<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="rapid-communication" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hhthXqdXvsZQwxL7pv93G7d</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220762</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca em Campo Magn&#233;tico de 7 Tesla: Experi&#234;ncia Inicial com os N&#250;cleos de Hidrog&#234;nio e do S&#243;dio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Otaduy</surname>
            <given-names>Maria C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaim</surname>
            <given-names>Khallil T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramelli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) &#8211; Setor de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica e Tomografia Computadorizada Cardiovascular do, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) &#8211; Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia do, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) &#8211; Unidade de Medicina Interdisciplinar em Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos E. Rochitte &#8226; Professor Livre-docente do Departamento de Cardiopneumologia da Faculdade de Medicina da USP &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Andar AB. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rochitte@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220762</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC)</kwd>
        <kwd>Campo Ultra-alto (UHF)</kwd>
        <kwd>7Tesla</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de s&#243;dio (23Na)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FINEP</funding-source>
          <award-id>PROINFRA 2014</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FINEP</funding-source>
          <award-id>0080/16</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por FINEP: Edital PROINFRA 2014 &#8211; Inter valida&#231;&#227;o da Tomografia de Coer&#234;ncia &#211;ptica e da Resson&#226;ncia Nuclear Magn&#233;tica 7T Como Ferramenta de Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de Tecidos Biol&#243;gicos - 0080/16.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A integridade celular do tecido do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; uma informa&#231;&#227;o crucial para avaliar a viabilidade do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) &#233; considerada o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro na an&#225;lise funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o e desempenha um papel essencial no diagn&#243;stico de v&#225;rias cardiomiopatias, incluindo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Quando h&#225; uma falha no suprimento energ&#233;tico das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas, ocorre uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo em determinadas regi&#245;es, o que pode levar &#224; morte celular. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica &#233; capaz de avaliar a viabilidade do tecido card&#237;aco por meio da intera&#231;&#227;o com os pr&#243;tons presentes nesse tecido, sendo o n&#250;cleo de hidrog&#234;nio o mais comum para esse prop&#243;sito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos outro n&#250;cleo surgiu como poss&#237;vel marcador isqu&#234;mico do cora&#231;&#227;o, o s&#243;dio. Trabalhos realizados em animais mostraram que a evolu&#231;&#227;o do processo isqu&#234;mico tem correla&#231;&#227;o direta com o ac&#250;mulo de s&#243;dio intracelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Neste processo isqu&#234;mico a fun&#231;&#227;o da bomba de s&#243;dio-pot&#225;ssio &#233; comprometida gerando um desequil&#237;brio na concentra&#231;&#227;o deste eletr&#243;lito,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> levando ao influxo de s&#243;dio para o meio intracelular. Os estudos sugerem tamb&#233;m que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio est&#225; diretamente relacionada &#224; extens&#227;o de les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Resumidamente, a concentra&#231;&#227;o do s&#243;dio &#233; maior no meio extracelular na situa&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica normal, por&#233;m com a falha na fun&#231;&#227;o da bomba de s&#243;dio-pot&#225;ssio h&#225; um influxo de s&#243;dio para o meio intracelular tornando-se ent&#227;o, um potencial marcador para eventos isqu&#234;micos no cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A RMC usa n&#250;cleos de hidrog&#234;nio devido &#224; alta disponibilidade e caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas do pr&#243;ton &#250;nico que constitui este n&#250;cleo. O s&#243;dio (<sup>23</sup>Na) come&#231;ou a ser explorado como n&#250;cleo biomarcador em animais, mas apresentava algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como a baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o e caracter&#237;sticas giromagn&#233;ticas, principalmente em equipamentos dispon&#237;veis para uso cl&#237;nico de 1,5 e 3 Tesla (T).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Com o advento de resson&#226;ncias de ultra-alto campo, 4,7 e 7 T, essas limita&#231;&#245;es puderam ser mitigadas, expandindo ainda mais o potencial na avalia&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pesquisas comprovam a capacidade de avaliar a concentra&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ) e de obter imagens do s&#243;dio com maior resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial, causada pelo maior campo magn&#233;tico que gera maior sinal, permitindo ent&#227;o a reconstru&#231;&#227;o de imagens com maior defini&#231;&#227;o anat&#243;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Outros estudos demonstraram as bases te&#243;ricas da possibilidade do uso cl&#237;nico da imagem de s&#243;dio na avalia&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em equipamento de 1,5 T.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Rochitte et al. em 2000 demonstraram a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o ac&#250;mulo de s&#243;dio e necrose mioc&#225;rdica em animais utilizando equipamento de 4,7 T.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O estudo demonstrou tamb&#233;m a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a viabilidade do tecido e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio, onde mi&#243;citos n&#227;o vi&#225;veis demonstraram um ac&#250;mulo de s&#243;dio ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Em trabalho subsequente realizado no National Institute of Health, foram realizadas imagens de s&#243;dio de volunt&#225;rios em equipamento de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de uso cl&#237;nico de 3,0 T de campo magn&#233;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Exemplos das imagens obtidas est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Imagem de eixo longo do cora&#231;&#227;o de volunt&#225;rio humano, no plano 4 c&#226;maras, adquirida em resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de ultra-alto campo (7 Tesla), mostrando concentra&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio no cora&#231;&#227;o. Observa-se a concentra&#231;&#227;o maior de s&#243;dio no sangue (branco) que no mioc&#225;rdio (escuro).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220762-20762-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Imagem de s&#243;dio eixo curto do cora&#231;&#227;o de c&#227;o em resson&#226;ncia de 4,7 Tesla. Setas: 1. Ventr&#237;culo direito. 2. Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. 3. Septo interventricular. (Arquivo Pessoal Rochitte et al.4).