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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TDZsxXGhnBp3QRcJyWJXZpp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220701</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implante Valvar Transcateter em Pacientes com Estenose Valvar A&#243;rtica: Uma <italic>Overview</italic> de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas e Metan&#225;lise Incluindo M&#250;ltiplas Popula&#231;&#245;es</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3970-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Diegoli</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9798-6977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Regina Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okumura</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Miyake</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kroll</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2059-7217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dayane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furlan</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Henrique Picolo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Academia VBHC Educa&#231;&#227;o e Consultoria Ltda</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Academia VBHC Educa&#231;&#227;o e Consultoria Ltda , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Edwards Lifesciences Corporation</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Edwards Lifesciences Corporation , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de York</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">York</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de York , York &#8211; Reino Unido </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade da Regi&#227;o de Joinville</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Joinville</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade da Regi&#227;o de Joinville , Joinville , SC &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Unimed do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Unimed do Paran&#225; , Curitiba , PR &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Henrique Diegoli &#8226; Academia VBHC Educa&#231;&#227;o e Consultoria Ltda - Rua Ministro de Godoi, 637. CEP 05015-040, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>hdiegoli@academiavbhc.org</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="current-aff">
          <p>Henrique Diegoli trabalhou como consultor remunerado para a Edwards Lifesciences.</p>
          <p>Marcia Regina Dias Alves, Lucas Miyake Okumura e Dayane Silveira foram empregados pela Edwards Lifesciences.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220701</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) e estudos observacionais compararam a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a do implante valvar transcateter (TAVR) e da substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva a&#243;rtica (SAVR) em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Comparar TAVR e SAVR em pacientes com diferentes riscos cir&#250;rgicos, caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o e diferentes v&#225;lvulas prot&#233;ticas transcateter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Uma <italic>overview</italic> das revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas (RSs) foi realizada seguindo um protocolo estruturado. Os resultados foram agrupados por risco cir&#250;rgico, caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o e diferentes v&#225;lvulas. Os ECRs foram reanalisados por meio de metan&#225;lises nas RSs, e os resultados foram resumidos por meio do m&#233;todo GRADE. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SAVR, os pacientes com alto risco cir&#250;rgico submetidos &#224; TAVR tiveram um risco menor de ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> , intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, diferen&#231;a absoluta de risco) fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) (0,5, 0,29-0,86, -106/1000) e hemorragia com risco &#224; vida (0,29, 0,2-0,42, -215/1000). Pacientes com risco cir&#250;rgico intermedi&#225;rio apresentaram menor risco de FA (0,27, 0,23-0,33, -255/1.000), hemorragia com risco &#224; vida (0,15, 0,12-0,19, -330/1.000) e insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (IRA) (0,4, 0,26-0,62, -21/1000). Pacientes com baixo risco cir&#250;rgico tiveram menor risco de morte (0,58, 0,34-0,97, -16/1000), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) (0,51, 0,28-0,94, -15/1000), FA (0,16, 0,12-0,2, -295/1000), hemorragia com risco &#224; vida (0,17, 0,05-0,55, -76/1000) e IRA (0,27, 0,13-0,55, -21/1000) e tiveram maior risco de implante de marca-passo definitivo (IMD) (4,22, 1,27 -14.02, 141/1000). Os dispositivos de gera&#231;&#227;o mais recente tiveram um risco menor de FA em compara&#231;&#227;o com as gera&#231;&#245;es mais antigas, e pacientes usu&#225;rios de dispositivos expans&#237;veis por bal&#227;o n&#227;o apresentaram riscos maiores de IMD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este artigo apresenta evid&#234;ncias de que pacientes com risco cir&#250;rgico baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto apresentam melhores desfechos quando tratados com TAVR em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SAVR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivo</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s instalada, a hist&#243;ria natural da estenose a&#243;rtica grave sintom&#225;tica evolui para &#243;bito em poucos anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nenhum tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#233; capaz de modificar a hist&#243;ria natural da estenose a&#243;rtica grave, mas a substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar pode aumentar a sobrevida em cinco anos para mais de 70% dos casos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento para estenose a&#243;rtica grave s&#227;o a substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva a&#243;rtica (SAVR) ou o implante valvar transcateter (TAVR), que apresentam diferentes riscos de complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo hemorragia, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, necessidade de implante de marca-passo definitivo (IMD) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) persistente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At&#233; o momento, ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) e estudos observacionais investigaram a efic&#225;cia do TAVR em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SAVR em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave. No entanto, o corpo de evid&#234;ncias nunca foi resumido em uma vis&#227;o geral que inclu&#237;sse grupos populacionais e perfis de risco espec&#237;ficos, al&#233;m de diferentes v&#225;lvulas transcateter.</p>
      <p>Esta overview das revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas (RSs) resume a RS publicada sobre a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do TAVR em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SAVR, facilitando a tomada de decis&#227;o ao escolher entre TAVR e SAVR ou entre dispositivos TAVR. Este artigo descreve e compara as evid&#234;ncias que comparam TAVR e SAVR em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave, avaliando a consist&#234;ncia dos achados em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, categorias de risco e v&#225;lvulas prot&#233;ticas transcateter. Este estudo visa responder qual op&#231;&#227;o apresenta a melhor taxa de mortalidade e outros desfechos em diferentes grupos de popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Uma overview de RS foi realizada de acordo com os m&#233;todos descritos no Manual Cochrane de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi conclu&#237;da seguindo as Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O relato dos achados seguiu os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo PRISMA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o dos artigos e os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o seguiram um protocolo estruturado com tr&#234;s revisores seguindo os mesmos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o dos artigos. O presente trabalho inclui estudos envolvendo pacientes com estenose valvar grave que necessitam de um procedimento de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar, excluindo pacientes inoper&#225;veis, e comparando o TAVR (ou um modelo de v&#225;lvula espec&#237;fico) com SAVR (ou outro modelo de v&#225;lvula). Os desfechos em um ano foram mortalidade geral, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, implante de marca-passo definitivo, classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA &#8805;2 e os desfechos em 30 dias foram hemorragia com risco &#224; vida e insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda. Na aus&#234;ncia de dados de um ano, desfechos de 30 dias foram coletados. O estudo consistiu em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica que incluiu ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados ou estudos observacionais com correspond&#234;ncia de escore de propens&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Para fins de triagem dos artigos, os registros bibliogr&#225;ficos foram compilados no Mendeley Desktop (vers&#227;o 1.19.8). Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o das duplicatas, os t&#237;tulos e resumos dos artigos foram analisados por dois revisores independentes. Todos os artigos inclu&#237;dos nesta fase por pelo menos um revisor foram lidos na &#237;ntegra por dois revisores. As discrep&#226;ncias nesta fase foram resolvidas por meio de discuss&#245;es entre os revisores. Utilizou-se o Microsoft Excel 365 para registrar a extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados. A extra&#231;&#227;o dos resultados da metan&#225;lise foi realizada por um revisor e verificada por um segundo revisor. Quando dispon&#237;vel, as diferen&#231;as de subgrupo foram extra&#237;das.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos achados das RSs</title>
