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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YCBBGmRbzJvZHQcJ8SW5LBJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220728</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica com Marcadores Laboratoriais, Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal, Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono e Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Adultos Obesos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7598-3775</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Clarcson Pl&#225;cido Concei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lagares</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9151-5549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Sarah Rafaela Mascarenhas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5119-6638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Sousa de Pina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Colares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Bastos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9198-2318</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bomfim</surname>
            <given-names>Eric Simas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa em Doen&#231;as Metab&#243;licas, Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico e Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Grupo de Pesquisa em Doen&#231;as Metab&#243;licas, Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico e Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana &#8211; Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Clarcson Pl&#225;cido Concei&#231;&#227;o Santos &#8226; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Av. Silveira Martins, 3386. CEP 40050-420, Cabula, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>clarcson@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220728</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial, altamente prevalente e associada a riscos &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre HAS e marcadores laboratoriais, antropom&#233;tricos, de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) e de apneia obstrutiva do sono e, em segundo plano, analisar a sensibilidade e especificidade das vari&#225;veis que s&#227;o fatores independentes na associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal com 95 pacientes obesos atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia em obesidade em Salvador, BA, Brasil. Os dados da HAS foram obtidos dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos. A amostra foi estratificada em Grupo Normotenso (GN) e Grupo Hipertenso (GH), sendo medidos marcadores laboratoriais, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, polissonografia e VFC para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o da HAS com as vari&#225;veis preditoras. Para as an&#225;lises, adotou-se p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A m&#233;dia da idade do GN foi de 36,3 &#177; 10,1 e GH 40,4 &#177; 10,6 anos, 73,7% eram mulheres no GN e 57,9% no GH; 82,4% no GH apresentavam resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. No modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariado com ajustes para idade, sexo, altura e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxi-hemoglobina, a HAS foi inversamente associada &#224; glicose plasm&#225;tica em jejum mg/dL (odds ratio [OR] = 0,96; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC] = 0,92-0,99) e &#225;rea de gordura visceral (AGV) cm<sup>2</sup> (OR = 0,98; IC 95% = 0,97-0,99). A &#225;rea sob a curva AGV foi de 0,728; IC 95% (0,620-0,836) e glicemia de jejum 0,693; IC 95% (0,582-0,804).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Menores concentra&#231;&#245;es de AGV e glicemia de jejum foram inversamente associadas &#224; HAS. Al&#233;m disso, tanto a glicemia de jejum quanto o AGV mostraram alta sensibilidade para triagem de HAS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Apneia Obstrutiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Adultos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica com Marcadores Laboratoriais, Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal, Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono e Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Adultos Obesos</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>As figuras apresentam os dados referentes &#224; sensibilidade e especificidade da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica com a gordura visceral e glicemia de jejum, respectivamente, al&#233;m de seus pontos de corte para triagem de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220728-20728-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial, podendo ser proveniente de fatores ambientais e/ou gen&#233;ticos, como a falta de atividade f&#237;sica, obesidade e h&#225;bitos alimentares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, estima-se que 1.28 bilh&#227;o de adultos com idades entre 30 e 79 anos em todo o mundo tenham hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atualmente a HAS elevada est&#225; associada a um maior risco de mortalidade e &#233; um fator significativo para intercorr&#234;ncias de eventos renais e cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o pode ser induzida por poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es advindas da obesidade, como a estimula&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos que contribuem para este estado hipertensivo, podendo ser altera&#231;&#245;es a n&#237;veis hormonais, inflamat&#243;rios e endoteliais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A obesidade est&#225; associada a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na expectativa de vida e sua preval&#234;ncia tem se tornado um grande problema de sa&#250;de mundial, visto que o ganho de peso excessivo predisp&#245;e um aumento do risco de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, dentre essas, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, cerebrovasculares e metab&#243;licas todas associadas a HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Dados pr&#233;vios da literatura descrevem que alguns fatores devem ser considerados preditores de riscos para a ocorr&#234;ncia da HAS, entre eles est&#227;o a s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura (CC), &#225;rea de gordura visceral abdominal, variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> </sup> alguns marcadores bioqu&#237;micos laboratoriais e comorbidades associadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> </sup> Em virtude da quantidade de vari&#225;veis e suas poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es, ou n&#227;o, torna-se necess&#225;rio uma pesquisa mais aprofundada sobre as rela&#231;&#245;es entre esses dados e a HAS, de forma que seja poss&#237;vel obter preditores mais confi&#225;veis e independentes para tomadas de decis&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, facilitando o prognostico de HAS nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios do sono como a apneia obstrutiva podem acelerar a progress&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial presente em adultos, especialmente de forma aguda podendo ser devido a hip&#243;xia durante a noite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> J&#225; os mecanismos provocados por um maior valor de IMC, CC, massa de gordura corporal e glicemia podem provocar a estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, aumento de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e outros fatores respons&#225;veis pelo equil&#237;brio no sistema circulat&#243;rio, dessa forma, podendo associar-se a HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> </sup> A hipertens&#227;o tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionada com a desregula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e, visto que a VFC pode ser caracterizada tamb&#233;m por uma maior ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica pode-se dizer que este seria o mecanismo associado a HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diante do exposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar as associa&#231;&#245;es da HAS com marcadores bioqu&#237;micos laboratoriais, medidas antropom&#233;tricas e de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e apneia obstrutiva do sono em adultos obesos e, em um segundo plano, de analisar a sensitividade e a especificidade das vari&#225;veis que s&#227;o fatores independentes na associa&#231;&#227;o, bem como seus respectivos pontos de corte.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e amostra</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi baseado em dados de corte transversal de 95 pacientes com idade &#8805; 21 anos com diagnostico de obesidade e eletivos &#224; cirurgia bari&#225;trica em uma cl&#237;nica particular de cirurgia e tratamento da obesidade na cidade de Salvador no Brasil. Os dados foram coletados no per&#237;odo de maio de 2016 a agosto de 2018. Pacientes com d&#233;ficit cognitivo e sem a totalidade dos dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os volunt&#225;rios do estudo foram categorizados em dois grupos de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica: grupo de normotensos (GN) e grupos de hipertensos (GH). O estudo foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica/EBMSP, parecer n&#250;mero 1.530.178. Os autores declaram que todos os experimentos foram conduzidos seguindo a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Instrumentos de medidas</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal</title>