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220762-20762-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Imagem de s&#243;dio eixo curto do cora&#231;&#227;o de volunt&#225;rio humano em resson&#226;ncia de 3 Tesla. Setas: 1. Ventr&#237;culo direito. 2. Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. 3. Septo interventricular. (Arquivo pessoal Gai et al.13).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220762-20762-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Atualmente, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da RMC para an&#225;lise da extens&#227;o de les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o, utilizando o hidrog&#234;nio como n&#250;cleo gerador do sinal, demanda a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de contraste baseado em gadol&#237;nio a fim de real&#231;ar estruturas do cora&#231;&#227;o e expor o espa&#231;o extracelular. O realce tardio do mioc&#225;rdio com les&#227;o definitiva acontece ap&#243;s 10 a 15 minutos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A vantagem das imagens de s&#243;dio se d&#225; pela possibilidade de excluir a necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Atualmente, trabalhamos com sequ&#234;ncias de pulso espec&#237;ficas para an&#225;lise de s&#243;dio ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ) modificadas para melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o do s&#243;dio nos eixos card&#237;acos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Painel A) Imagem de s&#243;dio eixo curto do cora&#231;&#227;o de volunt&#225;rio humano em resson&#226;ncia de 7 Tesla. Setas: 1. Cartilagem esternal, devido &#224; grande quantidade de s&#243;dio vemos um hipersinal. 2. Ventr&#237;culo direito. 3. Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. 4. Septo interventricular. Painel B) A mesma imagem com look-up table (LUT) colorida.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220762-20762-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos &#8211; pesquisa pioneira</title>
        <p>Em toda a Am&#233;rica Latina existe apenas um equipamento de alto campo magn&#233;tico, o Magnetom 7T (Siemens Healthineers &#8211; GhMb), introduzido fundamentalmente para pesquisa e estudos de cad&#225;veres na Plataforma de Imagem de Sala de Autopsia (PISA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos, diversos projetos de pesquisas em v&#225;rias &#225;reas do conhecimento foram iniciados, inclusive em Cardiologia.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, estudos focados em RMC fazem parte da rotina nas pesquisas do equipamento. Os protocolos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> ) que utilizam imagens de hidrog&#234;nio e s&#243;dio v&#234;m sofrendo modifica&#231;&#245;es com o objetivo de atingir a melhor qualidade das imagens com ambos os n&#250;cleos, uma vez que os exames de cora&#231;&#227;o em campos de alta intensidade, como 7 T, traz in&#250;meros desafios. Entre os desafios de exames card&#237;acos em equipamento de alto campo s&#227;o a sincroniza&#231;&#227;o com o ciclo card&#237;aco, artefatos de fluxo de sangue e homogeneidade do campo magn&#233;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de ajustes de protocolos, notou-se a evolu&#231;&#227;o na qualidade das imagens ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ), possibilitando o potencial uso cl&#237;nico para os diagn&#243;sticos de cardiomiopatias. As imagens foram coletadas com bobinas espec&#237;ficas de 4 canais que podem sintonizar os 2 n&#250;cleos, s&#243;dio e hidrog&#234;nio, sem a necessidade de modificar a posi&#231;&#227;o do paciente ou de qualquer troca de equipamento (bobina de dupla sintonia &#8211; dual tune <sup>1</sup>H/<sup>23</sup>Na).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Protocolo RMC 7T</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Sequ&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th>TR (ms)</th>
                  <th>TE (ms)</th>
                  <th>Sequ&#234;ncia de Pulso</th>
                  <th>Trigger</th>
                  <th>Slice</th>
                  <th>Flip Angle</th>
                  <th>SNR</th>
                  <th>Tempo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hidrog&#234;nio</td>
                  <td align="center">44,4</td>
                  <td align="center">2,24</td>
                  <td align="center">FLASH</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulso retro</td>
                  <td align="center">8 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">40*</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35 min</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#243;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">GRE</td>
                  <td align="center">Pulso retro</td>
                  <td align="center">8 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">112*</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">8,14 min</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Protocolo <bold>23</bold> Na detalhado RMC 7 Tesla</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Sistema</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Rotina</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Contraste</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N2</td>
                  <td align="center">Ligado</td>
                  <td align="center">Slab</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Prepara&#231;&#227;o magn.</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhuma</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">H3</td>
                  <td align="center">Desligado</td>
                  <td align="center">Espessura de slice</td>
                  <td align="center">8,00 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">Flip angle</td>
                  <td align="center">112 graus</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N3</td>
                  <td align="center">Ligado</td>
                  <td align="center">TR</td>
                  <td align="center">37,00 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">Supress&#227;o de gordura</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">H4</td>
                  <td align="center">Desligado</td>
                  <td align="center">TE</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">Restaurar magn.</td>
                  <td align="center">Desligado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N4</td>
                  <td align="center">Ligado</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dias</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">Modo de m&#233;dia</td>
                  <td align="center">Curto prazo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modo de posicionamento</td>
                  <td align="center">FIX</td>
                  <td align="center">Concatena&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Reconstru&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Magnitude</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">MSMA</td>
                  <td align="center">S - C - T</td>
                  <td align="center">Filtro</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhuma</td>
                  <td align="center">Medidas</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sagital</td>
                  <td align="center">R &gt;&gt; L</td>
                  <td align="center">Elementos da bobina</td>
                  <td align="center">N1-4</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;ries m&#250;ltiplas</td>
                  <td align="center">Desligado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Coronal</td>
                  <td align="center">A &gt;&gt; P</td>
                  <td align="center">Slabs</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">Resolu&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Transversal</td>