        <p>Os resultados foram descritos de acordo com o grupo populacional de pacientes. Os resultados foram descritos conforme relatado nas revis&#245;es originais, incluindo intervalos de confian&#231;a, n&#250;mero de estudos prim&#225;rios, participantes e, quando dispon&#237;veis, caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A qualidade metodol&#243;gica das RSs foi avaliada por dois revisores independentes usando a escala AMSTAR-2. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os itens 4 (uso de estrat&#233;gia de busca abrangente) e 9 (uso de t&#233;cnica satisfat&#243;ria para avaliar o risco de vi&#233;s de estudos individuais) foram considerados cr&#237;ticos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Metan&#225;lises de ECRs</title>
        <p>Independentemente do perfil de risco cir&#250;rgico do paciente, os dados prim&#225;rios de todos os ECRs que comparam os desfechos de TAVR e SAVR foram reanalisados em metan&#225;lises por meio do software Review Manager 5.4.1 (Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%, sendo medido o efeito do <italic>odds ratio</italic> com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC de 95%) e modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, que fornecem intervalos de confian&#231;a mais amplos, considerando a incerteza associada &#224; heterogeneidade, o que torna os resultados mais generaliz&#225;veis. A metan&#225;lise foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de Mantel-Haenszel. O c&#225;lculo de I <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> foi utilizado para avaliar a heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica. A ferramenta RoB-2 foi aplicada a cada ECR para avaliar o risco de vi&#233;s nos estudos prim&#225;rios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi avaliado devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos inclu&#237;dos em cada compara&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os resultados foram apresentados em tabelas de resumo com uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da evid&#234;ncia usando o m&#233;todo GRADE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O m&#233;todo GRADE usa cinco itens: risco de vi&#233;s, inconsist&#234;ncia, car&#225;ter indireto, imprecis&#227;o e vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. O n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia inicia alto para cada desfecho e &#233; reduzido na presen&#231;a de risco de fraqueza dos achados devido a um dos cinco itens.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A pesquisa de literatura resultou em 1.005 registros, dos quais 990 permaneceram ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o das duplicatas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ). Ap&#243;s a leitura dos t&#237;tulos e resumos, 812 artigos foram exclu&#237;dos, resultando em 178 selecionados para leitura completa e, com base nos crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o, 60 RSs foram inclu&#237;das para revis&#227;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade indicou que 19 (31,7%) RSs foram classificadas como de qualidade moderada, 28 (46,7%) de qualidade baixa e 13 (21,7%) de qualidade criticamente baixa ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 1</ext-link> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma PRISMA do processo de sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos. TAVR: implante valvar transcateter; ECRs: ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220701-20701-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As RSs inclu&#237;das foram 60 artigos cient&#237;ficos que relataram achados de estudos prim&#225;rios, dos quais sete eram ECRs e 40 eram estudos observacionais com correspond&#234;ncia de escore de propens&#227;o (PSM, ou <italic>Propensity Score Matching</italic> ). Os dados dos sete ECRs foram incorporados a metan&#225;lises para resumir os desfechos por grupo de risco, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> enquanto os resultados diretos das RSs, que inclu&#237;am informa&#231;&#245;es de estudos observacionais e ECRs, foram usados para criar resumos narrativos para os demais grupos populacionais. Uma alta qualidade metodol&#243;gica foi observada nos ECRs, com especifica&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 2</ext-link> .</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Grupos populacionais classificados por risco cir&#250;rgico: metan&#225;lise de sete ECRs</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes com alto risco cir&#250;rgico</title>
          <p>As RSs que comparam pacientes de alto risco foram baseadas nos ECRs PARTNER A (2011) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e US CoreValve High Risk (2014), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> que usaram as v&#225;lvulas Sapien (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, EUA) e CoreValve (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, EUA), respectivamente. Algumas RSs inclu&#237;ram o estudo STACCATO, mas este estudo n&#227;o resumiu seus dados, pois foi interrompido prematuramente devido a complica&#231;&#245;es e &#224; inclus&#227;o de apenas 70 pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Esses estudos inclu&#237;ram pacientes com uma chance estimada de morte ou complica&#231;&#245;es irrevers&#237;veis maior que 15% dentro de 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia, tendo como refer&#234;ncia o escore da STS. O escore da STS n&#227;o contempla todas as vari&#225;veis que podem ser utilizadas para calcular o risco cir&#250;rgico; portanto, a determina&#231;&#227;o final de alto risco cir&#250;rgico &#233; feita pelos cirurgi&#245;es de cada centro de estudo. O escore STS m&#233;dio foi de 11,8% (PARTNER A) e 7,3% (US Core Valve High Risk).</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> resume os resultados da metan&#225;lise de estudos prim&#225;rios e s&#237;ntese de evid&#234;ncias usando o m&#233;todo GRADE, que mostram uma redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de FA persistente e hemorragia com risco &#224; vida para pacientes tratados com TAVR. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa foi observada em outros desfechos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; S&#237;ntese dos resultados: pacientes com alto risco cir&#250;rgico</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Desfechos</th>
                    <th>Participantes (estudos)</th>
                    <th>Qualidade da evid&#234;ncia (GRADE)</th>
                    <th>Efeito relativo (IC de 95%)</th>
                    <th>Efeito absoluto</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mortalidade (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">1381 * &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderado &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,9 (0,7-1,17)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 a menos a cada 1000 (55 a menos a 28 a mais)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AVE (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">1262 * &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">Baixo &#8225; &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 1,06 (0,3-3,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 a menos a cada 1000 (59 a menos a 173 a mais)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FA (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">1446 * &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderado &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,5 (0,29-0,86)</td>
                    <td align="center">106 a menos para cada 1000 (27 a 160)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Implante de marca-passo definitivo (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">1446 * &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderado &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 1,78 (0,94-3,37)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 a menos a cada 1000 (34 a menos a 119 a mais)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA &gt;=2 (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">669 *</td>
                    <td align="center">Baixo &#8225; //</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,85 (0,62-1,15)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 a menos a cada 1000 (119 a menos a 34 a mais)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemorragia com risco &#224; vida (30 dias)</td>
                    <td align="center">747 *</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderado //</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,29 (0,2-0,42)</td>
                    <td align="center">215 a menos para cada 1000 (166 a 253)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (30 dias)</td>
                    <td align="center">1446 * &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">Muito baixo &#8225; // &#182;</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,57 (0,2-1,61)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 a menos a cada 1000 (75 a menos a 50 a mais)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1">
                  <p>AVE: acidente vascular cerebral; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; NYHA: New York Heart Association. * US CoreValve High Risk 2014. &#8224; PARTNER 2011. &#8225; Inexatid&#227;o devido ao grande intervalo de confian&#231;a e/ou nenhum efeito do tratamento. &#167; Inconsist&#234;ncia, uma vez que houve redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico no estudo US CoreValve High Risk, sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no estudo PARTNER A. Heterogeneidade inexplic&#225;vel entre os estudos identificados (I2 87%, valor de p [p = 0,006]). // Limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas, uma vez que n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel excluir o vi&#233;s de medi&#231;&#227;o pela impossibilidade de obter pacientes e equipes de car&#225;ter cego. A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e a gravidade da hemorragia foram consideradas desfechos n&#227;o objetivos e, portanto, o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia foi reduzido. &#182; Inconsist&#234;ncia, uma vez que houve redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda no estudo US CoreValve High Risk, sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no estudo PARTNER A. Heterogeneidade inexplic&#225;vel entre os estudos identificados (I2 80%, valor de p [p = 0,02]).</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01">
              <label>Figura Central</label>
              <caption>