          <p>Os dados de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foram mensurados por bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica octopolar atrav&#233;s do equipamento InBody 720 (inBody Canada Corp, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) cumprindo os procedimentos especificados na literatura. Essa bioimped&#226;ncia utiliza oito eletrodos, dois em contato com a palma (E1, E3) e o polegar (E2, E4) de cada m&#227;o e dois em contato com a parte anterior (E5, E7) e posterior (E6, E8) da planta de cada p&#233;. Cinco imped&#226;ncias segmentares (bra&#231;o direito, bra&#231;o esquerdo, perna direita, perna esquerda e tronco) s&#227;o medidas a 1, 5, 50, 250, 500 e 1000 KHz. Os pontos de contato do corpo com os eletrodos foram previamente limpos com um tecido eletrol&#237;tico recomendado pelo fabricante e os participantes orientados a cumprirem as seguintes normas de prepara&#231;&#227;o: estar em jejum de pelo menos 4 horas, n&#227;o consumir &#225;lcool 48h antes do teste, n&#227;o realizar exerc&#237;cio de intensidade moderada &#224; elevada nas 12 horas antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o, estar em um estado de hidrata&#231;&#227;o adequada antes de realiza&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o utilizar pe&#231;as met&#225;licas ou implantes dent&#225;rios com metal (quando pass&#237;veis de serem removidos) e n&#227;o ingerir caf&#233;. Como resultado da bioimped&#226;ncia, as seguintes vari&#225;veis foram determinadas: massa corporal total (kg), massa de gordura corporal (kg), massa musculo esquel&#233;tico (kg), &#225;rea de gordura visceral (cm<sup>2</sup>) e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Idade (anos), estatura (cm), circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm) e circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (cm) foram coletadas da base de prontu&#225;rios do sistema da cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas</title>
          <p>Os marcadores bioqu&#237;micos coletados foram HOMA-IR, insulina, glicose em jejum, colesterol total, colesterol HDL e triglic&#233;rides. O colesterol total, HDL, e triglic&#233;rides foram quantificados no soro, por meio de sistema colorim&#233;trico. Os valores de refer&#234;ncia foram considerados os da metodologia aplicada pelo laborat&#243;rio, que s&#227;o baseadas nos valores apresentados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes e Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Todas os dados foram coletados da base de prontu&#225;rios do sistema da cl&#237;nica, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Para os registros dos batimentos card&#237;acos foi utilizado o cardiofrequencimetro (v800 <italic>heart rate monitor</italic> da Polar&#174;), calculado atrav&#233;s da raz&#227;o entre o intervalo RR, transferidos para um programa de computador com o objetivo de analisar a VFC atrav&#233;s do <italic>software</italic> polar <italic>precision performance</italic> que foram importados para o Kubios <italic>software</italic> HRV (vers&#227;o 2.0), utilizado para calcular os m&#233;todos lineares do dom&#237;nio de tempo e frequ&#234;ncia. Para a an&#225;lise da VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo foi utilizado a raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as ao quadrado entre os intervalos RR normais (RMSSD) e o desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia de todos os intervalos RR normais (SDNN). Para a an&#225;lise da VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia foram utilizados os componentes espectrais de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF, 0,04-015 Hz) e alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF, 0,15 a 0,40 Hz) em unidades normais (LFun e HFun, respectivamente), o que representa um valor em rela&#231;&#227;o a cada componente espectral em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; pot&#234;ncia total menos os componentes muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia (VLF), e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre esses componentes (raz&#227;o LF/HF).</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise espectral foi calculada utilizando o algoritmo da transformada r&#225;pida de Fourier. Os participantes da amostra foram convidados a permanecerem em repouso, na posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito dorsal, sem exposi&#231;&#227;o a luz excessiva e em um ambiente sem ru&#237;dos por 10 minutos para an&#225;lise de um ponto de corte de 5 minutos, verificando no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Apneia obstrutiva do sono</title>
          <p>Os dados de polissonografia foram obtidos atrav&#233;s de equipamento computadorizado da <italic>Respironics</italic> (Sistema <italic>Healthdyne Alice</italic> 4), sendo o laudo revisto, independentemente, por especialistas treinados. Um terceiro especialista foi consultado no caso de inconsist&#234;ncias no laudo final. O exame foi conduzido durante toda a noite, em sono espont&#226;neo, sem nenhuma seda&#231;&#227;o ou priva&#231;&#227;o do sono. Foram registrados: eletroencefalograma (eletrodos C3, C4), oculograma (O1, O2), eletromiograma (eletrodos nas regi&#245;es mentoniana, submentoniana e MMII), eletrocardiograma, fluxo a&#233;reo (termistor nasal e bucal), esfor&#231;o respirat&#243;rio (cinta tor&#225;cica e abdominal), ronco (microfone no queixo) e posi&#231;&#227;o do corpo (sensor na cinta tor&#225;cica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A satura&#231;&#227;o da oxi-hemoglobina foi mensurada atrav&#233;s da oximetria de pulso. Os eventos respirat&#243;rios foram assim definidos: apneia, como a interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo a&#233;reo por 10 segundos ou mais, e hipopneia, como a redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% ou mais do fluxo a&#233;reo inspirat&#243;rio por per&#237;odo &#8805; 10 segundos, associado a um decr&#233;scimo superior a 3% na satura&#231;&#227;o da oxi-hemoglobina e/ou a um micro despertar.</p>
          <p>As apneias mistas foram inclu&#237;das no &#205;ndice de Apneia e Hipopneia (IAH), e definidas como aquelas que apresentavam aus&#234;ncia de esfor&#231;o respirat&#243;rio no in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo, seguido de aumento gradual. O IAH foi obtido atrav&#233;s de exame polissonogr&#225;fico, dividindo o total de eventos respirat&#243;rios pelas horas de sono. Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com o IAH em: sem apneia &#8211; menos de 5.0 eventos/hora de sono; com apneia leve &#8211; entre 5.0 e 14.9 eventos/hora de sono; com apneia moderada &#8211; entre 15.0 e 30.0 eventos por/hora de sono e com apneia grave &#8211; mais de 30.0 eventos/hora de sono.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Plano estat&#237;stico</title>
          <p>An&#225;lises descritiva e anal&#237;tica foram realizadas atrav&#233;s do software <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences program, version 14.0 for Windows</italic> (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Compara&#231;&#245;es entre pacientes normotensos e com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foram conduzidas baseado no diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico. A normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi verificada atrav&#233;s da estat&#237;stica descritiva e do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em valores absolutos e porcentagens e o teste de qui-quadrado usado para testar as diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis qualitativas. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e as com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal como mediana e intervalo interquartil. O test-t para amostras independentes ou o teste Mann-Whitney U foram utilizados para testar as diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis quantitativas. Modelos multivariados de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram usados para estimativa da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica com composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e marcadores laboratoriais. Para elabora&#231;&#227;o dos modelos de ajustes, as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p&lt;0,2 foram consideradas. A odds ratios foram ajustadas para idade, sexo, estatura e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxi-hemoglobina. <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve</italic> ( <italic>ROC curve</italic> ) foram usadas para estimativa da sensibilidade e especificidade entre hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e &#225;rea de gordura visceral abdominal e glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum, assim como, os seus respectivos pontos de corte. Para infer&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica, um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi adotado.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 95 participantes de ambos os sexos foram selecionados para o estudo. O GN foi composto por 57 participantes (60%), e o GH de 38 participantes (40%), com uma m&#233;dia de idade 36,3 &#177; 10,1 e 40,4 &#177; 10,6 anos, respectivamente (p = 0,062). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de HAS, categorizados como GN e GH. Comparados com os pacientes do GN, os pacientes do GH apresentaram maior massa corporal, IMC, CC, massa de gordura corporal (MGC) e AGV. A porcentagem de pacientes diagnosticados com resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina foi maior no GH. Os grupos foram homog&#234;neos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados laboratoriais, polissonografia, gravidade da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) e par&#226;metros da VFC.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>GN (n = 57)</th>