                  <td align="center">F &gt;&gt; H</td>
                  <td align="center">Slabs</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Resolu&#231;&#227;o base</td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Save uncombined</td>
                  <td align="center">Desligado</td>
                  <td align="center">Fator de dist.</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">Resolu&#231;&#227;o fase</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Coil Combine Mode</td>
                  <td align="center">Soma dos quadrados</td>
                  <td align="center">Posi&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">L16.9 A26.4 F23.7</td>
                  <td align="center">Resolu&#231;&#227;o slice</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">AutoAlign</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                  <td align="center">Orienta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">T &gt; S33,0 &gt; C-26,6</td>
                  <td align="center">Phase partial Fourier</td>
                  <td align="center">06/ago</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Auto Coil Select</td>
                  <td align="center">Default</td>
                  <td align="center">Fase enc. dir.</td>
                  <td align="center">A &gt;&gt; P</td>
                  <td align="center">Slice partial Fourier</td>
                  <td align="center">06/ago</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modo shim</td>
                  <td align="center">Tune up</td>
                  <td align="center">Rota&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">16,18 graus</td>
                  <td align="center">Trajet&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">Cartesiana</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Toler&#226;ncia de ajuste</td>
                  <td align="center">Volume de ajuste autom&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">Auto</td>
                  <td align="center">Desligado</td>
                  <td align="center">Interpola&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Desligado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">! Posi&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">L20.0 A21.0 F12.5</td>
                  <td align="center">Fase oversampling</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">Modo PAT</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">! Orienta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Transversal</td>
                  <td align="center">Slice oversampling</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 %</td>
                  <td align="center">Filtro de imagem</td>
                  <td align="center">Desligado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">! Rota&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 graus</td>
                  <td align="center">Slices per slab</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">! R &gt;&gt; L</td>
                  <td align="center">120 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">FoV leitura</td>
                  <td align="center">256 mm</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">! A &gt;&gt; P</td>
                  <td align="center">95 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">FoV fase</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0 %</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">! F &gt;&gt; H</td>
                  <td align="center">115 mm</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Para a capta&#231;&#227;o do sinal de ambos os n&#250;cleos tamb&#233;m &#233; necess&#225;ria uma antena de radiofrequ&#234;ncia, ou bobina de RF, dedicada (MRI.TOOLS GmbH). O PISA conta com um modelo h&#237;brido, dedicado a ambos os n&#250;cleos e configurado de maneira dedicada ao Magnetom 7T. A antena &#233; composta por duas faces, uma posterior e plana, outra anterior ligeiramente curvada para melhor posicionamento anat&#244;mico. Ambas as faces s&#227;o compostas por 2 espirais semi-retangulares, o maior sendo respons&#225;vel pela sintonia do <sup>23</sup>Na e os menores pela sintonia do <sup>1</sup>H. Durante a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens podemos alternar o elemento com o qual queremos trabalhar e assim gerar imagens de <sup>1</sup>H ou <sup>23</sup>Na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A antena de RF chegou ao PISA atrav&#233;s do laborat&#243;rio de investiga&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, com o objetivo de gerar imagens morfofuncionais. Atualmente, &#233; uma configura&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica em toda a Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
        <p>Foram realizados 4 exames em volunt&#225;rios com imagens de hidrog&#234;nio e de s&#243;dio ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Para avalia&#231;&#227;o das imagens contamos com revis&#227;o e classifica&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da imagem por m&#233;dico experiente, sendo: 1 &#8211; prejudicada, 2 &#8211; aceit&#225;vel, 3 &#8211; adequada e 4 &#8211; excelente. O c&#225;lculo da rela&#231;&#227;o sinal-ru&#237;do (RSR) foi realizado no septo interventricular ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ) das imagens <sup>23</sup>Na, seguindo um dos m&#233;todos presente nas diretrizes da National Electrical Manufacturers Association, RSR = sinal / desvio padr&#227;o (NEMA Standards Publication MS 1-2008 R2014, R2020 - Determination of Signal-to-Noise Ratio [SNR] in Diagnostic Magnetic Resonance Imaging).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Volunt&#225;rios para RMC com classifica&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de imagem: 1 &#8211; prejudicada, 2 &#8211; aceit&#225;vel, 3 &#8211; adequada, 4 &#8211; excelente. RSR = sinal / desvio padr&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Volunt&#225;rios</th>
                  <th>Data do estudo</th>
                  <th>Idade (anos)</th>
                  <th>Sexo</th>
                  <th>Peso (kg)</th>
                  <th>Altura (cm)</th>
                  <th>QI</th>
                  <th>RSR VE</th>
                  <th>RSR Septo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">V1</td>
                  <td align="center">03/11/2020</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">Masc</td>
                  <td align="center">82</td>
                  <td align="center">184</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">19,00</td>
                  <td align="center">6,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">V2</td>
                  <td align="center">10/11/2020</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">Masc</td>
                  <td align="center">94</td>
                  <td align="center">188</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">9,72</td>
                  <td align="center">20,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">V3</td>
                  <td align="center">24/11/2020</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">Fem</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">170</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">15,00</td>
                  <td align="center">36,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">V4</td>
                  <td align="center">15/12/2020</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">Fem</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">172</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">19,79</td>