                <title>: Implante Valvar Transcateter em Pacientes com Estenose Valvar A&#243;rtica: Uma Overview de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas e Metan&#225;lise Incluindo M&#250;ltiplas Popula&#231;&#245;es</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>Resumo das conclus&#245;es do estudo entre grupos de risco. A: Alto risco cir&#250;rgico; B: Risco cir&#250;rgico intermedi&#225;rio; C: Baixo risco cir&#250;rgico. NYHA: New York Heart Association.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220701-20701-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes com risco cir&#250;rgico intermedi&#225;rio</title>
          <p>Os ECRs que inclu&#237;ram pacientes com risco cir&#250;rgico intermedi&#225;rio foram o PARTNER IIA, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que utilizou a v&#225;lvula Sapien XT, e o SURTAVI, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> que utilizou as v&#225;lvulas CoreValve (84%) e Evolut R (16%). O risco m&#233;dio de morte em 30 dias dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, calculado pelo escore STS, foi de 5,8% e 4,4%, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>Conforme observado na popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco cir&#250;rgico, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o substancial no risco de FA e hemorragia com risco &#224; vida, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Uma redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de IRA tamb&#233;m foi observada. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no risco de IMD. Essa an&#225;lise foi inconsistente, uma vez que o estudo SURTAVI indicou um aumento substancial no risco (OR de 4,3), e o estudo Partner IIA n&#227;o indicou uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (I <sup>2</sup> = 97%, p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; S&#237;ntese dos resultados: pacientes com risco cir&#250;rgico intermedi&#225;rio</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Desfechos</th>
                    <th>Participantes (estudos)</th>
                    <th>Qualidade da evid&#234;ncia (GRADE)</th>
                    <th>Efeito relativo (IC de 95%)</th>
                    <th>Efeito absoluto</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mortalidade (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">3222 * &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">Alta</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 1 (0,79-1,25)</td>
                    <td align="center">Nenhuma diferen&#231;a (-22 a +26 a cada 1000)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AVE (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">3707 * &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderado &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,89 (0,69-1,16)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 a menos para cada 1000 (-22 a +11)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FA (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">3692 * &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">Alta</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,27 (0,23-0,33)</td>
                    <td align="center">255 a menos para cada 1000 (234 a 269)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Implante de marca-passo definitivo (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">3692 * &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">Baixo &#8225; &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 2,26 (0,63-8,03)</td>
                    <td align="center">87 a mais para cada 1000 (-29 a +338)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA &gt;=2 (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">1120 *</td>
                    <td align="center">Baixo &#8225; //</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,91 (0,7-1,17)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 a menos para cada 1000 (-71 a +35)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemorragia com risco &#224; vida (30 dias)</td>
                    <td align="center">2032 &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderado //</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,15 (0,12-0,19)</td>
                    <td align="center">330 a menos para cada 1000 (306 a 349)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (30 dias)</td>
                    <td align="center">3692 * &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderado //</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,4 (0,26-0,62)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 a menos a cada 1000 (13 a 27)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2">
                  <p>AVE: acidente vascular cerebral; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; NYHA: New York Heart Association. * SURTAVI 2017; &#8224; PARTNER 2 2016; &#8225; Inexatid&#227;o devido ao grande intervalo de confian&#231;a e/ou nenhum efeito do tratamento; &#167; Inconsist&#234;ncia, pois n&#227;o houve risco aumentado de implante de marca-passo definitivo com TAVR no estudo PARTNER 2, mas houve um aumento substancial do risco no estudo SURTAVI. Heterogeneidade significativa identificada (I2 97%, valor p [p &lt; 0,0001]). // Limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas, uma vez que n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel excluir o vi&#233;s de medi&#231;&#227;o pela impossibilidade de obter pacientes e equipes de car&#225;ter cego. A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e a gravidade da hemorragia foram consideradas desfechos n&#227;o objetivos e, portanto, o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia foi reduzido.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes com baixo risco cir&#250;rgico</title>
          <p>Os ECRs que compararam TAVR e SAVR em pacientes com baixo risco cir&#250;rgico foram o PARTNER III, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> usando a v&#225;lvula Sapien 3, o Evolut Low Risk, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> usando CoreValve (3,6%), Evolut R (74,1%) e Evolut Pro (22,3%) e o NOTION, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> usando CoreValve. Os escores STS tiveram uma m&#233;dia de 1,9%, 1,9% e 3%, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> indica os achados da metan&#225;lise e a avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade usando o sistema GRADE. O risco de morte, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, FA, hemorragia com risco &#224; vida e IRA diminuiu significativamente no grupo TAVR. Houve aumento do risco de IMD, mas com importante grau de heterogeneidade (I <sup>2</sup> 90%, p = 0,02), uma vez que houve aumento significativo do risco no estudo PARTNER III, mas foi observado aumento significativo nos estudos Evolut Low Risk e NOTION.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3">
              <label>Tabela 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; S&#237;ntese dos resultados: pacientes com baixo risco cir&#250;rgico</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Desfechos</th>
                    <th>Participantes (estudos)</th>
                    <th>Qualidade da evid&#234;ncia (GRADE)</th>
                    <th>Efeito relativo (IC de 95%)</th>
                    <th>Efeito absoluto</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mortalidade (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">2014 * &#8224; &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderado &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,58 (0,34-0,97)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 a menos para cada 1000 (1 a 26)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AVE (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">2014 * &#8224; &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderado &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,51 (0,28-0,94)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 a menos para cada 1000 (2 a 22)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FA (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">2014 * &#8224; &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">Alta</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,16 (0,12-0,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">295 a menos para cada 1000 (275 a 316)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Implante de marca-passo definitivo (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">2014 * &#8224; &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">Baixo &#167; //</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 4,22 (1,27-14,02)</td>
                    <td align="center">141 a mais para cada 1000 (14 a 391)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA &gt;=2 (1 ano)</td>
                    <td align="center">1909 * &#8224; &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">Baixo &#167; #</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 1,31 (0,93-1,85)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 a mais para cada 1000 (-10 a 107)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemorragia com risco &#224; vida (30 dias)</td>
                    <td align="center">2353 * &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">Baixo &#167; #</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,17 (0,05-0,55)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 a menos a cada 1000 (40 a 88)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (30 dias)</td>
                    <td align="center">2633 * &#8224; &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">Baixo &#167; #</td>
                    <td align="center">OR de 0,27 (0,13-0,55)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 a menos a cada 1000 (13 a 25)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3">