                <th>GH (n = 38)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">36,3 (10,1)</td>
                <td align="center">40,4 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>G&#234;nero n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homem</td>
                <td align="center">15 (26,3)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (42,1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,123</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulher</td>
                <td align="center">42 (73,7)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (57,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa corporal (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">113,3 (18,5)</td>
                <td align="center">124,6 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,013</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">166,8 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">169,6 (8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">40,5 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">42,9 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,027</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">117,3 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">124,6 (18,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,024</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MME (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">32,7 (7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">35,8 (7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MGC (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">55,1 (9,2)</td>
                <td align="center">60,7 (14,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,027</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AGV (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">202,8 (54,1)</td>
                <td align="center">262,2 (78,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,0001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Dados Laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">197 (57)</td>
                <td align="center">201 (36,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,657</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">49,5 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">48,3 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,636</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">146 (74)</td>
                <td align="center">175,7 (113,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia em jejum (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">96,9 (35,4)</td>
                <td align="center">105,5 (26,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,180</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homa-IR</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,135</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Comorbidades n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">5 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resist&#234;ncia Insul&#237;nica</td>
                <td align="center">30 (57,7)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (82,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAOS</td>
                <td align="center">34 (65,4)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (72,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,633</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Medidas de Polissonografia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAH (eventos/h)</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 [3,8 &#8211; 15,7]</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 [4 &#8211; 17,5]</td>
                <td align="center">0,389</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia de SAOS</td>
                <td align="center">19 [13,7 &#8211; 27,5]</td>
                <td align="center">18 [12 &#8211; 29,2]</td>
                <td align="center">0,754</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SO (%)</td>
                <td align="center">95 [93 &#8211; 96]</td>
                <td align="center">94 [92 &#8211; 95,7]</td>
                <td align="center">0,174</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Severidade da SAOS n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 5 eventos/h</td>
                <td align="center">18 (34,6)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (27,3)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,513</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5 &#8211; 30 eventos/h</td>
                <td align="center">31 (59,6)</td>
                <td align="center">20 60,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 30 eventos/h</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (12,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>VFC Parameters</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Dom&#237;nio de tempo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RR M&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">760,4 [638&#8211;849]</td>
                <td align="center">726 [647&#8211;814]</td>
                <td align="center">0,660</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDNN (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">70,7 [37,7&#8211;274]</td>
                <td align="center">84 [43,7&#8211;422]</td>
                <td align="center">0,522</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RMSSD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">64 [21,6&#8211;340]</td>
                <td align="center">117 [33,8&#8211;550]</td>
                <td align="center">0,373</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>pNN50 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">18,4 [1,8&#8211;50]</td>
                <td align="center">13,6 [3,4&#8211;40,4]</td>
                <td align="center">0,861</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Dom&#237;nio de Frequ&#234;ncia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">56 [41&#8211;75]</td>
                <td align="center">51 [27&#8211;84,8]</td>
                <td align="center">0,601</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">43,6 [23,6&#8211;56]</td>
                <td align="center">46 [15,2&#8211;64,8]</td>
                <td align="center">0,443</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LF/HF</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 [0,74&#8211;3,8]</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 [0,54&#8211;8,5]</td>
                <td align="center">0,898</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndica de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; MME: massa muscular esquel&#233;tica; MGC: massa de gordura corporal; AGV: &#225;rea de gordura visceral; HDL: lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade; SAOS: apneia obstrutiva do sono; IAH: &#237;ndice de apneia e hipopneia; SO: satura&#231;&#227;o de oxi-hemoglobina; VFC: variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia de todos os intervalos RR normais; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as ao quadrado entre os intervalos RR normais; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para analisar</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> apresenta associa&#231;&#245;es significantes (p&lt;0,05) da HAS com medidas de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, dados laboratoriais e de comorbidades, atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lises multivariadas n&#227;o ajustadas e ajustadas. As vari&#225;veis massa corporal, massa muscular esquel&#233;tica (MME), IMC, CC, triglic&#233;rides, HOMA-IR e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. No modelo de an&#225;lise final, ap&#243;s ajustes para covari&#225;veis, incluindo idade, sexo, estatura e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxiemoglobina, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre HAS e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foi (OR = 0,98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0,97-0,99) para &#225;rea de gordura visceral e para marcadores laboratoriais (OR = 0,96, 95% CI = 0,92-0,99) para glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum. Ambas as vari&#225;veis demonstraram serem as &#250;nicas independentemente associadas com HAS.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada das vari&#225;veis de gordura corporal, laboratoriais e comorbidade entre pacientes obesos com e sem hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="3">Modelo Inicial</th>
                <th colspan="3">Modelo Final*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#946;</th>
                <th>OR (95% IC)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>&#946;</th>
                <th>OR (95% IC)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa Corporal</td>
                <td align="center">-0,089</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,75 &#8211; 1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,362</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AGV</td>
                <td align="center">-0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,97 &#8211; 0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,011</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,014</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,97 &#8211; 0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MME</td>
                <td align="center">0,154</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 (0,84 &#8211; 1,61)</td>