                  <td align="center">11,94</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>QI: qualidade da imagem; RSR: rela&#231;&#227;o sinal-ru&#237;do; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A e B) Imagem de s&#243;dio eixo curto do cora&#231;&#227;o de volunt&#225;rio humano em resson&#226;ncia de 7 Tesla. Na imagem A1) ROI* &#8211; RSR: 6,40 e ROIVE &#8211; RSR: 19,00. Na imagem B1) ROI* &#8211; RSR: 9.82 e ROIVE &#8211; RSR: 20,40. Imagem com look-up table (LUT) colorida. RSR = sinal / desvio padr&#227;o. O asterisco indica o septo interventricular. ROI: regi&#227;o de interesse; RSR: rela&#231;&#227;o sinal-ru&#237;do; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220762-20762-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Imagens de s&#243;dio (23Na)</title>
        <p>As primeiras impress&#245;es com esse tipo de exame mostraram que os desafios descritos pela literatura em resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca de ultra-alto campo s&#227;o, de fato, fatores limitantes, especialmente nas imagens de s&#243;dio. Devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas giromagn&#233;ticas e disponibilidade do s&#243;dio, chegamos a um complexo trabalho para manter a homogeneidade do campo magn&#233;tico. Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es e desafios, foi poss&#237;vel gerar imagens de s&#243;dio e hidrog&#234;nio com qualidade suficiente para a avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica e concentra&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio nas cavidades e m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco. De forma qualitativa, vimos tamb&#233;m uma rela&#231;&#227;o de muito sinal no sangue, onde temos maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de <sup>23</sup>Na e pouco sinal no septo interventricular ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ), em compara&#231;&#227;o com situa&#231;&#245;es normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Com esta pesquisa, abrimos um leque de possibilidades para futuros trabalhos. Com uma amostragem maior de pacientes, poderemos validar o m&#233;todo para uso cl&#237;nico e de pesquisa em humanos. Dentre as poss&#237;veis aplica&#231;&#245;es futuras para esta t&#233;cnica, podemos citar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas preliminares ou incipientes, secund&#225;rias a agress&#245;es por medicamentos cardiot&#243;xicos, isquemia, inflama&#231;&#227;o ou infec&#231;&#227;o. Novas imagens e mecanismos podem ser identificados para processos inflamat&#243;rios cr&#244;nicos e progressivos, como os que ocorrem em processos autoimunes ou infec&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas. Apesar dos desafios inerentes &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da RMC em 7 T, nosso trabalho demonstra que &#233; poss&#237;vel gerar imagens utilizando hidrog&#234;nio para avaliar a anatomia card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, validamos que as imagens geradas com s&#243;dio podem ser correlacionadas com a anatomia do cora&#231;&#227;o. Esse resultado abre caminho para estudos futuros e pode potencialmente facilitar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da RMC de ultra-alto campo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Graessl A, Ruehle A, Waiczies H, Resetar A, Hoffmann SH, Rieger J, et al. Sodium MRI of the Human Heart at 7.0 T: Preliminary Results. NMR Biomed. 2015;28(8):967-75. doi: 10.1002/nbm.3338.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Graessl</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruehle</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waiczies</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Resetar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rieger</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sodium MRI of the Human Heart at 7.0 T: Preliminary Results</article-title>
          <source>NMR Biomed</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>967</fpage>
          <lpage>975</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/nbm.3338</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Ibrahim EH, Arpinar VE, Muftuler LT, Stojanovska J, Nencka AS, Koch KM. Cardiac Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7T: Image Quality Optimization and Ultra-High Field Capabilities. World J Radiol. 2020;12(10):231-46. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v12.i10.231.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ibrahim</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arpinar</surname>
              <given-names>VE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muftuler</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stojanovska</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nencka</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koch</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7T: Image Quality Optimization and Ultra-High Field Capabilities</article-title>
          <source>World J Radiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>231</fpage>
          <lpage>246</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4329/wjr.v12.i10.231</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Qureshi WT, Nasir UB. Principals and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Resonance Cardiac Spectroscopy in Heart Failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2017;22(4):491-9. doi: 10.1007/s10741-017-9611-x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Qureshi</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasir</surname>
              <given-names>UB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Principals and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Resonance Cardiac Spectroscopy in Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>491</fpage>
          <lpage>499</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10741-017-9611-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Rochitte CE, Kim RJ, Hillenbrand HB, Chen EL, Lima JA. Microvascular Integrity and the Time Course of Myocardial Sodium Accumulation after Acute Infarction. Circ Res. 2000;87(8):648-55. doi: 10.1161/01.res.87.8.648.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rochitte</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hillenbrand</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Microvascular Integrity and the Time Course of Myocardial Sodium Accumulation after Acute Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>648</fpage>
          <lpage>655</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.res.87.8.648</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Boehmert L, Kuehne A, Waiczies H, Wenz D, Eigentler TW, Funk S, et al. Cardiorenal Sodium MRI at 7.0 Tesla Using a 4/4 Channel 1 H/23 Na Radiofrequency Antenna Array. Magn Reson Med. 2019;82(6):2343-56. doi: 10.1002/mrm.27880.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Boehmert</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuehne</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waiczies</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wenz</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eigentler</surname>
              <given-names>TW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Funk</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiorenal Sodium MRI at 7.0 Tesla Using a 4/4 Channel 1 H/23 Na Radiofrequency Antenna Array</article-title>
          <source>Magn Reson Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2343</fpage>