                  <p>AVE: acidente vascular cerebral; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; NYHA: New York Heart Association. * PARTNER 3. &#8224; Evolut Low Risk. &#8225; NOTION. &#167; Imprecis&#227;o devido ao grande intervalo de confian&#231;a e/ou nenhum efeito do tratamento. // Inconsist&#234;ncia, pois o PARTNER 3 n&#227;o apresentou risco aumentado de implante de marca-passo definitivo com TAVR, mas o Evolut Low Risk e o Notion, sim. Heterogeneidade inexplic&#225;vel entre os estudos (I2 90%, valor de p [p = 0,02]). &#182; Inconsist&#234;ncia devido &#224; amplitude do intervalo de confian&#231;a. # Limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas: como &#233; imposs&#237;vel obter pacientes e equipes de car&#225;ter cego, o vi&#233;s de medi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser eliminado. A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e a gravidade da hemorragia foram consideradas desfechos n&#227;o objetivos e, portanto, o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia foi reduzido.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Outros grupos populacionais: vis&#227;o geral das revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Diferen&#231;as entre sexos</title>
        <p>Duas metan&#225;lises compararam as diferen&#231;as de sexo nos desfechos de TAVR e SAVR, com n&#237;veis de confian&#231;a moderados na escala AMSTAR-2 ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 3</ext-link> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Os estudos identificaram que o TAVR em mulheres estava associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de morte e IRA, mas n&#227;o em homens. No entanto, o TAVR aumentou significativamente o risco de IMD em homens, mas n&#227;o em mulheres. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</title>
        <p>Latif et al., 2021 (n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a moderado), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> compararam TAVR e SAVR em pacientes com cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">tabela Suplementar 3</ext-link> ). Os resultados n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas no risco de morte ou IRA, mas o TAVR reduziu significativamente o risco de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e hemorragia grave.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diferentes v&#225;lvulas prot&#233;ticas transcateter</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Zhang et al., 2020</xref> (n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a moderado), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> comparam os desfechos de TAVR e SAVR em diversos subgrupos, incluindo gera&#231;&#245;es mais antigas em compara&#231;&#227;o com gera&#231;&#245;es novas e dispositivos de expans&#227;o de bal&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com dispositivos autoexpans&#237;veis, incluindo sete ECRs (7.771 pacientes). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com as gera&#231;&#245;es mais antigas, as gera&#231;&#245;es mais novas n&#227;o reduziram o risco de morte, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou IRA, mas reduziram o risco de FA e IMD ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">tabela Suplementar 3</ext-link> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Zhang et al., 2020</xref> , <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> compararam os desfechos entre sistemas expans&#237;veis por bal&#227;o e aqueles autoexpans&#237;veis. Os dispositivos expans&#237;veis por bal&#227;o demonstraram riscos significativamente reduzidos de IMD e hemorragia grave em 30 dias, enquanto os dispositivos autoexpans&#237;veis apresentaram menor incid&#234;ncia de IRA.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Gozdek et al., 2020</xref> (baixo n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> comparou as diferen&#231;as de desfechos entre o sistema autoexpans&#237;vel ACURATE neo (Boston Scientific Corporation, Marlborough, MA, EUA) e o sistema expans&#237;vel por bal&#227;o SAPIEN 3, em um ECR e cinco estudos observacionais com PSM, incluindo 2.818 participantes. O risco de morte em 30 dias foi maior em pacientes usando o ACURATE neo em compara&#231;&#227;o com o SAPIEN 3 ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 3</ext-link> ), consistente com a falha do ECR SCOPE I em comprovar a n&#227;o inferioridade do ACURATE neo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao SAPIEN 3. Embora o ECR SCOPE I n&#227;o tenha observado diferen&#231;a significativa na necessidade de IMD, a an&#225;lise de estudos observacionais com PSM indicou menor necessidade no grupo que utilizou o sistema ACURATE neo.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Alperi et al., 2020</xref> (baixo n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> realizaram uma metan&#225;lise que incluiu 35 estudos observacionais com PSM ou ECRs buscando investigar o papel de m&#250;ltiplos fatores na ocorr&#234;ncia de IMD. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre Sapien 3 e Evolut R/PRO, envolvendo 23.965 pacientes em quatro estudos observacionais com PSM e um ECR, observou-se maior frequ&#234;ncia de IMD com Evolut R/PRO nos estudos observacionais com PSM, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em tr&#234;s dos quatro estudos. No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no ECR. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre Sapien 3 e ACURATE neo, 2.194 pacientes foram estudados em quatro estudos observacionais com PSM e um ECR. Nos estudos observacionais com PSM, houve maior frequ&#234;ncia de IMD no grupo que utilizou o Sapien 3, entre os quais dois apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, enquanto o ECR (SCOPE I) n&#227;o observou diferen&#231;a significativa. Apenas um estudo observacional com PSM, com 251 pacientes, comparou o IMD no sistema Evolut Pro vs. ACURATE neo, n&#227;o observando diferen&#231;as significativas. Os sistemas Portico e Sapien 3 foram comparados em um estudo observacional com PSM com 177 pacientes, que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;as significativas. O sistema Portico tamb&#233;m foi comparado a um grupo de v&#225;lvulas dispon&#237;veis comercialmente em um ECR de 732 pacientes, predominantemente expans&#237;vel por bal&#227;o, com um desfecho desfavor&#225;vel para o Portico.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O uso de TAVR foi associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de FA persistente e hemorragia com risco &#224; vida em pacientes em qualquer n&#237;vel de risco cir&#250;rgico. No entanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade foi observada apenas em pacientes de baixo risco cir&#250;rgico, n&#227;o naqueles de risco cir&#250;rgico intermedi&#225;rio ou alto. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes submetidos a TAVR com risco cir&#250;rgico baixo ou intermedi&#225;rio apresentaram menor risco de IRA. Por outro lado, o TAVR foi associado a um risco maior de IMD, mas a diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significativa apenas nos casos de v&#225;lvulas prot&#233;ticas autoexpans&#237;veis transcateter.</p>
      <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o na probabilidade de FA e IMD com v&#225;lvulas de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o provavelmente se deve a m&#250;ltiplos fatores, incluindo o envolvimento de pacientes de menor risco em estudos dessas v&#225;lvulas, maior profici&#234;ncia das equipes cir&#250;rgicas, aprimoramentos nas t&#233;cnicas e atributos distintos de v&#225;lvulas de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o que permitem um implante mais preciso.</p>
      <p>Embora tenha havido maior incid&#234;ncia de IMD no grupo TAVR, ela foi altamente heterog&#234;nea porque a fam&#237;lia de estudos PARTNER com a v&#225;lvula expans&#237;vel por bal&#227;o Sapien n&#227;o apresentou aumento no risco de IMD. Em estudos comparando diferentes v&#225;lvulas prot&#233;ticas transcateter, as v&#225;lvulas autoexpans&#237;veis foram associadas a um risco substancialmente maior de IMD. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Sapien 3, as v&#225;lvulas Evolut R e Portico apresentaram maior risco de IMD. A exce&#231;&#227;o foi a v&#225;lvula ACURATE neo, uma v&#225;lvula autoexpans&#237;vel com menor risco de IMD, mas maior risco de morte.</p>
      <p>A SAVR &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica frequentemente utilizada em pacientes com estenose valvar a&#243;rtica grave, devido &#224; sua hist&#243;ria natural de progn&#243;stico ruim, com &#243;bito ocorrendo em poucos anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os primeiros estudos para investigar a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do TAVR foram realizados em pacientes inoper&#225;veis, mostrando uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da mortalidade quando comparada ao tratamento m&#233;dico, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> assim como em pacientes de alto risco cir&#250;rgico, nos quais o TAVR apresentou um risco de morte semelhante &#224; SAVR. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Como observado neste estudo, os ECRs mais recentes apresentam fortes evid&#234;ncias da seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do procedimento. Tr&#234;s fatores podem explicar os melhores desfechos em perfis de risco mais baixos: diferentes gera&#231;&#245;es de v&#225;lvulas foram usadas em m&#250;ltiplos estudos pivotais; acesso menos invasivo utilizado em estudos mais recentes (transfemoral em vez de transapical); melhorias da experi&#234;ncia das equipes, imagens e outros fatores nos &#250;ltimos anos.</p>
