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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PWHX7MWmqkTtmqPbhGXcMHL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230380</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica na Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar: Ferramenta F&#225;cil, mas &#233; Preciso Cautela!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3226-2788</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yoo</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Hyung Bok</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Hugo Hyung Bok Yoo &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu &#8211; Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>hugo.yoo@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230380</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico. Keywords: Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A triagem de indiv&#237;duos de alto risco para hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) geralmente come&#231;a com a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) como o teste de primeira escolha para avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva do estado hemodin&#226;mico vascular pulmonar. Portanto, a ecocardiografia pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es abrangentes sobre a morfologia do cora&#231;&#227;o, a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e anormalidades valvares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia tamb&#233;m &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til para estimar a press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica (PSAP), as press&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e do &#225;trio direito (AD) para atribuir um par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico da probabilidade de HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na maioria das vezes, a velocidade do jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (VRT) &#233; medida por ETT e, juntamente com uma estimativa da press&#227;o atrial direita (PAD) baseada no colapso inspirat&#243;rio e no tamanho da veia cava inferior, o jato VRT &#233; usado para estimar a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP).</p>
    <p>No entanto, o detalhamento abrangente do mecanismo hemodin&#226;mico subjacente da HP nem sempre &#233; poss&#237;vel com a ecocardiografia e requer o cateterismo card&#237;aco direito (CCD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico definitivo de HP &#233; feito pela medi&#231;&#227;o invasiva das press&#245;es pulmonares por CCD com mortalidade intra-hospitalar t&#227;o baixa quanto 0,055%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, a CCD em todos os pacientes sintom&#225;ticos seria impratic&#225;vel e associada a custos elevados. Uma estimativa de HP n&#227;o invasiva por ETT geraria um compromisso em rela&#231;&#227;o a custo e simplicidade na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Afinal, qual a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a estimativa n&#227;o invasiva (ETT) e invasiva (CCD) da PSAP e a determina&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de CCD para avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de HP? Apesar da d&#250;vida, poucos estudos com tamanho amostral pequeno investigam a correla&#231;&#227;o da PSAP com o CCD e questionam a precis&#227;o das estimativas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
    <p>Yock e Popp<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> mostraram os primeiros dados com alta correla&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,93) entre a estimativa n&#227;o invasiva e invasiva da PSAP em 54 pacientes. Em um estudo de coorte com 1.695 pacientes, Greiner et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> mostraram uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o para PSAP (r = 0,87) e uma precis&#227;o de 84,8%. Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 667 pacientes com HP ou doen&#231;a pulmonar avan&#231;ada, Amsallem et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> mostraram uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o de r = 0,84 com uma precis&#227;o de 72%. Em uma meta-an&#225;lise, Taleb et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> analisaram nove estudos de pacientes (n = 20 a n = 150) com diferentes doen&#231;as (DPOC, fibrose pulmonar intersticial, apneia obstrutiva do sono, doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica ou mitral, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, etc.). As correla&#231;&#245;es entre a estimativa invasiva e n&#227;o invasiva variaram de r = 0,65 a r = 0,97, com 40% e 78,5% de precis&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em uma grande coorte de 1.400 pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave, a HP (press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#8805;25 mmHg) foi consistentemente diagnosticada considerando PSAP&gt;40 mmHg por ecocardiografia. A sensibilidade para o diagn&#243;stico de HP foi de 82,2%, com especificidade de 80,2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, os autores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> em um primeiro estudo de coorte retrospectivo brasileiro, compararam as press&#245;es ETT e CCD em 95 pacientes com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica (HPTEC) em contexto da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. Diferentes examinadores realizaram ETT e CCD com intervalo m&#233;dio de 3,3 meses, mas todos os procedimentos foram realizados na mesma unidade cardiol&#243;gica do hospital p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>Para descrever a concord&#226;ncia entre duas medidas quantitativas, os autores adotaram o m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico Bland-Altman.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Eles mostraram um alto poder discriminat&#243;rio de PSAP e VRT para diagnosticar HP. De acordo com suas defini&#231;&#245;es (diferen&#231;a de 10mmHg para PSAP e 5mmHg para PAD), apenas 33,4% das estimativas de PSAP e 55,1% das estimativas de PAD foram precisas. Esses achados semelhantes tamb&#233;m foram demonstrados por Fisher et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (PSAP: 52%), Rich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (PSAP: 49,4%) e REVEAL Registry<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> (PSAP: 42,6% e RAP: 63,5%). Outros estudos mostraram medi&#231;&#245;es ligeiramente mais confi&#225;veis de PSAP e PAD (68% e 62%, respectivamente) em 79% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A PSAP depende da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e do volume sist&#243;lico. Em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados de HP, a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD se deteriora, o que pode diminuir o grau de eleva&#231;&#227;o da PSAP e levar a uma subestima&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP). Portanto, embora o ETT seja o teste de triagem padr&#227;o para HP, ele n&#227;o &#233; totalmente preciso e ainda h&#225; incerteza sobre quais medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o mais confi&#225;veis e &#250;teis na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Alguns fatores, como popula&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea, diferentes intervalos de tempo realizados entre ETT e CCD e profissionais com diferentes experi&#234;ncias, podem explicar em parte as discrep&#226;ncias nas correla&#231;&#245;es e acur&#225;cias relatadas entre os estudos. As modalidades de ecocardiografia aumentaram significativamente, fornecendo informa&#231;&#245;es importantes sobre a estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito em pacientes com HP. No entanto, esta ferramenta n&#227;o foi definitivamente validada como um substituto completo para CCD em pacientes com HP.</p>