          <lpage>2356</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mrm.27880</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Lott J, Platt T, Niesporek SC, Paech D, Behl NGR, Niendorf T, et al. Corrections of Myocardial Tissue Sodium Concentration Measurements in Human Cardiac 23 Na MRI at 7 Tesla. Magn Reson Med. 2019;82(1):159-73. doi: 10.1002/mrm.27703.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lott</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Platt</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niesporek</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paech</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behl</surname>
              <given-names>NGR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niendorf</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Corrections of Myocardial Tissue Sodium Concentration Measurements in Human Cardiac 23 Na MRI at 7 Tesla</article-title>
          <source>Magn Reson Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>159</fpage>
          <lpage>173</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mrm.27703</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Hillenbrand HB, Becker LC, Kharrazian R, Hu K, Rochitte CE, Kim RJ, et al. 23Na MRI Combined with Contrast-Enhanced 1H MRI Provides In Vivo Characterization of Infarct Healing. Magn Reson Med. 2005;53(4):843-50. doi: 10.1002/mrm.20417.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hillenbrand</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kharrazian</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rochitte</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>23Na MRI Combined with Contrast-Enhanced 1H MRI Provides In Vivo Characterization of Infarct Healing</article-title>
          <source>Magn Reson Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>843</fpage>
          <lpage>850</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mrm.20417</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Resetar A, Hoffmann SH, Graessl A, Winter L, Waiczies H, Ladd ME, et al. Retrospectively-Gated CINE (23)Na Imaging of the Heart at 7.0 Tesla Using Density-Adapted 3D Projection Reconstruction. Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;33(9):1091-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.06.012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Resetar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graessl</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Winter</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waiczies</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ladd</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Retrospectively-Gated CINE (23)Na Imaging of the Heart at 7.0 Tesla Using Density-Adapted 3D Projection Reconstruction</article-title>
          <source>Magn Reson Imaging</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1091</fpage>
          <lpage>1097</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mri.2015.06.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Marques F. A Morte Explica a Vida. Pesquisa Fapesp. 2015;229:15-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marques</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Morte Explica a Vida</article-title>
          <source>Pesquisa Fapesp</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>229</volume>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Hock M, Terekhov M, Stefanescu MR, Lohr D, Herz S, Reiter T, et al. B0 Shimming of the Human Heart at 7T. Magn Reson Med. 2021;85(1):182-96. doi: 10.1002/mrm.28423.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hock</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terekhov</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanescu</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lohr</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reiter</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>B0 Shimming of the Human Heart at 7T</article-title>
          <source>Magn Reson Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>182</fpage>
          <lpage>196</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mrm.28423</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Parrish TB, Fieno DS, Fitzgerald SW, Judd RM. Theoretical Basis for Sodium and Potassium MRI of the Human Heart at 1.5 T. Magn Reson Med. 1997;38(4):653-61. doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910380420.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parrish</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fieno</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fitzgerald</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Judd</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Theoretical Basis for Sodium and Potassium MRI of the Human Heart at 1.5 T</article-title>
          <source>Magn Reson Med</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>653</fpage>
          <lpage>661</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mrm.1910380420</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Lee RF, Giaquinto R, Constantinides C, Souza S, Weiss RG, Bottomley PA. A Broadband Phased-Array System for Direct Phosphorus and Sodium Metabolic MRI on a Clinical Scanner. Magn Reson Med. 2000;43(2):269-77. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(200002)43:2&lt;269::aid-mrm14&gt;3.0.co;2-j.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giaquinto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Constantinides</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weiss</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bottomley</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Broadband Phased-Array System for Direct Phosphorus and Sodium Metabolic MRI on a Clinical Scanner</article-title>
          <source>Magn Reson Med</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>269</fpage>
          <lpage>277</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(200002)43:2&lt;269::aid-mrm14&gt;3.0.co;2-j</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Gai ND, Rochitte C, Nacif MS, Bluemke DA. Optimized Three-Dimensional Sodium Imaging of the Human Heart on a Clinical 3T Scanner. Magn Reson Med. 2015;73(2):623-32. doi: 10.1002/mrm.25175.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gai</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rochitte</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nacif</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bluemke</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Optimized Three-Dimensional Sodium Imaging of the Human Heart on a Clinical 3T Scanner</article-title>
          <source>Magn Reson Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>623</fpage>
          <lpage>632</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mrm.25175</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Douglas Carli Silvia pelo HCFMUSP/InRad - Ci&#234;ncias Radi&#243;logicas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por FINEP: Edital PROINFRA 2014 &#8211; Inter valida&#231;&#227;o da Tomografia de Coer&#234;ncia &#211;ptica e da Resson&#226;ncia Nuclear Magn&#233;tica 7T Como Ferramenta de Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de Tecidos Biol&#243;gicos - 0080/16.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a 7 Tesla Magnetic Field: Initial Experience with Hydrogen and Sodium Nuclei</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Otaduy</surname>
            <given-names>Maria C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaim</surname>
            <given-names>Khallil T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramelli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) &#8211; Setor de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica e Tomografia Computadorizada Cardiovascular do, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) &#8211; Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia do, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) &#8211; Unidade de Medicina Interdisciplinar em Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Carlos E. Rochitte &#8226; Professor Livre-docente do Departamento de Cardiopneumologia da Faculdade de Medicina da USP &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Andar AB. Postal Code 05403-000, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rochitte@incor.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR)</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultra-high Field (UHF)</kwd>