      <p>As evid&#234;ncias sugerem um benef&#237;cio absoluto substancial em pacientes de risco cir&#250;rgico intermedi&#225;rio e baixo, ainda maior do que aquele identificado em pacientes de alto risco cir&#250;rgico. Sendo assim, os achados s&#227;o de grande import&#226;ncia para informar uma atualiza&#231;&#227;o sobre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es dos &#243;rg&#227;os de sa&#250;de sobre a amplia&#231;&#227;o do acesso ao procedimento no Brasil e em outros pa&#237;ses.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, o TAVR &#233; recomendado apenas para pacientes inoper&#225;veis ou com alto risco cir&#250;rgico pela Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Sa&#250;de Suplementar (ANS). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> No sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de do Brasil, o TAVR &#233; recomendado para pacientes inoper&#225;veis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em contraste, outras diretrizes recomendam o uso mais amplo do TAVR, como aquelas da American Heart Association e do American College of Cardiology (tratamento de prefer&#234;ncia para pacientes acima de 80 anos), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Diretrizes da European Society of Cardiology (ESC) e a European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) (TAVR recomendado para pacientes com idade superior a 75 anos ou com alto risco cir&#250;rgico). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> As Diretrizes para Valvopatia da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sugerem o TAVR como a op&#231;&#227;o preferencial para pacientes acima de 70 anos, independentemente do risco cir&#250;rgico, mas a SAVR pode ser prefer&#237;vel para perfis de risco baixo e intermedi&#225;rio, de acordo com uma decis&#227;o da equipe. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Futuras compara&#231;&#245;es entre TAVR e SAVR tamb&#233;m devem considerar a redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do risco de FA, condi&#231;&#227;o que, na maioria das vezes, requer anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo associada a altos custos com medicamentos, exames de sangue e consultas m&#233;dicas. A redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de acidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos tamb&#233;m impacta positivamente os custos com interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e o acompanhamento a longo prazo. Da mesma forma, reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de hemorragia com risco &#224; vida diminui os custos hospitalares relacionados ao procedimento.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Esta &#233; a primeira overview de revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas que investiga o TAVR em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SAVR, incluindo grupos espec&#237;ficos de popula&#231;&#227;o e diferentes v&#225;lvulas prot&#233;ticas transcateter de TAVR, totalizando 60 RSs na an&#225;lise final. Essa abordagem permite uma vis&#227;o abrangente das evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas dispon&#237;veis sobre o procedimento, oferecendo um resumo das informa&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias aos profissionais de sa&#250;de e gestores de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica para a tomada de decis&#245;es.</p>
        <p>O desenho do estudo &#233; limitado pelo uso de informa&#231;&#245;es de fontes secund&#225;rias (outras revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas), que foram reduzidas pelo resumo de evid&#234;ncias por meio do sistema GRADE usando artigos prim&#225;rios.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Uma overview de 60 RSs e metan&#225;lise de sete ECRs identificou que o TAVR foi associado a desfechos significativamente melhores em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SAVR, exceto pelo risco de IMD, com evid&#234;ncia de qualidade moderada a baixa. Um aumento substancial do risco de IMD foi observado nas pr&#243;teses autoexpans&#237;veis, o que n&#227;o ocorreu nas v&#225;lvulas expans&#237;veis por bal&#227;o. Estudos mais recentes, que inclu&#237;ram pacientes com riscos baixo e intermedi&#225;rio, demonstraram um maior benef&#237;cio absoluto do TAVR, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SAVR, do que os estudos que inclu&#237;ram pacientes com risco mais alto. Esses achados ajudam a informar as autoridades sobre a expans&#227;o da indica&#231;&#227;o do TAVR, embasadas em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas s&#243;lidas e recomenda&#231;&#245;es da sociedade m&#233;dica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>*Material suplementar</title>
      <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transcatheter Valve Replacement in Patients with Aortic Valve Stenosis: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis with Different Populations</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3970-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Diegoli</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9798-6977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Regina Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okumura</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Miyake</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kroll</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2059-7217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dayane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furlan</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Henrique Picolo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Academia VBHC Educa&#231;&#227;o e Consultoria Ltda, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Edwards Lifesciences Corporation, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de York, York &#8211; United Kingdom</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade da Regi&#227;o de Joinville, Joinville, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unimed do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Henrique Diegoli &#8226; Academia VBHC Educa&#231;&#227;o e Consultoria Ltda - Rua Ministro de Godoi, 637. Postal Code 05015-040, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: hdiegoli@academiavbhc.org</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="current-aff">
          <p>Henrique Diegoli served as a paid consultant for Edwards Lifesciences.</p>
          <p>Marcia Regina Dias Alves, Lucas Miyake Okumura, and Dayane Silveira have been employed by Edwards Lifesciences.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies have compared the efficacy and safety of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in patients with severe aortic stenosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>Compare TAVR and SAVR in patients with different surgical risks, population characteristics, and different transcatheter prosthetic valves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>An overview of systematic reviews (SRs) was conducted following a structured protocol. Results were grouped by surgical risk, population characteristics, and different valves. RCTs in the SRs were reanalyzed through meta-analyses, and the results were summarized using the GRADE method. The adopted level of statistical significance was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Compared to SAVR, patients with high surgical risk using TAVR had a lower risk of (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, absolute risk difference) atrial fibrillation (AF) (0.5, 0.29-0.86, -106/1000) and life-threatening bleeding (0.29, 0.2-0.42, -215/1000). Patients with intermediate surgical risk had a lower risk of AF (0.27, 0.23-0.33, -255/1000), life-threatening bleeding (0.15, 0.12-0.19, -330/1000), and acute renal failure (ARF) (0.4, 0.26-0.62, -21/1000). Patients with low surgical risk had a lower risk of death (0.58, 0.34-0.97, -16/1000), stroke (0.51, 0.28-0.94, -15/1000), AF (0.16, 0.12-0.2, -295/1000), life-threatening bleeding (0.17, 0.05-0.55, -76/1000), and ARF (0.27, 0.13-0.55, -21/1000), and had a higher risk of permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) (4.22, 1.27-14.02, 141/1000). Newer generation devices had a lower risk of AF than older generations, and patients using balloon-expandable devices did not experience higher risks of PPI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>This paper provides evidence that patients at low, intermediate, and high surgical risks have better outcomes when treated with TAVR compared with SAVR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
        <kwd>Systematic Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction and objective</title>
        <p>Once installed, the natural history of symptomatic severe aortic stenosis is to evolve to death within a few years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No drugs can modify the natural history of severe aortic stenosis, but valve replacement can increase five-year survival to above 70%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The treatment options for severe aortic stenosis are surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), which have different risks of complications such as hemorrhage, stroke, need for permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI), and persistent atrial fibrillation (AF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To date, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies have investigated the effectiveness of TAVR compared with SAVR for patients with severe aortic stenosis. However, the body of evidence has never been summarized in an overview that included specific population groups, risk profiles, and different transcatheter valves.</p>
        <p>This overview of systematic reviews summarizes the published SR on the effectiveness and safety of TAVR compared to SAVR, facilitating decision-making when choosing between TAVR and SAVR or between TAVR devices. This paper describes and compares the evidence comparing TAVR and SAVR in patients with severe aortic stenosis, evaluating the consistency of findings in different populations, risk categories, and transcatheter prosthetic valves. This study aims to answer which option has the best mortality rate and other outcomes in different population groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>An overview of SR was performed according to the methods described in the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The systematic review was completed following the Brazilian Guidelines on Systematic Reviews.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The report of the findings followed the criteria set out by PRISMA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The identification of papers and exclusion criteria followed a structured protocol with three reviewers following the same criteria for the inclusion and exclusion of papers. The present paper includes studies involving patients with severe valve stenosis needing a valve replacement procedure, excludes inoperable patients, and compares TAVR (or a specific valve model) with SAVR (or another valve model). One-year outcomes were overall mortality, stroke, permanent pacemaker implantation, NYHA classification &#8805;2, and 30-day outcomes were life-threatening bleeding and acute renal failure. In the absence of one-year data, 30-day outcomes were extracted. The type of study was a systematic review that included either randomized controlled trials or observational studies with propensity score matching.</p>