                <td align="center">0,356</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">-0,026</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,76 &#8211; 1,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,842</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CC</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,94 &#8211; 1,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,882</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center">-0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,99 &#8211; 1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,684</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia em jejum</td>
                <td align="center">-0,035</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,93 &#8211; 0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,043</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,040</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,92 &#8211; 0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homa - IR</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 (0,86 &#8211; 1,19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,836</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resist&#234;ncia Insul&#237;nica</td>
                <td align="center">-1,167</td>
                <td align="center">0,31 (0,08 &#8211; 1,21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,093</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>*O modelo final inclui idade, sexo, altura e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxi-hemoglobina. AGV: &#225;rea de gordura visceral; MME: massa muscular esquel&#233;tica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">2</xref> apresentam os dados relacionados com a sensibilidade e especificidade da HAS com a &#225;rea de gordura visceral e a glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum, respectivamente, al&#233;m de seus pontos de corte para <italic>screening</italic> da HAS. A &#225;rea de gordura visceral apresentou &#225;rea sob a curva = 0,728 (95% CI = 0,62-0,84) e ponto de corte para HAS: &gt; 220,3 cm<sup>2</sup>, enquanto a glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum apresentou &#225;rea sob a curva = 0,69 (95% CI = 0,58-0,80) e ponto de corte para HAS: &gt; 95 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva ROC para &#225;rea de gordura visceral como triagem para HAS. &#193;rea soba curva (AUC) = 0,728; IC 95% (0,620 &#8211; 0,836). Ponto de corte para HAS: &gt; 220,3 cm2.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220728-20728-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva ROC para triagem de glicemia de jejum para HAS. &#193;rea sob a curva (AUC) = 0,693; IC 95% (0,582 &#8211; 0,804). Ponto de corte para HAS: &gt; 95 mg/dl.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220728-20728-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, an&#225;lises comparativas entre os grupos demonstraram que medidas de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, dados laboratoriais e de comorbidade foram maiores no GH. No entanto, as &#250;nicas vari&#225;veis independentemente associadas a HAS foi a &#225;rea de gordura visceral e a glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum. As for&#231;as dessas associa&#231;&#245;es descritas nas an&#225;lises n&#227;o ajustadas foram levemente alteradas ap&#243;s ajustes para potenciais vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o. Estes resultados fornecem suporte adicional acerca da import&#226;ncia da manuten&#231;&#227;o dos baixos n&#237;veis de armazenamento de gordura visceral abdominal, assim como, do controle da glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum como potenciais fatores de prote&#231;&#227;o para a HAS.</p>
      <p>Medidas de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, marcadores bioqu&#237;micos e comorbidades avaliados nesse estudo, impactam de diferentes formas nos mecanismos relacionados com a HAS. Estudos pr&#233;vios corroboram com os nossos achados, nesse sentido, Chandra et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> demonstraram que medidas maiores de IMC foram significativamente associadas a HAS incidente nos participantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, Lee et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> encontraram que a cada aumento de 1kg/m<sup>2</sup> no IMC houve tamb&#233;m um aumento de 19% no risco de hipertens&#227;o arterial e Holmes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> mostraram que para cada aumento em 1kg/m<sup>2</sup> no IMC a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica aumentou em 0,70mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Uma prov&#225;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a associa&#231;&#227;o da medida de IMC com a HAS, sabendo que trata-se de um &#237;ndice com pontos de corte para a classifica&#231;&#227;o de obesidade com uma boa acur&#225;cia na predi&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> &#233; o fato de que o fen&#243;tipo obeso, mesmo que metabolicamente saud&#225;vel, est&#225; diretamente ligado &#224; um risco aumentado para a hipertens&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> </sup> visto que h&#225; mecanismos patol&#243;gicos como hiperinsulinemia, estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e n&#237;veis anormais de adipocitocinas que afetam o endot&#233;lio vascular, respons&#225;vel pela manuten&#231;&#227;o da homeostase vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ainda tratando de medidas de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, em nossos achados a circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura tamb&#233;m demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o com a HAS, assim como no estudo de Guilherme at al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> o qual demonstrou que em adolescentes brasileiros a CC obteve uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva como indicador antropom&#233;trico independente para HAS, sendo que, aqueles classificados com obesidade central tiveram 130% mais chances de ter a press&#227;o arterial elevada quando comparados com os adolescentes sem o diagn&#243;stico de obesidade abdominal. Carba et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> encontraram que a cada aumento de 1cm na CC as chances de hipertens&#227;o aumentaram em 5% para mulheres sem sobrepeso e 3% para mulheres com sobrepeso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Sendo a CC um indicador de obesidade abdominal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> pode-se dizer que uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a associa&#231;&#227;o da CC com a HAS esteja relacionada com o excesso de dep&#243;sitos de gordura nessa regi&#227;o, visto que o tecido adiposo visceral tem um importante papel na ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, o que pode influenciar na hemodin&#226;mica central e sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como podemos observar, a mudan&#231;a de um fen&#243;tipo normotenso para hipertenso envolve diferentes fatores. Al&#233;m das vari&#225;veis j&#225; citadas, a MGC tamb&#233;m interfere na hemodin&#226;mica de forma que a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura pode ditar o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Dessa maneira, Han et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> encontraram que em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos normotensos, o percentual de gordura corporal foi significativamente maior no grupo de hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Park et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram que indiv&#237;duos com alta porcentagem de gordura corporal foram associados ao aumento do risco de hipertens&#227;o mesmo com baixo IMC, CC ou rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril, sendo que o aumento do risco foi proporcional ao aumento do percentual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Nesse caso, atrav&#233;s do aumento da MGC os n&#237;veis no plasma de biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios como prote&#237;na C-reativa e interleucinas tamb&#233;m podem aumentar, o que consequentemente, pode predispor o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo a hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como mencionado anteriormente, a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura pode ditar o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e, ainda nesse sentido, indiv&#237;duos com maior tecido adiposo visceral e dep&#243;sitos de gordura ect&#243;pica tem uma preval&#234;ncia ainda maior de dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos como a hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> </sup> Nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">2</xref> pode-se visualizar a &#225;rea sobre a curva ROC para sensibilidade e especificidade para &#225;rea de gordura visceral e glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum encontradas no nosso estudo, as quais demonstram que ambas as vari&#225;veis obtiveram associa&#231;&#245;es independentes com a HAS, destacando principalmente, a &#225;rea de gordura visceral. O tecido adiposo visceral em excesso realiza a secre&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nios e mol&#233;culas que acentuam doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e tamb&#233;m se torna resistente &#224; insulina e leptina, podendo contribuir para resist&#234;ncia vascular e disfun&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> J&#225; o tecido adiposo intra-abdominal em n&#237;veis elevados pode ser considerado como parte de fen&#243;tipo cujo resultado associa-se a uma altera&#231;&#227;o disfuncional do tecido adiposo subcut&#226;neo e armazenamento ect&#243;pico de triglicer&#237;deo, levando essa altera&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica a fazer parte de um conjunto de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sabendo que a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina pode contribuir para a resist&#234;ncia vascular e disfun&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> &#233; importante destacar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum, visto que, &#224; medida que a glicemia em jejum aumenta, o &#237;ndice de sensibilidade a insulina diminui.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Em um estudo realizado em japoneses foi observado que altos n&#237;veis de glicose em jejum foi independentemente e significativamente associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o, sendo que a taxa de risco em participantes com glicemia acima ou igual a 7,0 mmol/l foi de 1,79 comparado com os participantes com glicemia menor que 5,6 mmol/l.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Esses resultados corroboram com os nossos achados, j&#225; que a glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum foi associada independentemente a HAS.</p>