        <kwd>7 Tesla</kwd>
        <kwd>Sodium Image (23Na)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The cellular integrity of myocardial tissue is crucial information to evaluate the viability of the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is considered the gold standard method for functional analysis of the heart, and it plays an essential role in the diagnosis of several cardiomyopathies, including myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> When there is a failure in the energy supply of heart cells, there occurs a decrease in blood flow in certain regions, which can lead to cell death. CMR can assess the viability of cardiac tissue by means of interaction with the protons present in this tissue, the hydrogen nucleus being the most common for this purpose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In recent years, another nucleus has emerged as a possible ischemic marker of the heart, namely, sodium. Studies carried out in animals have shown that the evolution of the ischemic process is directly correlated with the accumulation of intracellular sodium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In this ischemic process, the function of the sodium-potassium pump is compromised, generating an imbalance in the concentration of this electrolyte,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> leading to influx of sodium into the intracellular environment. Studies also suggest that sodium concentration is directly related to the extent of ischemic injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Sodium concentration is higher in the extracellular environment in normal physiological situations, but with failure in the function of the sodium-potassium pump, there is an influx of sodium into the intracellular environment, thus making it a potential marker for ischemic events in the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CMR uses hydrogen nuclei due to the high availability and physical characteristics of the single proton that constitutes this nucleus. Sodium (<sup>23</sup>Na) began to be explored as a core biomarker in animals, but it showed some limitations, such as low concentration and gyromagnetic characteristics, mainly in equipment available for clinical use at 1.5 and 3 Tesla (T).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> With the advent of ultra-high-field resonance at 4.7 and 7 T, these limitations could be mitigated, further expanding the potential of CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Research has demonstrated that it is possible to assess sodium concentration ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ) and obtain sodium imaging with greater spatial resolution, due to the greater magnetic field that generates a higher signal, thus allowing the reconstruction of images with greater anatomical definition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Other studies have demonstrated the theoretical bases for the possibility of clinical use of sodium imaging in the assessment of the myocardium using 1.5 T equipment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In 2000, Rochitte et al. demonstrated a correlation between sodium accumulation and myocardial necrosis in animals using 4.7 T equipment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The study also demonstrated the correlation between tissue viability and sodium concentration, where non-viable myocytes demonstrated an accumulation of sodium ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). In subsequent research carried out at the National Institute of Health, sodium imaging of volunteers was performed in magnetic resonance equipment for clinical use with a 3.0 T magnetic field.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> displays examples of the images obtained.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Long-axis imaging of the heart of a human volunteer, in the 4-chamber view, acquired in ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging (7 Tesla), showing sodium concentration in the heart. A higher concentration of sodium was observed in the blood (white) than in the myocardium (dark).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220762-20762-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Short-axis sodium imaging of the heart of a dog at 4.7 Tesla. Arrows: 1. Right ventricle. 2. Left ventricle. 3. Interventricular septum. (Personal archive of Rochitte et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> ).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220762-20762-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Short-axis sodium imaging of the heart of a human volunteer at 3 Tesla. Arrows: 1. Right ventricle. 2. Left ventricle. 3. Interventricular septum. (Personal archive Gai et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> ).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220762-20762-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Currently, the use of CMR to analyze the extent of ischemic heart lesions, with hydrogen as the signal-generating nucleus, requires the use of gadolinium-based contrast to enhance heart structures and reveal the extracellular space. Delayed enhancement of the myocardium with definitive damage occurs after 10 to 15 minutes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The advantage of sodium imaging is that it makes it possible exclude the need for contrast.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Currently, we work with specific pulse sequences for sodium analysis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ), modified for better visualization of sodium in the cardiac axes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Panel A) Short-axis sodium imaging of the heart of a human volunteer at 7 Tesla. Arrows: 1. Sternal cartilage; due to the large amount of sodium, a hypersignal is observed. 2. Right ventricle. 3. Left ventricle. 4. Interventricular septum. Panel B) The same image with color look-up table.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220762-20762-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec sec-type="methods">
          <title>Methods &#8211; pioneering research</title>
          <p>In all of Latin America, the Magnetom 7T (Siemens Healthineers &#8211; GhMb) is the only high magnetic field equipment; it was essentially introduced for cadaver studies and research in the Autopsy Room Imaging Platform (PISA, acronym in Portuguese).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Over the past few years, diverse research projects in various areas of knowledge have been initiated, including cardiology.</p>
          <p>Currently, studies focusing on CMR are part of the routine in research with this equipment. The protocols ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref> ) that use hydrogen and sodium imaging have undergone modifications with the objective of achieving the best image quality with both nuclei, given that cardiac exams in high-intensity fields, such as 7 T, pose numerous challenges. The challenges of cardiac examinations in high-field equipment include synchronization with the cardiac cycle, blood flow artifacts, and homogeneity of the magnetic field.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> After the period of protocol adjustments, an evolution in the image quality was observed ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ), allowing the potential clinical use for diagnosing cardiomyopathies. Images were acquired with specific 4-channel coils that can tune both nuclei, sodium and hydrogen, without needing to modify the patient&#8217;s position or change equipment (dual-tune<sup>1</sup>H/<sup>23</sup>Na coil).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Protocol for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 7 Tesla</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Sequence</th>