        <p>For the purpose of screening papers, bibliographic records were compiled in Mendeley Desktop (version 1.19.8). After excluding duplicates, the titles and abstracts of the papers were screened by two independent reviewers. All papers included in this phase by at least one reviewer were read in full by two reviewers. Discrepancies at this stage were settled through discussions between reviewers. Microsoft Excel 365 was used for registering the data extraction. The extraction of meta-analysis results was performed by one reviewer and verified by a second reviewer. When available, subgroup differences were extracted.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Description of findings from the SRs</title>
          <p>The results were described according to the patient population group. Results were described as reported in the original reviews, including confidence intervals, the number of primary studies, participants, and, where available, population characteristics.</p>
          <p>The methodological quality of SRs was assessed by two independent reviewers using the AMSTAR-2 scale.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Items 4 (use of comprehensive search strategy) and 9 (use of satisfactory technique for assessing the risk of bias of individual studies) were considered critical.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Meta-analyses of RCTs</title>
          <p>Regardless of the patient&#8217;s surgical risk profile, primary data of all RCTs comparing the outcomes of TAVR and SAVR were reanalyzed in meta-analyses using the Review Manager 5.4.1 software (Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014). The level of statistical significance adopted was 5%, and the odds ratio effect with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and random effects model were measured, which provide wider confidence intervals, taking into account the uncertainty associated with heterogeneity, which makes the results more generalizable. The meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel method. The I<sup>2</sup>calculation was used to assess statistical heterogeneity. The RoB-2 tool was applied to each RCT to assess the risk of bias in the primary studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Publication bias was not assessed due to the small number of studies included in each comparison.</p>
          <p>The results were presented in summary tables with an assessment of the evidence quality using the GRADE method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The GRADE method uses five items: risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and publication bias. The level of evidence starts as high for each outcome and is reduced in the presence of risk of weakness in the findings due to one of the five items.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The literature search yielded 1,005 records, 990 of which remained after duplicates were deleted ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ). After reading titles and abstracts, 812 papers were excluded, leaving 178 for complete text reading, after which 60 SRs remained for review based on the selection criteria. The quality assessment indicated that 19 (31.7%) SRs were classified as moderate quality, 28 (46.7%) as low quality, and 13 (21.7%) as critically-low quality ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">Supplementary Table 1</ext-link> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; PRISMA flowchart of the study selection process. TAVR: transcatheter aortic valve replacement; RCTs: Randomized controlled trials.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220701-20701-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The SRs were 60 scientific papers reporting findings from primary studies, of which seven were RCTs, and 40 were observational studies with propensity score matching (PSM). The data from the seven RCTs were incorporated into meta-analyses to summarize outcomes by risk group,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> while the direct results of the SRs, which included information from observational studies and RCTs, were used to create narrative summaries for the remaining population groups. High methodological quality was observed in the RCTs, with specifications available in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">Supplementary Table 2</ext-link> .</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Population groups classified by surgical risk: meta-analysis of seven RCTs</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Patients at high surgical risk</title>
            <p>The SRs comparing patients at high risk were based on the RCTs PARTNER A (2011)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and US CoreValve High Risk (2014),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> which used the Sapien (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) and CoreValve valves (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA), respectively. Some SRs included the STACCATO study, but this study did not summarize its data as it was stopped prematurely due to complications and the inclusion of only 70 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> These studies included patients with an estimated chance of death or irreversible complications greater than 15% within 30 days after surgery, using the STS Score as a reference. The STS Score does not include all the variables that can be used to calculate the surgical risk; therefore, the final determination of high operative risk is made by surgeons at each study center. The average STS Score was 11.8% (PARTNER A) and 7.3% (US Core Valve High Risk).</p>
            <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> summarizes the meta-analysis results from primary studies and evidence synthesis using the GRADE method, showing a reduction in the risk of persistent AF and life-threatening bleeding for patients treated with TAVR. No statistically significant difference was observed in other outcomes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> ).</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t1001">
                <label>Table 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Summary of the results: patients at high surgical risk</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Outcomes</th>
                      <th>Participants (studies)</th>
                      <th>Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th>
                      <th>Relative effect (95% CI)</th>
                      <th>Absolute effect</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Mortality (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">1381 * &#8224;</td>
                      <td align="center">Moderate &#8225;</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.9 (0.7-1.17)</td>
                      <td align="center">18 less per 1000 (55 less to 28 more)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Stroke (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">1262 * &#8224;</td>
                      <td align="center">Low &#8225; &#167;</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 1.06 (0.3-3.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">5 less per 1000 (59 less to 173 more)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>AF (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">1446 * &#8224;</td>
                      <td align="center">Moderate &#8225;</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.5 (0.29-0.86)</td>
                      <td align="center">106 less per 1000 (27 to 160)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Permanent pacemaker implant (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">1446 * &#8224;</td>
                      <td align="center">Moderate &#8225;</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 1.78 (0.94-3.37)</td>
                      <td align="center">52 less per 1000 (34 less to 119 more)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>NYHA &gt;=2 (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">669 *</td>
                      <td align="center">Low&#8225; //</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.85 (0.62-1.15)</td>
                      <td align="center">40 less per 1000 (119 less to 34 more)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Life-threatening bleeding (30 days)</td>
                      <td align="center">747 *</td>
                      <td align="center">Moderate //</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.29 (0.2-0.42)</td>
                      <td align="center">215 less per 1000 (166 to 253)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Acute kidney failure (30 days)</td>
                      <td align="center">1446 * &#8224;</td>
                      <td align="center">Very low &#8225; // &#182;</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.57 (0.2-1.61)</td>
                      <td align="center">39 less per 1000 (75 less to 50 more)</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN1001">
                    <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; NYHA: New York Heart Association. * US CoreValve High Risk 2014. &#8224; PARTNER 2011. &#8225; Inaccuracy due to large confidence interval and/or no treatment effect. &#167; Inconsistency, as there was a reduction in the risk of stroke in the US CoreValve High Risk study, with no statistically significant difference in the PARTNER A study. Unexplained heterogeneity between studies identified (I2 87%, p-value [p = 0.006]). // Methodological limitations, as it is not possible to exclude the measurement bias due to the impossibility of obtaining blinding patients and teams. Given that the functional assessment and bleeding severity were considered non-objective outcomes, the level of evidence was reduced. &#182; Inconsistency, as there was a reduction in the risk of acute renal failure in the US CoreValve High Risk study, with no statistically significant difference in the PARTNER A study. Unexplained heterogeneity between studies identified (I2 80%, p-value [p = 0.02]).</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f01001">
                <label>Central Illustration</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>: Transcatheter Valve Replacement in Patients with Aortic Valve Stenosis: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis with Different Populations</title>
                </caption>