      <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es de glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum e gordura visceral abdominal com a HAS descritos no presente estudo t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas potenciais para interven&#231;&#245;es de tratamento para melhorar os resultados em pacientes com obesidade e s&#227;o provavelmente generaliz&#225;veis para popula&#231;&#245;es em todo o mundo. No entanto, existem limita&#231;&#245;es para determinar se as associa&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas s&#227;o causais e a dire&#231;&#227;o das associa&#231;&#245;es deve ser levada em considera&#231;&#227;o antes de se chegar a conclus&#245;es definitivas. Como o estudo &#233; observacional, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel descartar os efeitos de confus&#227;o residual ou n&#227;o mensurada como explica&#231;&#227;o para os resultados. Al&#233;m disso, o desenho transversal n&#227;o permite determinar se o quadro cl&#237;nico de HAS precedeu ou foi influenciado pelo perfil metab&#243;lico e morfol&#243;gico. &#201; poss&#237;vel que as associa&#231;&#245;es observadas da HAS com os marcadores bioqu&#237;micos e de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal sejam bidirecionais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o presente estudo demonstra uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa e independente entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de glicose plasm&#225;tica em jejum e a &#225;rea de gordura visceral abdominal com HAS em pacientes obesos. Al&#233;m disso, tanto a glicemia de jejum quanto a &#225;rea de gordura visceral apresentaram alta sensibilidade para triagem de HAS. Os resultados chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para a import&#226;ncia de interven&#231;&#245;es para melhorar o controle de vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas e de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, prevenir altera&#231;&#245;es na glicemia plasm&#225;tica e atenuar o aumento da gordura visceral abdominal em pacientes com obesidade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Arterial Hypertension and Laboratory Markers, Body Composition, Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Autonomic Parameters in Obese Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7598-3775</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Clarcson Pl&#225;cido Concei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lagares</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9151-5549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Sarah Rafaela Mascarenhas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5119-6638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Sousa de Pina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Colares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Bastos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9198-2318</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bomfim</surname>
            <given-names>Eric Simas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Grupo de Pesquisa em Doen&#231;as Metab&#243;licas, Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico e Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana &#8211; Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Clarcson Pl&#225;cido Concei&#231;&#227;o Santos &#8226; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Av. Silveira Martins, 3386. Postal Code 40050-420, Cabula, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: clarcson@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a multifactorial disease, highly prevalent and associated with health risks.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between SAH and laboratory, anthropometric, heart rate variability (HRV), and obstructive sleep apnea markers and, secondarily, to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of the variables that are independent factors in the association.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study with 95 obese patients treated at an obesity referral clinic in Salvador, BA, Brazil. SAH data were obtained from electronic medical records. The sample was stratified in the Normotensive Group (NG) and the Hypertensive Group (HG), and laboratory markers, body composition, polysomnography, and HRV were measured to evaluate the association of SAH with the predictor variables. For the analysis, p&lt;0.05 was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The average age of the NG was 36.3 &#177; 10.1 and HG 40.4 &#177; 10.6 years; 73.7% were women in the NG and 57.9% in HG; 82.4% in HG had insulin resistance. In the multivarious logistics regression model with adjustments in age, sex, height, and oxyhemoglobin saturation, SAH was inversely associated with fasting plasma glucose mg/dL (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.92-0.99) and visceral fat area (VFA) cm<sup>2</sup>(OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.97-0.99). The area under the VFA curve was 0.728; CI 95% (0.620-0.836); fasting plasma glucose 0.693;CI 95% (0.582-0.804).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Lower VFA and fasting plasma glucose concentrations were inversely associated with SAH. In addition, fasting plasma glucose and VFA showed a high sensitivity for SAH screening.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers, Body Composition</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea, Obstructive</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Adults</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Association between Arterial Hypertension and Laboratory Markers, Body Composition, Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Autonomic Parameters in Obese Patients</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>The figures present the data regarding the sensitivity and specificity of systemic arterial hypertension with visceral fat and fasting glucose, respectively, in addition to their cutoff points for screening for systemic arterial hypertension.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220728-20728-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a multifactorial disease and can be caused by environmental and/or genetic factors, such as lack of physical activity, obesity, and eating habits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that 1.28 billion adults aged 30 to 79 years worldwide have hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>Currently, SAH is associated with a higher risk of mortality and is a significant factor in complications of kidney and cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Hypertension can be induced by possible changes caused by obesity, such as the stimulation of mechanisms that contribute to the hypertensive state, such as hormonal changes and inflammatory and endothelial levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Obesity is associated with a decrease in life expectancy and its prevalence has become a major worldwide health problem, as excessive weight gain predisposes an increased risk of various diseases, including cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and metabolic diseases &#8211; all of them are associated with SAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Prior literature data describes that some factors should be considered as risk predictors for the occurrence of SAH; among them is obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), VFA, HRV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> </sup>some laboratory biochemical markers and associated comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> </sup>Due to the number of variables and their possible associations, further research on relationships between these data and SAH is necessary to obtain more reliable and independent predictors for decision-making in clinical practice, facilitating the prognostic of SAH in this population.</p>
