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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pS8KFsZRVtCjH5PJ8snGkVk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230391</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o Induzida pela Obesidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2806-743X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudio Leinig Pereira da Cunha &#8226; Rua Olavo Bilac, 181. CEP 80440-040, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>cpcunha@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230391</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) e a obesidade s&#227;o duas das doen&#231;as mais comuns e frequentemente podem ser interrelacionadas, provocando significativo dano cardiovascular. O excesso de peso tipicamente aumenta a press&#227;o arterial, e a perda de peso usualmente reduz a press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de aumentar o risco da HA, o sobrepeso e a obesidade incrementam o risco cardiovascular por meio de efeitos nos lip&#237;dios, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, acidente vascular cerebral, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e outros processos cardiometab&#243;licos, assim como promovem maior mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Neste n&#250;mero dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> apresentam estudo de marcadores laboratoriais e cl&#237;nicos que associam a HA &#224; obesidade em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia bari&#225;trica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade tem aumentado significativamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Indiv&#237;duos com &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , entre 1980 e 2013, passaram de 28,8% para 36,9% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial entre os homens e de 29,8% para 38,0% entre as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No Brasil, 52,4% da popula&#231;&#227;o encontrava-se com sobrepeso em 2014, sendo que 17,9% eram obesos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A HA &#233; a doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica mais prevalente em todo o mundo, afetando aproximadamente um ter&#231;o da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta. A press&#227;o arterial (PA) &#233; mantida por diversos fatores que incluem principalmente o volume intravascular, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e a capacidade el&#225;stica das art&#233;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O aumento da adiposidade, seja avaliado pelo aumento do peso corporal, o IMC ou a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, &#233; fortemente associado com maior PA e desenvolvimento de HA. No <italic>Nurses&#8217; Health Study</italic> ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> 82.473 enfermeiras com 30 a 55 anos de idade foram seguidas a cada 2 anos por at&#233; 18 anos, e observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o do aumento do IMC com o risco de HA. Nesta pesquisa, o ganho de peso tamb&#233;m foi associado com aumento do risco de HA, sendo que as mulheres que ganharam de 5,0-9,9 kg e &#8805;25,0 kg tiveram risco aumentado de 1,7 a 5,2, respectivamente, para desenvolver HA. A fra&#231;&#227;o de novos casos de HA atribu&#237;veis ao sobrepeso e obesidade foi 40% nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic> os participantes foram seguidos prospectivamente por at&#233; 44 anos, e p&#244;de ser estimado que o excesso de peso corporal, incluindo sobrepeso e obesidade, foi respons&#225;vel por 26% dos casos de HA nos homens e 28% nas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O aumento da PA observado na obesidade &#233; inicialmente associado com uma eleva&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, sendo mantida uma resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica (RVS) relativamente normal. Contudo, obesos normotensos t&#234;m o mesmo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, mas uma RVS inferior &#224; dos magros normotensos. Ent&#227;o, a diferen&#231;a hemodin&#226;mica entre obesos hipertensos e normotensos &#233; uma eleva&#231;&#227;o da RVS nos hipertensos, uma diferen&#231;a similar &#224; observada entre magros hipertensos e normotensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas na obesidade, associadas com anormalidades nos lip&#237;dios e no metabolismo da glicose, parecem estar relacionadas com a distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura, e n&#227;o apenas ao peso corporal. Especificamente, os riscos das anormalidades relacionadas &#224; obesidade s&#227;o maiores na obesidade abdominal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Numerosos mecanismos t&#234;m sido propostos para associar o sobrepeso e a obesidade com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA: 1 &#8211; Les&#227;o renal (compress&#227;o dos rins pela gordura, ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica); 2 &#8211; Hiperinsulinemia e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (atividade simp&#225;tica aumentada, aumento da reabsor&#231;&#227;o renal do s&#243;dio, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, regula&#231;&#227;o alterada dos receptores da angiotensina II, redu&#231;&#227;o do sistema pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico); 3 &#8211; Apneia obstrutiva do sono; 4 &#8211; Via leptina-melanocortina; 5 &#8211; Suscetibilidade gen&#233;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Conclui-se que a Hipertens&#227;o Arterial associada &#224; Obesidade &#233; mais um motivo para dirigirmos todos os esfor&#231;os poss&#237;veis para combater o descontrole do peso que afeta a popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ard</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Egan</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lavie</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Weight-Loss Strategies for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>e38</fpage>
