencial para todos os pacientes?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A chave para essa resposta repousa sobre tr&#234;s pontos principais: a durabilidade das pr&#243;teses percut&#226;neas frente &#224;s pr&#243;teses cir&#250;rgicas, a presen&#231;a de refluxos paraprot&#233;ticos (ainda mais frequentes no TAVI do que nas pr&#243;teses cir&#250;rgicas) e a necessidade de implante de marcapasso, tamb&#233;m mais frequente no TAVI, como tamb&#233;m demonstrado por Diegoli et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> especialmente para as pr&#243;teses autoexpans&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Quando se trata do primeiro ponto, estudos preliminares mostraram desfechos semelhantes quanto &#224; degenera&#231;&#227;o estrutural, tanto para as pr&#243;teses bal&#227;o expans&#237;veis quanto para as autoexpans&#237;veis, quando comparadas &#224;s pr&#243;teses cir&#250;rgicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo de custo efetividade mostrou discreta vantagem econ&#244;mica para o TAVI, no acompanhamento em m&#233;dio prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Entretanto, para pacientes mais jovens (abaixo de 70 anos), ainda n&#227;o temos dados consistentes para a durabilidade das pr&#243;teses TAVI frente &#224;s cir&#250;rgicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos refluxos paraprot&#233;ticos, eles s&#227;o infrequentes na cirurgia convencional. &#201; fato que com as novas pr&#243;teses TAVI sua incid&#234;ncia tem diminu&#237;do e, mesmo quando presentes, tendem a diminuir ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Entretanto, sua presen&#231;a &#233; relevante e apresenta impacto negativo na sobrevida dos pacientes, mesmo para casos considerados discretos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Ainda, a necessidade de implante de marcapasso, que acontece em cerca de 17% nas pr&#243;teses TAVI autoexpans&#237;veis frente a 6% nas pr&#243;teses cir&#250;rgicas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> impacta nos custos m&#233;dicos em longo prazo e na mortalidade dos pacientes ap&#243;s TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Finalmente, n&#227;o se conhece bem como pacientes com pr&#243;teses a&#243;rticas percut&#226;neas implantadas se comparam aos com pr&#243;teses cirurgicamente implantadas, caso haja necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, visto que o explante das pr&#243;teses percut&#226;neas parece ser mais complexo e possivelmente envolve maior risco.</p>
    <p>Portanto, apesar dos resultados animadores apresentados por Diegoli et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> h&#225; necessidade de cautela. A &#8220;Odisseia do TAVI&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ainda est&#225; acontecendo diante dos nossos olhos. Apesar dos excelentes resultados em curto prazo, ainda h&#225; muito o que estudar. A redu&#231;&#227;o dos refluxos paraprot&#233;ticos e da incid&#234;ncia de marcapasso s&#227;o desafios que est&#227;o &#224; frente. A cirurgia convencional, que tamb&#233;m apresentou grande evolu&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos, certamente tem seu espa&#231;o garantido na atualidade para os casos, n&#227;o infrequentes, em que as limita&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas tornam o TAVI um procedimento de maior risco, independentemente do perfil de paciente, bem como nas doen&#231;as multivalvares.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
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          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Implante Valvar Transcateter em Pacientes com Estenose Valvar A&#243;rtica: Uma Overview de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas e Metan&#225;lise Incluindo M&#250;ltiplas Popula&#231;&#245;es</italic>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: What has Happened and What is Yet to Come</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1919-164X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Costa de Souza Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0890-5870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Bellio de Mattos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailng Address: David Costa de Souza Le Bihan &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: davidbihan@uol.com.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Systematic Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In April 2002, the first transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) was performed in humans, still as an experimental procedure, in a patient with aortic stenosis and cardiogenic shock, unable to undergo surgical intervention, with this compassionate procedure being his only possibility to survive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> To get to this moment, much effort had already been taken into developing prototypes for almost 20 years previous, but probably Dr. Alain Cribier already had the idea, at that time of the first implant, of the revolution to come.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>After 21 years of the first case, TAVI has now come of age. Today, it is part of the routine of clinical cardiologists, who have come to trust it as a real alternative to conventional surgical treatment. TAVI has revolutionized how we treat the most prevalent valve disease in developed countries, affecting up to 7% of the population over 65.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>TAVI brought with it many novelties. One of them was the incorporation into hospitals of the so-called &#8220;heart teams,&#8221; that is, groups composed of clinical cardiologists, interventionists, and imaging specialists, in addition to cardiovascular surgeons and anesthesiologists, who began to meet systematically to discuss clinical cases, looking for the best alternative to treat a specific patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In addition, from TAVI, the percutaneous treatment of structural heart diseases gained much momentum, and today we talk routinely about valve-in-valve repair, valve-in-mac, percutaneous implantation of the pulmonary prosthesis, edge-to-edge mitral repair, percutaneous tricuspid valve repair, occlusion of paravalvular leaks, among other procedures.</p>