        <p>Sleep-related breathing disorders such as obstructive apnea can accelerate the elevation of blood pressure in adults, especially acutely, and may be due to hypoxia at night.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>The mechanisms caused by a higher value of BMI, WC, body fat, and blood glucose can cause sympathetic nervous system stimulation, changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, an increase of inflammatory markers, and other factors responsible for balance in the circulatory system, thus being able to associate with SAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> </sup>Hypertension is also related to autonomic deregulation, and since HRV can also be characterized by greater sympathetic activation, this would be the mechanism associated with SAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given the above, the objective of the present study was to investigate the SAH associations with laboratory biochemical markers, anthropometric and body composition measures, heart rate variability, and obstructive sleep apnea in obese adults, and secondarily, to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of the variables that are independent factors in the association, as well as their respective cut-off points.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and sample</title>
          <p>The present study was based on cross-sectional data of 95 patients aged &#8805; 21 years with obesity diagnosis and elective to bariatric surgery in a private clinic of surgery and treatment of obesity in the city of Salvador in Brazil. Data were collected from May 2016 to August 2018. This study did not include patients with a cognitive deficit and without all clinical and laboratory data. The study volunteers were categorized into two groups according to the clinical diagnosis of SAH: Normotensive Group (NG) and Hypertensive Group (HG). The study was submitted and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health under number 1.530.178. The authors declare that all experiments were conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measuring Instruments</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Body composition</title>
            <p>Body composition data were measured by octopolar electrical bioimpedance through the Inbody 720 equipment (Inbody Canada Corp, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), fulfilling the procedures specified in the literature. The bioimpedance uses eight electrodes: two are positioned in contact with the palm (E1, E3) and the thumb (E2, E4) of each hand, and two are in contact with the anterior (E5, E7) and posterior (E6, E8) of the plant of each foot. Five segmental impedances (right arm, left arm, right leg, left leg, and trunk) are measured at 1, 5, 50, 250, 500, and 1000 kHz. The body contact points were previously cleaned with an electrolytic fabric recommended by the manufacturer, and participants were told to comply with the following preparation standards: to fast for at least 4 hours, no alcohol consumption within 48 hours before testing, no moderate-to-high intensity exercise within 12 hours before evaluation, must be adequately hydrated to perform the exam, must not have metal parts or dental implants (when possible to remove) and no coffee ingestion. As a result of bioimpedance, the following variables were determined: total body mass (kg), body fat mass (kg), skeletal muscle mass (kg), VFA (cm<sup>2</sup>), and body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Age (years), height (cm), waist circumference (cm), and hip circumference (cm) were collected from the base of the clinic system medical records.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Laboratory biochemical variables</title>
            <p>The collected biochemical markers were HOMA-IR, insulin, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. The coloring system quantified total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides in the serum. The values of the methodology applied by the laboratory were considered references based on the values presented by the Brazilian Diabetes Society and the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>All data were collected from the clinic system of medical records preoperatively.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Analysis of heart rate variability</title>
            <p>A heart rate monitor (V800 Polar Heart Rate Monitor&#174;) was used for cardiac beats, they were calculated through the ratio between the RR interval and transferred to a computer program to analyze HRV through the Polar Precision Performance, which was imported into the Kubios HRV software (version 2.0), and it was used to calculate linear time and frequency domain methods. For the analysis of HRV in the time domain, the square root of the average of square differences between the normal RR intervals (RMSSD) and the standard deviation of the average of all normal RR intervals (SDNN) was used. For HRV analysis in the frequency domain, low-frequency spectral components (LF, 0.04-015 Hz) and high frequency (HF, 0.15 to 0.40 Hz) were used in normal units (LFun and HFun, respectively), which represents a value for each spectral component to the total power minus the very low-frequency components (VLF), and the relationship between these components (LF/HF ratio).</p>
            <p>Spectral analysis was calculated using the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. The sample participants were invited to remain at rest, supine position, without exposure to excessive light, and in a no-noise environment for 10 minutes to analyze a 5-minute cutting point, checking in the preoperative period.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Obstructive sleep apnea</title>
            <p>Polysomnography data were obtained through computed equipment from Respironics (Healthdyne Alice System 4), and the report was reviewed independently by trained experts. A third expert would be consulted in case of inconsistencies in the final report. The exam was conducted all night, in spontaneous sleep, without sedation or sleep deprivation. It was recorded: electroencephalogram (electrodes C3, C4), oculogram (O1, O2), electromyogram (electrodes in the Mentonian, Submention, and MMII), electrocardiogram, airflow (nasal and oral thermistor), respiratory effort (thoracic and abdominal strap), snoring (microphone on the chin) and body position (sensor in the thoracic strap).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Oxyhemoglobin saturation was measured through pulse oximetry. Respiratory events were thus defined: apnea, such as airflow interruption for 10 seconds or more, and hypopneas, such as the 50% or more reduction of inspiratory airflow per period &#8805; 10 seconds, associated with a decrease than 3% in oxyhemoglobin saturation and/or a micro awakening.</p>
            <p>Mixed apneas were included in the AHI and defined as those without respiratory effort at the beginning of the period, followed by a gradual increase. The AHI was obtained through polysomnographic examination, dividing the total respiratory events by sleep hours. Patients were classified according to AHI: without apnea - less than 5.0 events/sleep hour; with light apnea - between 5.0 and 14.9 events/sleep time; with moderate apnea - between 15.0 and 30.0 events per/hour of sleep and severe apnea - over 30.0 events/sleep time.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Statistical plan</title>
            <p>Descriptive and analytical analyzes were performed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Program software, Version 14.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Comparisons between Normotensive patients with SAH were conducted based on clinical diagnosis. The normality of the variables was verified through descriptive statistics and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The categorical variables were expressed in absolute values and percentages, and the chi-square test was used to test the differences between the categorical variables. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and non-normal distribution as median and interquartile range. Test-T for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney U test was used to test the differences between the continuous variables. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between SAH, body composition, and laboratory markers. The variables that presented p &lt;0.2 were considered for elaborating the adjustment models. The odds ratio has been adjusted to age, sex, height, and oxyhemoglobin saturation. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC Curve) were used to estimate the sensitivity and specificity between systemic arterial hypertension, abdominal visceral fat area, fasting plasma glucose, and their respective cutting points. For statistical inference, a value of p&lt;0.05 was adopted.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 95 participants of both sexes were selected for the study. NG included 57 participants (60%), and HG included 38 participants (40%), with an average age of 36.3 &#177; 10.1 and 40.4 &#177; 10.6 years, respectively (p = 0.062). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the characteristics of patients according to the clinical diagnosis of SAH, categorized as NG and HG. Compared to NG, HG had higher body mass, BMI, WC, BFM, and VFA. The percentage of patients diagnosed with insulin resistance was higher in the HG. The groups were homogeneous regarding laboratory data, polysomnography, and the severity of OSAS and HRV parameters.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of patients according to the diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>NG (n = 57)</th>
