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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qGqyXQw6yJydQ3spk6LB85N</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230387</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sarcopenia: Uma Importante Entidade ainda pouco Investigada na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2263-4261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Rodrigues da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto M. Saraiva &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas &#8211; Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Av. Brasil, 4365. CEP 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>roberto.saraiva@ini.fiocruz.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230387</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Sarcopenia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Envelhecimento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A sarcopenia &#233; considerada uma s&#237;ndrome dependente da idade, caracterizada por decl&#237;nio gradual da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica, for&#231;a e desempenho f&#237;sico, sendo reconhecida como entidade cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de apenas em 2016. Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos t&#234;m sido motivo de debate. No entanto, o European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), em seu consenso revisado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> definiu que o diagn&#243;stico de sarcopenia deve come&#231;ar com baixa for&#231;a muscular como primeiro crit&#233;rio para identificar pacientes com prov&#225;vel sarcopenia, o que somado ao crit&#233;rio de baixa quantidade/qualidade muscular confirmaria o diagn&#243;stico de sarcopenia, e somado ao baixo desempenho f&#237;sico confirmaria grave sarcopenia. Os diferentes m&#233;todos e seus pontos de corte para avaliar massa muscular, for&#231;a e capacidade de exerc&#237;cio para homens e mulheres foram recentemente revisados em outro trabalho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A sarcopenia piora com a idade; espera-se uma perda anual de 1-2% na massa muscular ap&#243;s os 50 anos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e um aumento anual de 3% na preval&#234;ncia de sarcopenia ap&#243;s os 60 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia de sarcopenia do que seus cong&#234;neres com idade semelhante, mas sem IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise recente descreveu que a preval&#234;ncia de sarcopenia em pacientes com IC foi de 31%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> De fato, as vias da fisiopatologia da sarcopenia e da IC compartilham componentes importantes, como altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais, inflama&#231;&#227;o, estresse oxidativo, apoptose e superativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema ubiquitina-proteassoma, e alguns aspectos da IC, como baixo fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular, podem favorecer a sarcopenia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> o que pode explicar a maior preval&#234;ncia de sarcopenia em pacientes com IC e seu pior progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, h&#225; pouca evid&#234;ncia sobre interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas para tratar a sarcopenia em pacientes com IC. Abordagens farmacol&#243;gicas, nutricionais, hormonais e baseadas em exerc&#237;cios foram postuladas como ben&#233;ficas. Os inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) e os bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina (BRA) demonstraram ter propriedades de prote&#231;&#227;o muscular em estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> mas os estudos cl&#237;nicos falharam em provar que essas drogas podem melhorar a dist&#226;ncia percorrida ou a for&#231;a e fun&#231;&#227;o muscular em idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A espironolactona pode retardar o progresso da sarcopenia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D aumenta a for&#231;a muscular esquel&#233;tica em idosos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e pode ajudar pacientes com IC sarcop&#234;nica. Outra terapia potencial poderia ser a terapia de suplementa&#231;&#227;o de testosterona para atingir a faixa fisiol&#243;gica, mas sua seguran&#231;a em pacientes com IC ainda n&#227;o foi testada. Uma terapia que combine suplementa&#231;&#227;o nutricional e reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, incluindo exerc&#237;cios, &#233; a melhor abordagem para tratar a sarcopenia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O artigo publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia traz informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os pacientes brasileiros com IC, especificamente idosos ambulatoriais. Entre eles, os que tinham sarcopenia eram mais velhos, tinham menor &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, pior capacidade funcional e pior qualidade de vida. &#201; importante ressaltar que, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, IMC, etnia, FE do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e uso de inibidores da ECA/BRA, os pacientes com sarcopenia apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL-6 mais elevados e pior capacidade funcional. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, sarcopenia ou sarcopenia grave foi diagnosticada em 26 pacientes (28,8%). Este estudo &#233; muito importante, pois descreve uma alta preval&#234;ncia de sarcopenia e como isso afeta a qualidade de vida desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A sarcopenia ainda &#233; pouco investigada e subtratada na IC e merece mais aten&#231;&#227;o e estudos cl&#237;nicos por ser um potencial alvo de tratamento.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Sarcopenia: Marcadores Inflamat&#243;rios e Humorais em Pacientes Idosos com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sarcopenia: An Important Entity Still Underinvestigated in Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2263-4261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Rodrigues da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Roberto M. Saraiva &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas &#8211; Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Av. Brasil, 4365. Postal Code 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: roberto.saraiva@ini.fiocruz.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sarcopenia</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Aging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Sarcopenia is considered an age-dependent syndrome characterized by a gradual decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical performance that was recognized as a specific clinical entity by the World Health Organization only in 2016. The diagnostic criteria have been a matter of debate. However, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), in their revised consensus,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> defined that sarcopenia diagnosis must start with low muscle strength as the first criterion to identify patients with probable sarcopenia, which added to low muscle quantity/quality criterion would confirm the diagnosis of sarcopenia, and added to low physical performance would confirm severe sarcopenia. The different methods and their cut-offs to evaluate muscle mass, force, and exercise capacity for men and women were recently reviewed elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sarcopenia worsens with age; an annual loss of 1-2% in muscle mass is expected after 50 years old,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and an annual 3% increase in sarcopenia prevalence occurs after 60 years old.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, patients with heart failure (HF) present a higher prevalence of sarcopenia than their counter mates with similar age but no HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A recent meta-analysis described that the prevalence of sarcopenia in HF patients was 31%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In fact, the pathophysiology pathways of sarcopenia and HF share important components, such as hormonal changes, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and overactivation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and some aspects of HF, such as low muscle blood flow, may favor sarcopenia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> which may explain the higher prevalence of sarcopenia in HF patients and their poorer prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, there is little evidence on therapeutical interventions to address sarcopenia in HF patients. Pharmacological, nutritional, hormonal, and exercise-based approaches have been postulated to be beneficial. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been shown to have muscle-protective properties in pre-clinical studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> but clinical studies failed to prove that these drugs can improve walk distance or muscle strength and function in the elderly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Spironolactone may delay sarcopenia progress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Vitamin D supplementation increases skeletal muscle strength in elderly subjects<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and may help sarcopenic HF patients. Another potential therapy could be testosterone supplementation therapy to reach the physiological range, but its safety in HF patients is yet to be tested. A therapy combining nutritional supplementation and cardiac rehabilitation, including exercise, is the best approach to treat sarcopenia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The article published in this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> adds information about Brazilian HF patients, specifically ambulatory elderly patients. Among them, those with sarcopenia were older, had lower body mass index (BMI), lower left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), worse functional capacity, and worse quality of life. Importantly, after adjusting for age, BMI, ethnicity, left ventricular EF, and use of ACE inhibitors/ARBs, patients with sarcopenia had higher IL-6 serum levels and worse functional capacity. In this population, sarcopenia or severe sarcopenia was diagnosed in 26 patients (28.8%). This study is very important as it describes a high prevalence of sarcopenia and how it affects the quality of life in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Sarcopenia is still underinvestigated and undertreated in HF and deserves more attention and clinical studies as it is a potential target for treatment.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Sarcopenia: Inflammatory and Humoral Markers in Older Heart Failure Patients</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