                    <th>TR (ms)</th>
                    <th>TE (ms)</th>
                    <th>Pulse sequence</th>
                    <th>Trigger</th>
                    <th>Slice</th>
                    <th>Flip Angle</th>
                    <th>SNR</th>
                    <th>Acquisition time</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hydrogen</td>
                    <td align="center">44.4</td>
                    <td align="center">2.24</td>
                    <td align="center">FLASH</td>
                    <td align="center">Retro pulse</td>
                    <td align="center">8 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">40*</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35 min</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sodium</td>
                    <td align="center">37</td>
                    <td align="center">1.36</td>
                    <td align="center">GRE</td>
                    <td align="center">Retro pulse</td>
                    <td align="center">8 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">112*</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">8.14 min</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Detailed protocol for <bold>23</bold> Na cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 7 Tesla</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">System</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Routine</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Contraste</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">N2</td>
                    <td align="center">On</td>
                    <td align="center">Slab</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">Magn. Preparation</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">H3</td>
                    <td align="center">Off</td>
                    <td align="center">Slice thickness</td>
                    <td align="center">8.00 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">Flip angle</td>
                    <td align="center">112 deg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">N3</td>
                    <td align="center">On</td>
                    <td align="center">TR</td>
                    <td align="center">37.00 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">Fat suppr.</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">H4</td>
                    <td align="center">Off</td>
                    <td align="center">TE</td>
                    <td align="center">1.36 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">Restore magn.</td>
                    <td align="center">Off</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">N4</td>
                    <td align="center">On</td>
                    <td align="center">Averages</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">Averaging mode</td>
                    <td align="center">Short term</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Positioning mode</td>
                    <td align="center">FIX</td>
                    <td align="center">Concatenations</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">Reconstruction</td>
                    <td align="center">Magnitude</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">MSMA</td>
                    <td align="center">S - C - T</td>
                    <td align="center">Filter</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">Measurements</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Sagittal</td>
                    <td align="center">R &gt;&gt; L</td>
                    <td align="center">Coil elements</td>
                    <td align="center">N1-4</td>
                    <td align="center">Multiple series</td>
                    <td align="center">Off</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Coronal</td>
                    <td align="center">A &gt;&gt; P</td>
                    <td align="center">Slabs</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Resolution</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Transversal</td>
                    <td align="center">F &gt;&gt; H</td>
                    <td align="center">Slabs</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">Base resolution</td>
                    <td align="center">80</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Save uncombined</td>
                    <td align="center">Off</td>
                    <td align="center">Dist. factor</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">Phase resolution</td>
                    <td align="center">100%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Coil Combine Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">Sum of Squares</td>
                    <td align="center">Position</td>
                    <td align="center">L16.9 A26.4 F23.7</td>
                    <td align="center">Slice resolution</td>
                    <td align="center">100%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">AutoAlign</td>
                    <td align="center">---</td>
                    <td align="center">Orientation</td>
                    <td align="center">T &gt; S33.0 &gt; C-26.6</td>
                    <td align="center">Phase partial Fourier</td>
                    <td align="center">06/ago</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Auto Coil Select</td>
                    <td align="center">Default</td>
                    <td align="center">Phase enc. dir.</td>
                    <td align="center">A &gt;&gt; P</td>
                    <td align="center">Slice partial Fourier</td>
                    <td align="center">06/ago</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Shim mode</td>
                    <td align="center">Tune up</td>
                    <td align="center">Rotation</td>
                    <td align="center">16.18 deg</td>
                    <td align="center">Trajectory</td>
                    <td align="center">Cartesian</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Adjustment Tolerance</td>
                    <td align="center">Auto Adjust volume</td>
                    <td align="center">Auto</td>
                    <td align="center">Off</td>
                    <td align="center">Interpolation</td>
                    <td align="center">Off</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">! Position</td>
                    <td align="center">L20.0 A21.0 F12.5</td>
                    <td align="center">Phase oversampling</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">PAT mode</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">! Orientation</td>
                    <td align="center">Transversal</td>
                    <td align="center">Slice oversampling</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0 %</td>
                    <td align="center">Image Filter</td>
                    <td align="center">Off</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">! Rotation</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00 deg</td>
                    <td align="center">Slices per slab</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">! R &gt;&gt; L</td>