                <attrib>Summary of the findings of the study across risk groups. A: High surgical risk; B: Intermediate surgical risk; C: Low surgical risk. NYHA: New York Heart Association.</attrib>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220701-20701-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Patients at intermediate surgical risk</title>
            <p>The RCTs that included patients with intermediate surgical risk were PARTNER IIA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> which used the Sapien XT valve, and SURTAVI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> which used both the CoreValve (84%) and Evolut R (16%) valves. The average risk of death within 30 days of the patients included in the study, calculated by the STS Score, was 5.8% and 4.4%, respectively.</p>
            <p>As observed in the high surgical-risk population, there was a substantial reduction in the risk of AF and life-threatening bleeding, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . A reduction in the risk of ARF was also observed. There was no significant difference in the risk of PP. Such an analysis was inconsistent, as the SURTAVI study indicated a substantial increase in risk (OR 4.3), and the Partner IIA study did not indicate a statistically significant difference (I<sup>2</sup>= 97%, p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t2001">
                <label>Table 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Summary of the results: patients at intermediate surgical risk</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Outcomes</th>
                      <th>Participants (studies)</th>
                      <th>Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th>
                      <th>Relative effect (95% CI)</th>
                      <th>Absolute effect</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Mortality (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">3222 * &#8224;</td>
                      <td align="center">High</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 1 (0.79-1.25)</td>
                      <td align="center">No difference (-22 to +26 per 1000)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Stroke (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">3707 * &#8224;</td>
                      <td align="center">Moderate &#8225;</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.89 (0.69-1.16)</td>
                      <td align="center">8 less per 1000 (-22 to +11)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>AF (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">3692 * &#8224;</td>
                      <td align="center">High</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.27 (0.23-0.33)</td>
                      <td align="center">255 less per 1000 (234 to 269)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Permanent pacemaker implant (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">3692 * &#8224;</td>
                      <td align="center">Low &#8225; &#167;</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 2.26 (0.63-8.03)</td>
                      <td align="center">87 more per 1000 (-29 to +338)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>NYHA &gt;=2 (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">1120 *</td>
                      <td align="center">Low &#8225; //</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.91 (0.7-1.17)</td>
                      <td align="center">20 less per 1000 (-71 to +35)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Life-threatening bleeding (30 days)</td>
                      <td align="center">2032 &#8224;</td>
                      <td align="center">Moderate //</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.15 (0.12-0.19)</td>
                      <td align="center">330 less per 1000 (306 to 349)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Acute kidney failure (30 days)</td>
                      <td align="center">3692 * &#8224;</td>
                      <td align="center">Moderate //</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.4 (0.26-0.62)</td>
                      <td align="center">21 less per 1000 (13 to 27)</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN2001">
                    <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; NYHA: New York Heart Association. * SURTAVI 2017; &#8224; PARTNER 2 2016; &#8225; Inexatid&#227;o devido ao grande intervalo de confian&#231;a e/ou nenhum efeito do tratamento; &#167; Inconsist&#234;ncia, pois n&#227;o houve risco aumentado de implante de marca-passo definitivo com TAVR no estudo PARTNER 2, mas houve um aumento substancial do risco no estudo SURTAVI. Heterogeneidade significativa identificada (I2 97%, valor p [p &lt; 0,0001]). // Limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas, uma vez que n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel excluir o vi&#233;s de medi&#231;&#227;o pela impossibilidade de obter pacientes e equipes de car&#225;ter cego. A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e a gravidade da hemorragia foram consideradas desfechos n&#227;o objetivos e, portanto, o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia foi reduzido.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Patients at low surgical risk</title>
            <p>The RCTs comparing TAVR and SAVR in patients with low surgical risk were PARTNER III,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> using Sapien 3, Evolut Low Risk,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> using CoreValve (3.6%), Evolut R (74.1%), and Evolut Pro (22.3%), and NOTION,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> using CoreValve. The STS Scores averaged 1.9%, 1.9%, and 3%, respectively.</p>
            <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> indicates the findings of the meta-analysis and quality assessment using the GRADE system. The risk of death, stroke, AF, life-threatening bleeding, and ARF significantly decreased in the TAVR group. There was an increase in the risk of PPI, but with an important degree of heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup>90%, p = 0.02) since there was no significant risk increase in the PARTNER III study, but a significant increase was observed in the Evolut Low Risk and NOTION studies.</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t3001">
                <label>Table 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Summary of the results: patients at low surgical risk</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Outcomes</th>
                      <th>Participants (studies)</th>
                      <th>Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th>
                      <th>Relative effect (95% CI)</th>
                      <th>Absolute effect</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Mortality (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">2014 * &#8224; &#8225;</td>
                      <td align="center">Moderate &#167;</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.58 (0.34-0.97)</td>
                      <td align="center">16 less per 1000 (1 to 26)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Stroke (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">2014 * &#8224; &#8225;</td>
                      <td align="center">Moderate &#167;</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.51 (0.28-0.94)</td>
                      <td align="center">15 less per 1000 (2 to 22)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>AF (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">2014 * &#8224; &#8225;</td>
                      <td align="center">High</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.16 (0.12-0.2)</td>
                      <td align="center">295 less per 1000 (275 to 316)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Permanent pacemaker implant (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">2014 * &#8224; &#8225;</td>
                      <td align="center">Low &#167; //</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 4.22 (1.27-14.02)</td>
                      <td align="center">141 more per 1000 (14 to 391)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>NYHA &gt;=2 (1 year)</td>
                      <td align="center">1909 * &#8224; &#8225;</td>
                      <td align="center">Low &#167; #</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 1.31 (0.93-1.85)</td>
                      <td align="center">55 more per 1000 (-10 to 107)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Life-threatening bleeding (30 days)</td>
                      <td align="center">2353 * &#8224;</td>
                      <td align="center">Low &#167; #</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.17 (0.05-0.55)</td>
                      <td align="center">76 less per 1000 (40 to 88)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Acute kidney failure (30 days)</td>
                      <td align="center">2633 * &#8224; &#8225;</td>
                      <td align="center">Low &#167; #</td>
                      <td align="center">OR 0.27 (0.13-0.55)</td>
                      <td align="center">21 less per 1000 (13 to 25)</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN3001">
                    <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; NYHA: New York Heart Association. * PARTNER 3. &#8224; Evolut Low Risk. &#8225; NOTION. &#167; Imprecision due to large confidence interval and/or no treatment effect. // Inconsistency, as PARTNER 3 showed no increased risk of permanent pacemaker implantation with TAVR, but Evolut Low Risk and Notion did. Unexplained heterogeneity between studies (I2 90%, p-value [p = 0.02]). &#182; Inconsistency due to the amplitude of the confidence interval. # Methodological limitations: since blinding patients and teams is impossible, measurement bias cannot be eliminated. Given that the functional assessment and bleeding severity were considered non-objective outcomes, the level of evidence was reduced.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Other population groups: overview of systematic reviews</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Gender differences</title>