      <p>Over these years, TAVI has developed and changed a lot. Prostheses have evolved, making implantation easier, with more predictable results and low complication rates. In addition, some prostheses were manufactured with a recovery capacity before its final release, and with an easier access to the coronary ostia in future interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These new technologies, and the trainning of heart teams have contributed to a significant decrease in complications associated with TAVI over these 21 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The procedures have also become simpler, being performed under conscious sedation, without tracheal intubation, and with monitoring only by transthoracic echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Currently, only cases with anatomical challenges, left ventricular dysfunction, or impossibility of using iodinated contrast due to renal dysfunction are performed with general anesthesia and three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In other cases, transthoracic echocardiography (for diagnosis and during procedure, to evaluate complications) and computed tomography before the procedure (to define the anatomy of the aortic complex and the access route) are sufficient to support this intervention. This minimalist strategy resulted in substantial savings for TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The evolution of TAVI has also made it possible to understand better its limitations, such as very small or very large annulus, calcification extending into the left ventricular outflow tract, advanced electrical disturbances, narrow sinuses of Valsalva, coronary ostia of low implant, narrow access ways and bicuspid valves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although none of these are absolute contraindications, they imply greater risks, which are currently well known and can be considered by the heart team for decision-making, considering the clinical condition of the patient and the possibility of conventional surgery.</p>
      <p>With all this background knowledge, international and Brazilian recommendations began to indicate TAVI for patients with aortic stenosis in the entire spectrum of operative risk, depending on the clinical situation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Within this context, the article of Diegoli et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> published in this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> , compiles results from large randomized trials that have been performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> When reanalyzing these data in a meta-analysis, they observed better outcomes in the low-surgical-risk population, for whom conventional surgery is still considered the first treatment option.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The data analysis by Diegoli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> raises questions about the future of treatment for aortic stenosis: will TAVI soon be the preferred strategy for all patients?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The key to this answer rests on three main points: the durability of percutaneous prostheses compared to surgical prostheses, the presence of paraprosthetic leaks (still more frequent in TAVI than in surgical prostheses), and the need for pacemaker implantation, also more frequent in TAVI, as also demonstrated by Diegoli et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> especially for self-expanding prostheses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Regarding the first point, preliminary studies have shown similar outcomes in terms of structural degeneration, both for balloon-expandable and self-expandable prostheses, when compared to surgical prostheses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In addition, a cost-effectiveness study showed a slight economic advantage for TAVI in the medium-term follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, for younger patients (below 70 years), we still do not have consistent data for the durability of TAVI prostheses compared to surgical prostheses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Regarding paraprosthetic leaks, they are infrequent in conventional surgery. It is a fact that with the new TAVI prostheses, their incidence has decreased; besides, even when present, they tend to decrease over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, its presence is relevant and has a negative impact on patient survival, even for cases considered as a mild regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Furthermore, the need for pacemaker implantation, which occurs in approximately 17% of self-expandable TAVI prostheses compared to 6% of surgical prostheses,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> impacts long-term medical costs and patient mortality after TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Finally, it is not well known how patients with implanted percutaneous aortic prostheses compare to those with surgically implanted prostheses, in case there is a need for surgical reintervention since the explantation of percutaneous prostheses seems to be more complex and possibly involves greater risk.</p>
      <p>Therefore, despite the encouraging results presented by Diegoli et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> caution is needed. The &#8220;TAVI Odyssey&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> is still happening before our eyes. Despite the excellent short-term results, there is still much to study. Reducing paraprosthetic leaks and the incidence of pacemakers are challenges ahead. Conventional surgery, which has also shown a great evolution in recent years, certainly has its space guaranteed nowadays for cases, not infrequent, in which anatomical limitations make TAVI a higher-risk procedure, regardless of the patient&#8217;s profile, as well as in the multivalvular diseases.</p>
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            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Transcatheter Valve Replacement in Patients with Aortic Valve Stenosis: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis with Different Populations</italic>
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