                  <th>HG (n = 38)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.3 (10.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">40.4 (10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.062</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Gender n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (26.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (42.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.123</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (73.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (57.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Body composition</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">113.3 (18.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">124.6 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.013</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">166.8 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">169.6 (8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.114</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">40.5 (4.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.9 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.027</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WC (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">117.3 (12.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">124.6 (18.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.024</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SMM (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">32.7 (7.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">35.8 (7.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BFM (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">55.1 (9.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">60.7 (14.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.027</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VFA (cm2)</td>
                  <td align="center">202.8 (54.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">262.2 (78.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Laboratory Data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (57)</td>
                  <td align="center">201 (36.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.657</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">49.5 (11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">48.3 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.636</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">146 (74)</td>
                  <td align="center">175.7 (113.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.162</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">96.9 (35.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">105.5 (26.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.180</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homa-IR</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.4 (3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.135</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Comorbidities n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.338</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin Resistance</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (57.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (82.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>OSAS</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (65.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (72.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.633</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Polysomnography measures</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AHI (events/h)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4 [3.8 &#8211; 15.7]</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9 [4 &#8211; 17.5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.389</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>OSAS frequency</td>
                  <td align="center">19 [13.7 &#8211; 27.5]</td>
                  <td align="center">18 [12 &#8211; 29.2]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.754</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>OS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 [93 &#8211; 96]</td>
                  <td align="center">94 [92 &#8211; 95.7]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.174</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>OSAS severity n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 5 events/h</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (34.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (27.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.513</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5 &#8211; 30 events/h</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (59.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 60.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 30 events/h</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (12.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>HRV Parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Time-domain</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Average RR</td>
                  <td align="center">760.4 [638&#8211;849]</td>
                  <td align="center">726 [647&#8211;814]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.660</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SDNN (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.7 [37.7&#8211;274]</td>
                  <td align="center">84 [43.7&#8211;422]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.522</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RMSSD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 [21.6&#8211;340]</td>
                  <td align="center">117 [33.8&#8211;550]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.373</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pNN50 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.4 [1.8&#8211;50]</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6 [3.4&#8211;40.4]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.861</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Frequency domain</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 [41&#8211;75]</td>
                  <td align="center">51 [27&#8211;84.8]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.601</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.6 [23.6&#8211;56]</td>
                  <td align="center">46 [15.2&#8211;64.8]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.443</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF/HF</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 [0.74&#8211;3.8]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 [0.54&#8211;8.5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.898</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SMM: skeletal muscle mass; BFM: body fat mass; VFA: visceral fat area; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; OS: oxyhemoglobin saturation; SDNN: standard deviation of the average of all normal RR intervals; RMSSD: square root of the average of square differences between the normal RR intervals; LF: low-frequency; HF: high frequency. Chi-square test was used to analyze diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, and OSAS; Values presented as mean (standard deviation) or median [interquartile range].</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> presents significant associations (p&lt;0.05) between SAH and measures of body composition, laboratory data, and comorbidities through unadjusted and adjusted multivariate analyzes. The variables body mass, SMM, BMI, WC, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, and insulin resistance showed no statistical differences in multivariate logistic regression analysis. In the final analysis model, after covariable adjustments, including age, gender, stature, and oxyhemoglobin saturation, the association between SAH and body composition was (OR = 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.97-0.99) for the area of visceral fat and laboratory markers (or = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.92-0.99) for fasting plasma glucose. Both variables proved to be the only ones independently associated with HAS.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate logistic regression model of body fat, laboratories, and comorbidity variables among obese patients with and without SAH</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Initial Model</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Final Model*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.089</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91 (0.75 &#8211; 1.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.362</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Visceral Fat Area</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98 (0.97 &#8211; 0.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.011</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-0.014</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98 (0.97 &#8211; 0.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SMM</td>
                  <td align="center">0.154</td>