          <p>Two meta-analyses compared gender differences in TAVR and SAVR outcomes, with moderate confidence levels in the AMSTAR-2 scale ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">Supplementary Table 3</ext-link> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The studies identified that TAVR in women was associated with a reduction in the risk of death and ARF, but not in men. However, TAVR significantly increased the risk of PPI in men but not in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Previous cardiac surgery</title>
          <p>Latif et al., 2021 (moderate confidence level),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> compared TAVR and SAVR in patients with previous cardiac surgery ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">Supplementary Table 3</ext-link> ). Results showed no significant differences in the risk of death or ARF, but TAVR significantly reduced the risk of stroke and major bleeding.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Different transcatheter prosthetic valves</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Zhang et al., 2020</xref> (moderate confidence level),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> compared the outcomes of TAVR and SAVR in multiple subgroups, including older vs. newer generations and balloon-expanding vs. self-expanding devices, including seven RCTs (7,771 patients). Compared to older generations, newer generations did not reduce the risk of death, stroke, or ARF but reduced the risk of AF and PPI ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">Supplementary Table 3</ext-link> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Zhang et al., 2020</xref> ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> also compared outcomes between balloon-expandable and self-expanding systems. Balloon-expandable devices showed significantly reduced risks of PPI and 30-day major bleeding, while self-expanding devices had lower incidences of ARF.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Gozdek et al., 2020</xref> (low confidence level),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> compared outcomes differences between the ACURATE neo self-expanding system (Boston Scientific Corporation, Marlborough, MA, USA) and the SAPIEN 3 balloon-expandable system, in one RCT and five observational studies with PSM, including 2,818 participants. The 30-day death risk was higher in patients using ACURATE neo compared to SAPIEN 3 ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">Supplementary Table 3</ext-link> ), consistent with the failure of RCT SCOPE I in proving the non-inferiority of ACURATE neo in relation to SAPIEN 3. Although the RCT SCOPE I did not observe a significant difference in the need for PPI, the analysis of observational studies with PSM indicated less need in the group that used ACURATE neo.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Alperi et al., 2020</xref> (low confidence level),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> performed a meta-analysis that included 35 observational studies with PSM or RCTs seeking to investigate the role of various factors in the occurrence of PPI. In the comparison between Sapien 3 and Evolut R/PRO, involving 23,965 patients in four observational studies with PSM and one RCT, a higher frequency of PPI was observed with Evolut R/PRO in the observational studies with PSM, with a statistically significant difference in three of the four studies. However, there was no significant difference in the RCT. In the comparison between Sapien 3 and ACURATE neo, 2,194 patients were studied in four observational studies with PSM and one RCT. In the observational studies with PSM, there was a higher frequency of PPI in the group that used Sapien 3, among which two showed a statistically significant difference, while the RCT (SCOPE I) did not observe a significant difference. Only one observational study with PSM with 251 patients compared PPI in Evolut Pro vs. ACURATE neo, not observing significant differences. Portico and Sapien 3 were compared in an observational study with PSM with 177 patients, which also found no significant differences. Portico was also compared to a group of commercially available valves in a 732-patient, predominantly balloon-expandable RCT, with an unfavorable outcome for Portico.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>TAVR was found to lower the risk of persistent AF and life-threatening bleeding in patients at any level of surgical risk. However, the reduction in mortality was observed only in patients at low surgical risk, not in those at intermediate or high surgical risk. Moreover, patients undergoing TAVR with low or intermediate surgical risk had a reduced risk of ARF. On the other hand, TAVR was associated with an increased risk of PPI, but statistically significant increases were observed only in cases involving self-expanding transcatheter prostetic valves.</p>
        <p>The decrease in the likelihood of AF and PPI with second-generation valves is likely due to multiple factors, such as the involvement of lower-risk patients in studies of these valves, increased proficiency of surgical teams, enhancements in techniques, and distinct attributes of second-generation valves that enable more precise valve implantation.</p>
        <p>Although there was a higher incidence of PPI in the TAVR group, it was highly heterogeneous because the family of PARTNER studies using the Sapien balloon-expandable valve did not have an increase in the risk of PPI. In studies comparing different transcatheter prosthetic valves, self-expanding valves were associated with a substantially higher risk of PPI. Compared to Sapien 3, the Evolut R and Portico valves had a higher risk of PPI. The exception was the ACURATE neo valve, a self-expanding valve with a lower risk of PPI but a higher risk of death.</p>
        <p>SAVR is a therapeutic option often used in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis, as its natural history has a poor prognosis, with death occurring within a few years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The first studies to investigate the efficacy and safety of TAVR were conducted in inoperable patients, showing a significant mortality reduction when compared to medical treatment,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> as well as in patients at high surgical risk, in whom TAVR presented a risk of death similar to SAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> As observed in this study, the most recent RCTs provide strong evidence of the safety and efficacy of the procedure. Three factors may explain the improved outcomes in lower risks: different valve generations were used in the various pivotal trials; less invasive access used in more recent studies (transfemoral instead of transapical); improvement in the experience of teams, imaging, and other factors in recent years.</p>
        <p>The evidence suggests a substantial absolute benefit in patients at intermediate and low surgical risk, even greater than that identified in patients at high surgical risk. Therefore, the findings are of great importance to inform an update of the health agency recommendations about the expansion of access to the procedure in Brazil and other countries.</p>
        <p>Currently, TAVR is only recommended for inoperable patients or patients at high surgical risk by Brazil&#8217;s National Supplementary Health Agency (ANS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In Brazil&#8217;s public healthcare system, TAVR is recommended for inoperable patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In contrast, other guidelines recommend broader use of TAVR, such as the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology (treatment of choice for patients over the age of 80),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), and the European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) (TAVR is recommended for patients over the age of 75 years or those at high surgical risk).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The Guidelines for Valvular Heart Disease of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology suggests TAVR as the preferred option for patients over the age of 70 regardless of surgical risk, but SAVR may be preferable for low and intermediate risk, according to a Heart Team decision.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Future evaluations comparing TAVR and SAVR should also consider the significant reduction in the risk of AF, a condition that, in most cases, requires long-term anticoagulation associated with high costs of medications, blood tests, and visits to the doctor&#8217;s office. The reduction in the incidence of stroke also positively impacts the costs of hospital admissions and long-term follow-up. Likewise, reducing the incidence of life-threatening bleeding decreases the hospital costs related to the procedure.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Strengths and limitations</title>
          <p>This is the first overview of systematic reviews investigating TAVR compared to SAVR, including specific population groups and different transcatheter prosthetic valves of TAVR, totaling 60 SRs in the final analysis. This approach allows for a comprehensive view of the scientific evidence available about the procedure, providing a summary of information needed by health professionals and public health managers to make decisions.</p>
          <p>The study design is limited by using information from secondary sources (other systematic reviews), which was reduced by the summary of evidence through the GRADE system using primary papers.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>An overview of 60 SRs and meta-analysis of seven RCTs identified that TAVR was associated with significantly better outcomes than SAVR, except for the risk of PPI, with moderate to low-quality evidence. A substantial increase in the risk of PPI was identified in self-expanding prostheses, which did not occur in the balloon-expandable valves. More recent trials, which included patients at low and intermediate risks, demonstrate a greater absolute benefit from TAVR, compared with SAVR, than trials that included patients at a higher risk. These findings help inform authorities about the expansion of TAVI&#8217;s indication, supported by solid scientific evidence and medical society recommendations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
        <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12007/2022-0701-Supplementary-material.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding : There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