                    <td align="center">120 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">FoV read</td>
                    <td align="center">256 mm</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">! A &gt;&gt; P</td>
                    <td align="center">95 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">FoV phase</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0 %</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">! F &gt;&gt; H</td>
                    <td align="center">115 mm</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>To obtain the signal of both nuclei, a dedicated radiofrequency antenna or coil (MRI.TOOLS GmbH) is also necessary. PISA has a hybrid model, dedicated to both nuclei and configured specifically for Magnetom 7T. The antenna is composed of 2 faces, one posterior and flat and another anterior slightly curved for better anatomical positioning. Both faces are composed of 2 semi-rectangular spirals, the larger being responsible for<sup>23</sup>Na tuning and the smaller for<sup>1</sup>H tuning. During image acquisition, we can alternate the element with which we wish to work and thus generate<sup>1</sup>H or<sup>23</sup>Na images.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The radiofrequency antenna first arrived at PISA through the medical research laboratory, with the objective of generating morphofunctional images. Currently, it is the only configuration of its type in all of Latin America.</p>
          <p>We performed 4 exams on volunteers with hydrogen and sodium imaging ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). To evaluate the images, we relied on review and classification of image quality by an experienced doctor, as follows: 1 &#8211; impaired, 2 &#8211; acceptable, 3 &#8211; adequate, and 4 &#8211; excellent. The calculation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was performed in the interventricular septum ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ) of the<sup>23</sup>Na images, following one of the methods present in the guidelines of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, where SNR is equal to signal divided by standard deviation (NEMA Standards Publication MS 1-2008 R2014, R2020 - Determination of Signal-to-Noise Ratio [SNR] in Diagnostic Magnetic Resonance Imaging).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Volunteers for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with classification of image quality: 1 &#8211; impaired, 2 &#8211; acceptable,3 &#8211; adequate, 4 &#8211; excellent. SNR calculated using the following equation: SNR = signal / standard deviation</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Volunteers</th>
                    <th>Study date (day/month/year)</th>
                    <th>Age (years)</th>
                    <th>Sex</th>
                    <th>Weight (kg)</th>
                    <th>Height (cm)</th>
                    <th>IQ</th>
                    <th>SNR LV</th>
                    <th>SNR Septum</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">V1</td>
                    <td align="center">03/11/2020</td>
                    <td align="center">31</td>
                    <td align="center">Male</td>
                    <td align="center">82</td>
                    <td align="center">184</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">19.00</td>
                    <td align="center">6.40</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">V2</td>
                    <td align="center">10/11/2020</td>
                    <td align="center">47</td>
                    <td align="center">Male</td>
                    <td align="center">94</td>
                    <td align="center">188</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">9.72</td>
                    <td align="center">20.40</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">V3</td>
                    <td align="center">24/11/2020</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">Female</td>
                    <td align="center">64</td>
                    <td align="center">170</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">15.00</td>
                    <td align="center">36.60</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">V4</td>
                    <td align="center">15/12/2020</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                    <td align="center">Female</td>
                    <td align="center">61</td>
                    <td align="center">172</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">19.79</td>
                    <td align="center">11.94</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>IQ: image quality; LV: left ventricle; SNR: signal-to-noise ratio.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A and B) Short-axis sodium imaging of the heart of a human volunteer at 7 Tesla. In image A1) ROI* &#8211; SNR: 6.40 and ROI LV &#8211; SNR: 19.00. In image B1) ROI* &#8211; SNR: 9.82 and ROI LV &#8211; SNR: 20.40. Image with color look-up table. SNR calculated using the following equation: SNR = signal / standard deviation. The asterisk indicates the interventricular septum. LV: left ventricle; ROI: region of interest; RV: right ventricle; SNR: signal-to-noise ratio.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220762-20762-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sodium imaging (23Na)</title>
          <p>The initial impressions with this type of exam have shown that the challenges described in the literature regarding ultra-high-field CMR are, in fact, limiting factors, especially in sodium imaging. Due to the gyromagnetic characteristics and sodium availability, we face the complex task of maintaining the homogeneity of the magnetic field. Despite the limitations and challenges, it was possible to generate sodium and hydrogen images with sufficient quality for anatomical assessment and sodium concentration in the cardiac chambers and muscle. Qualitatively, we also observed a relationship with a high signal in the blood, where there is a higher concentration of<sup>23</sup>Na, and little signal in the interventricular septum ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ), compared to normal situations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This research has opened a range of possibilities for future studies. With a larger sample of patients, we will be able to validate the method for clinical use and research in humans. The possible future applications for this technique include the identification of preliminary or incipient myocardial lesions, secondary to injury due to cardiotoxic medications, ischemia, inflammation, or infection. New images and mechanisms may be identified for chronic and progressive inflammatory processes, such as those that occur in autoimmune processes or chronic infections. Despite the challenges inherent in performing CMR at 7 T, our study has demonstrated that it is possible to generate images using hydrogen to assess cardiac anatomy. Furthermore, we have confirmed that images generated with sodium can be correlated with the anatomy of the heart. This result paves the way for future studies and potentially facilitates the clinical use of ultra-high-field CMR.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Douglas Carli Silvia, from HCFMUSP/InRad - Ci&#234;ncias Radi&#243;logicas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was funded by FINEP: Edital PROINFRA 2014 &#8211; Inter valida&#231;&#227;o da Tomografia de Coer&#234;ncia &#211;ptica e da Resson&#226;ncia Nuclear Magn&#233;tica 7T Como Ferramenta de Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de Tecidos Biol&#243;gicos - 0080/16.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