    <p>A falta de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros seriados de ETT e CCD refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia de n&#227;o se basear em um &#250;nico teste na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com HP. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; necess&#225;rio cautela para o uso f&#225;cil e acess&#237;vel do ETT, pois sempre permanece uma alternativa potencialmente mais atraente do que t&#233;cnicas diagn&#243;sticas mais complicadas, invasivas ou caras.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Acur&#225;cia do Ecocardiograma Transtor&#225;cico como M&#233;todo de Triagem na Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica da Investiga&#231;&#227;o da Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transthoracic Echocardiography in Pulmonary Hypertension: Easy Tool, but Caution is Needed!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3226-2788</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yoo</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Hyung Bok</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Hugo Hyung Bok Yoo &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu &#8211; Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. Postal Code 18618-687, Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: hugo.yoo@unesp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Transthoracic</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Screening high-risk individuals for pulmonary hypertension (PH) usually begins with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) as the first-choice test for noninvasive pulmonary vascular hemodynamic status evaluation. Therefore, echocardiography can provide comprehensive information on heart morphology, ventricular function, and valve abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Echocardiography is also a useful tool for estimating the systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP), right ventricular (RV), and right atrial (RA) pressures to assign an echocardiographic parameter of the probability of PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Most often, the tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity (TRJV) is measured by TTE and, together with an estimate of the right atrial pressure (RAP) based on the inspiratory collapse and the size of the inferior vena cava, the TRJV jet is used to estimate the systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP).</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, comprehensive detail of the underlying hemodynamic mechanism of PH is not always possible with echocardiography and requires the right heart catheterization (RHC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Definitive diagnosis of PH is made by invasive measurement of pulmonary pressures by RHC with in-hospital mortality as low as 0.055%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, RHC in all symptomatic patients would be impractical and associated with high costs. A noninvasive HP estimation by TTE would provide a compromise regarding cost and simplicity in daily practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>After all, what is the correlation between noninvasive (TTE) and invasive (RHC) estimation of sPAP and the determination of the need to perform RHC for the diagnostic evaluation of PH? Despite the doubt, few studies with small sample sizes investigate the correlation of sPAP with RHC and question the accuracy of echocardiographic estimates.</p>
      <p>Yock and Popp<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> showed the first data with a high correlation (r = 0.93) between the noninvasive and invasive estimation of sPAP in 54 patients. In a cohort study with 1,695 patients, Greiner et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> showed a good correlation for sPAP (r = 0.87) and an accuracy of 84.8%. In a population of 667 patients with PH or advanced lung disease, Amsallem et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> showed a good correlation of r = 0.84 with an accuracy of 72%. In a meta-analysis, Taleb et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> analyzed nine studies of patients (n = 20 to n = 150) with different diseases (COPD, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, obstructive sleep apnea, aortic or mitral valve disease, atrial septal defect, etc.). Correlations between invasive and noninvasive estimation ranged from r = 0.65 to r = 0.97, with 40% and 78.5% accuracy.</p>
      <p>In a large cohort of 1400 patients with severe aortic stenosis, PH (a mean pulmonary artery pressure &#8805;25mmHg) was consistently diagnosed considering sPAP&gt;40 mmHg by echocardiography. The sensitivity for diagnosing PH was 82.2%, with a specificity of 80.2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue, the authors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in a first Brazilian retrospective cohort study, compared TTE and RHC pressures in 95 patients with a suspected diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in the context of daily clinical practice. Different examiners performed TTE and RHC at an average interval of 3.3 months, but all procedures were performed in the same cardiac unit of the public health hospital.</p>
      <p>To describe the agreement between two quantitative measures, the authors adopted the Bland-Altman statistical method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> They showed a high discriminatory power of sPAP and VRT for diagnosing PH. According to their definitions (10mmHg difference for sPAP and 5mmHg for RAP), only 33.4% of the sPAP and 55.1% of the RAP estimates were accurate. These similar findings were also demonstrated by Fisher et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (sPAP: 52%), Rich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (sPAP: 49.4%), and REVEAL Registry<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> (sPAP: 42.6% and RAP: 63.5%). Other studies have shown slightly more reliable measurements of sPAP and RAP (68% and 62%, respectively) in 79% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The sPAP depends on right ventricular (RV) systolic function and stroke volume. In advanced stages of PH, RV function deteriorates, which may decrease the degree of sPAP elevation and lead to an underestimation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Therefore, although TTE is the standard screening test for PH, it is not completely accurate, and there is still uncertainty about which echocardiographic measurements are most reliable and useful in daily practice.</p>
      <p>Some factors, such as heterogeneous population, different time intervals performed between TTE and RHC, and professionals with different experiences, may partly explain the discrepancies in correlations and accuracies reported between studies. Echocardiography modalities have increased significantly, providing important information about the structure and function of the right heart in patients with PH. However, this tool has not been definitively validated as a complete replacement for RHC in patients with PH.</p>
      <p>The lack of correlation between serial TTE and RHC parameters reinforces the importance of not relying on a single test when evaluating patients with PH. In addition, caution is needed for the easy and accessible use of the TTE, as it always remains a potentially more attractive alternative than more complicated, invasive, or expensive diagnostic techniques.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Accuracy of Transthoracic Echocardiogram as a Screening Method in the Clinical Practice of Pulmonary Hypertension Investigation</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