          <lpage>e50</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYP.0000000000000202</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Hall JE, Carmo JM, Silva AA, Wang Z, Hall ME. Obesity-Induced Hypertension: Interaction of Neurohumoral and Renal Mechanisms. Circ Res. 2015;116(6):991-1006. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.305697.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carmo</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obesity-Induced Hypertension: Interaction of Neurohumoral and Renal Mechanisms</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica com Marcadores Laboratoriais, Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal, Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono e Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Adultos Obesos</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Obesity-Induced Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2806-743X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Claudio Leinig Pereira da Cunha &#8226; Rua Olavo Bilac, 181. Postal Code 80440-040, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: cpcunha@cardiol.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arterial Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Arterial hypertension (AH) and obesity are two of the most common diseases and can often be interrelated, causing significant cardiovascular damage. Excess weight typically raises blood pressure, and weight loss usually lowers blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In addition to increasing the risk of hypertension, overweight and obesity increase cardiovascular risk through effects on lipids, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, stroke, insulin resistance, and other cardiometabolic processes, as well as promoting higher mortality from all causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> issue, Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> present a study of laboratory and clinical markers that associate AH with obesity in patients with indication for bariatric surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased significantly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Individuals with a Body Mass Index (BMI) &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , between 1980 and 2013, increased from 28.8% to 36.9% of the world population among men and from 29.8% to 38.0% among women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In Brazil, 52.4% of the population was overweight in 2014, with 17.9% being obese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>AH is the most prevalent chronic disease worldwide, affecting approximately one-third of adults. Several factors, including intravascular volume, cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, and the elastic capacity of the arteries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> maintain blood pressure (BP).</p>
      <p>The increase in adiposity, whether evaluated by the increased body weight, BMI, or waist circumference, is strongly associated with higher BP and the development of AH. In the Nurses&#8217; Health Study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> 82,473 nurses aged 30 to 55 were followed every 2 years for up to 18 years, and an association between increased BMI and the risk of AH was observed. In this research, weight gain was also associated with an increased risk of AH, with women who gained 5.0-9.9 kg and &#8805;25.0 kg having an increased risk of 1.7 to 5.2, respectively, to develop AH. The fraction of new cases of AH attributable to overweight and obesity was 40% in this investigation.</p>
      <p>At the Framingham Heart Study, participants were prospectively followed for up to 44 years, and it could be estimated that excess body weight, including overweight and obesity, was responsible for 26% of AH cases in men and 28% in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The increased BP observed in obesity is initially associated with increased cardiac output, and a relatively normal systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is maintained. However, normotensive obese individuals have the same cardiac output but a lower SVR than normotensive lean individuals. So, the hemodynamic difference between obese hypertensive and normotensive individuals is an increase in SVR in hypertensive individuals, a difference similar to that observed between lean hypertensive and normotensive individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Hemodynamic changes in obesity, associated with abnormalities in lipids and glucose metabolism, appear to be related to fat distribution, not just body weight. Specifically, the risks of obesity-related abnormalities are greater in abdominal obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Numerous mechanisms have been proposed to associate overweight and obesity with increased BP: 1 &#8211; Renal injury (kidney compression by fat, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, increased sympathetic activity); 2 &#8211; Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (increased sympathetic activity, increased renal sodium reabsorption, endothelial dysfunction, altered regulation of angiotensin II receptors, reduction of the natriuretic peptide system); 3 &#8211; Obstructive sleep apnea; 4 &#8211; Leptin-melanocortin pathway; 5 &#8211; Genetic susceptibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is concluded that the Arterial Hypertension associated with Obesity is yet another reason for us to direct all possible efforts to combat the lack of weight control that affects the population.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Association between Arterial Hypertension and Laboratory Markers, Body Composition, Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Autonomic Parameters in Obese Patients</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