                  <td align="center">1.16 (0.84 &#8211; 1.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.356</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.026</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97 (0.76 &#8211; 1.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.842</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WC</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.94 &#8211; 1.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.882</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99 (0.99 &#8211; 1.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.684</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting blood glucose</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.035</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (0.93 &#8211; 0.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.043</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-0.040</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (0.92 &#8211; 0.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homa - IR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  <td align="center">1.07 (0.86 &#8211; 1.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.836</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin Resistance</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.167</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31 (0.08 &#8211; 1.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.093</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>*The final model includes age, sex, height, and oxyhemoglobin saturation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">2</xref> present the data related to the sensitivity and specificity of SAH with the visceral fat and fasting plasma glucose, respectively, in addition to its cutting points for screening of SAH. The visceral fat area had an area under the curve = 0.728 (95% CI = 0.62-0.84) and Cut-off Point for SAH: &gt; 220.3 cm<sup>2</sup>, while fasting plasma glucose presented an area under the curve = 0.69 (95% CI = 0.58-0.80) and the cut-off point for SAH: &gt; 95 mg/dl.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curve for the visceral fat area as screening for SAH. Area under the curve = 0.728; IC 95% (0.620 &#8211; 0.836). Visceral fat area cut-off point for SAH: &gt; 220.3 cm2.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220728-20728-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curve for fasting blood glucose screening for SAH. Area under the curve = 0.693; CI 95% (0.582 &#8211; 0.804). Fasting blood glucose cut-off point for SAH: &gt; 95 mg/dl.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220728-20728-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, comparative analyzes between the groups showed that body composition measures, laboratory data, and comorbidity were higher in the HG. However, the only variables independently associated with SAH were visceral fat area and fasting plasma glucose. The strength of these associations described in the unadjusted analyzes was slightly changed after adjustments to potential confusion variables. These results provide additional support for the importance of maintaining low abdominal visceral fat storage levels, as well as the control of fasting plasma glucose as potential SAH protection factors.</p>
        <p>Body composition measures, biochemical markers, and comorbidities evaluated in this study impact the mechanisms related to SAH differently. Pre-studies corroborate our findings. In this sense, Chandra et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>demonstrated that higher measures of BMI were significantly associated with SAH in participants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>Still, in this sense, Lee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>found that at each 1kg/m<sup>2</sup>increase in BMI, there was also a 19% increase in the risk of arterial hypertension, and Holmes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>showed that for each increase in 1kg/m<sup>2</sup>in IMC the systolic blood pressure increased by 0.70mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>A likely explanation for the association of IMC measure with SAH, knowing that it is an index with cutting points for the obesity classification with good accuracy in prediction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>is the fact that the obese phenotype, even when metabolically healthy, is directly linked to an increased risk for hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> </sup>since there are pathological mechanisms such as hyperinsulinemia, stimulation of sympathetic nervous system and abnormal levels of adipocytokines that affect vascular endothelium, responsible for maintaining vascular homeostasis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Still dealing with measures of body composition, in our findings, the waist circumference also demonstrated an association with SAH, as well as in the study by Guilherme et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>which demonstrated that in Brazilian adolescents, the WC obtained a positive association as an independent anthropometric indicator for SAH, and those classified with central obesity were 130% more likely to have high blood pressure compared to adolescents without the diagnosis of abdominal obesity. Carba et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>found that for every 1cm increase in WC, the chances of hypertension increased by 5% for non-overweight women and 3% for overweight women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>Since WC is an indicator of abdominal obesity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>it can be said that a possible explanation for the association between WC and HAS is related to the excess fat deposits in this part of the body since visceral adipose tissue plays an important role in activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which can influence central and systemic hemodynamics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As we can see, changing a normotensive phenotype to hypertensive involves multiple factors. In addition to the variables already mentioned, BFM also interferes with hemodynamics, so that fat distribution can dictate the risk of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>Similarly, Han et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>found that the body fat percentage was significantly higher in the hypertensive group 29 compared to normotensive individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>Park et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>also demonstrated that individuals with a high percentage of body fat were associated with an increased risk of hypertension even with low BMI, WC, or waist-hip ratio, and the increased risk was proportional to the increased percentage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>In this case, by increasing BFM, levels in the plasma of inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein and interleukins may also increase, which may predispose to cardiovascular disease development, including hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As mentioned earlier, fat distribution can dictate the risk of cardiovascular disease, and, in this sense, individuals with higher levels of visceral adipose tissue and ectopic fat deposits have an even greater prevalence of metabolic disorders such as hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> </sup> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">2</xref> are visualized the area under the ROC curve for sensitivity and specificity for the visceral fat area and fasting plasma glucose found in our study, demonstrating that both variables obtained independent associations with SAH, highlighting mainly the area of visceral fat. Excessive visceral adipose tissue produces hormones and molecules that accentuate cardiovascular disease, become resistant to insulin and leptin, and may contribute to vascular resistance and sympathetic system dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>Intra-abdominal adipose tissue at high levels can be considered as part of a phenotype whose result is associated with a dysfunctional alteration of subcutaneous adipose tissue and ectopic storage of triglyceride, leading to this morphological change to be part of a set of cardiometabolic risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Once insulin resistance can contribute to vascular resistance and sympathetic system dysfunction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>it is important to highlight its relationship with fasting plasma glucose levels since the insulin sensitivity rate decreases as fasting blood glucose increases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup>In a study conducted in Japan, it was observed that high fasting glucose levels were independently and significantly associated with hypertension, and the risk rate in participants with glucose levels above or equal to 7.0 mmol/L was 1.79 compared to participants with glycemia rate above 5.6 mmol/l.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>These results corroborate our findings, as fasting plasma glucose has been independently associated with SAH.</p>
        <p>The associations between fasting plasma glycemia plus abdominal visceral fat and SAH described in the present study have potential implications for treatment interventions to improve results in obese patients and are probably generalizable for populations worldwide. However, there are limitations to determining whether statistical associations are causal, and the direction of associations should be considered before definitive conclusions are reached. Since the study is observational, it is not possible to rule out the effects of residual or unsuccessful confusion as an explanation for the results. In addition, the transverse design does not allow us to determine whether the clinical picture of SAH preceded or was influenced by the metabolic and morphological profile. The observed SAH associations with biochemical and body markers may be bidirectional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, the present study demonstrates an inverse and independent association between fasting plasma glucose concentration, abdominal visceral fat area, and SAH in obese patients. In addition, fasting plasma glucose and visceral fat area showed a high sensitivity for SAH screening. The results draw attention to the importance of interventions to improve the control of biochemical and body composition variables, prevent changes in plasma blood glucose, and attenuate increased abdominal visceral fat in obese patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pesquisa da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica/EBMSP under the protocol number 1.530.178. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
