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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BBLgxpszkBCQYPTQzF84MTh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220551</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desfechos ap&#243;s Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria Extra-Hospitalar de Natureza Cl&#237;nica e Traum&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5511-9100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nacer</surname>
            <given-names>Daiana Terra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2575-7937</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Regina M&#225;rcia Cardoso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3884-4490</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Leticia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola de Enfermagem, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Campus Sa&#250;de, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Daiana Terra Nacer &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola de Enfermagem &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 419. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>daiananacer@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220551</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Dados sobre Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria extra-hospitalar ainda s&#227;o escassos, muito variados e indicam mau progn&#243;stico para eventos traum&#225;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Descrever a sobreviv&#234;ncia extra/intra-hospitalar, o tempo de sobreviv&#234;ncia e as condi&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas dos atendidos por unidades de suporte avan&#231;ado &#224; vida e submetidos a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e comparar os resultados das paradas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias de natureza cl&#237;nica e traum&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo de coorte, realizado em tr&#234;s etapas, nas duas primeiras, os dados foram coletados em fichas do Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncias e prontu&#225;rios, na terceira, foi aplicada a Escala de Categoria de Performance Cerebral. A casu&#237;stica foi de v&#237;timas reanimadas com idade &#8805;18 anos. Os testes de Fisher e log-rank foram empregados na compara&#231;&#227;o das causas, considerando n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram analisados 852 pacientes, 20,66% foram hospitalizados, 4,23% sobreviveram at&#233; transfer&#234;ncia ou alta, 58,33% apresentaram desfecho favor&#225;vel um ano ap&#243;s parada. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre sobreviv&#234;ncia pr&#233;/intra-hospitalar e natureza da ocorr&#234;ncia (p=0,026), por&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia, p=0,6.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria extra-hospitalar foi baixa, por&#233;m, a maioria dos sobreviventes &#224; alta alcan&#231;aram desfecho favor&#225;vel ap&#243;s um ano. O tempo de sobreviv&#234;ncia dos hospitalizados ap&#243;s eventos de natureza cl&#237;nica e traum&#225;tica foram similares, por&#233;m a sobrevida pr&#233;-hospitalar foi maior entre os traumatizados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca Extra-Hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>Reanima&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos de Emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobreviv&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Desfechos ap&#243;s Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria Extra-Hospitalar de Natureza Cl&#237;nica e Traum&#225;tica</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220551-20551-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) &#233; a perda abrupta da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; um evento de alta preval&#234;ncia, com morbidade e mortalidade elevadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os no atendimento, a sobrevida desses eventos &#233; baixa, principalmente em ambiente extra-hospitalar. Dados da literatura ainda s&#227;o escassos no Brasil, muito variados ao redor do mundo e indicam mau progn&#243;stico para a PCR de natureza traum&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Segundo a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, a sobrevida nas PCR de natureza traum&#225;tica &#233; em torno de 0 a 2,6%, sendo os esfor&#231;os de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP) considerados est&#233;reis em muitos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As diretrizes europeias de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o de 2015 estimulam novos estudos sobre PCR de natureza traum&#225;tica, visto que existe uma varia&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel na sobrevida relatada na literatura cient&#237;fica (intervalo de 0 a 27%), o que reflete a heterogeneidade nos casos relatados e a desigual assist&#234;ncia prestada em diferentes sistemas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em geral, as estat&#237;sticas atuais sobre PCR extra-hospitalar demonstram importantes varia&#231;&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas quanto &#224; desfechos desses eventos. Chamam aten&#231;&#227;o alguns locais com resultados muito ruins e outros que alcan&#231;am importantes frequ&#234;ncias de sobrevida, prov&#225;veis consequ&#234;ncias de esfor&#231;os para otimizar a efic&#225;cia da cadeia local de sobreviv&#234;ncia, obtida pela identifica&#231;&#227;o e ajustes de seus elos fracos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nas an&#225;lises da qualidade da assist&#234;ncia &#224; PCR, diferentes desfechos t&#234;m sido valorizados, o retorno &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea (RCE), a sobrevida at&#233; a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e at&#233; a alta hospitalar e a condi&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica a curto e m&#233;dio prazos. Nos pacientes que t&#234;m RCE ap&#243;s uma PCR, a recupera&#231;&#227;o de uma les&#227;o cerebral an&#243;xica &#233; vari&#225;vel e uma gama de sequelas neurol&#243;gicas pode acontecer, desde a recupera&#231;&#227;o completa at&#233; o coma com morte cerebral. Assim, idealmente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho da PCR deve incorporar o estado funcional e neurol&#243;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo se justifica em virtude da relev&#226;ncia do tema apresentado, e pela falta de dados sobre sobreviv&#234;ncia e desfecho neurol&#243;gico a curto e m&#233;dio prazo de pessoas que apresentaram PCR extra-hospitalar. Tem como objetivos: Descrever a sobreviv&#234;ncia extra/intra-hospitalar, o tempo de sobreviv&#234;ncia e as condi&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas dos atendidos por unidades de suporte avan&#231;ado &#224; vida (SAV) e submetidos a RCP e comparar os resultados das PCR de natureza cl&#237;nica e traum&#225;tica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo regional, de coorte, realizado em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brasil e desenvolvido em tr&#234;s etapas. Nas duas primeiras, foi realizada uma coleta de dados retrospectiva, sendo as fontes, na primeira etapa, as fichas de atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar (APH) e, na segunda, os prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes sobreviventes do APH encaminhados para unidades hospitalares. Na terceira, os sobreviventes &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o ou seus familiares foram entrevistados. Nesta fase, a coleta foi prospectiva.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Local de coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados da primeira etapa foram coletados no Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncias (SAMU), na segunda etapa a coleta das informa&#231;&#245;es foi realizada nos tr&#234;s hospitais que s&#227;o portas hospitalares de urg&#234;ncia na Rede de Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s Urg&#234;ncias e Emerg&#234;ncias. A &#250;ltima fase foi realizada no domic&#237;lio dos sobreviventes &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Per&#237;odo</title>
        <p>A coleta de dados foi iniciada em maio de 2018 sendo finalizada em mar&#231;o de 2020.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o foi composta por sujeitos com idade de 18 anos ou mais que apresentaram PCR extra-hospitalar no per&#237;odo de 1 de janeiro de 2016 a 31 de dezembro de 2018 e que receberam manobras de RCP pela equipe de APH de suporte avan&#231;ado do SAMU (incluindo os casos em que foi iniciada por outra equipe, por leigos e outros).</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos gestantes e pacientes com fichas ileg&#237;veis e incompletas, isto &#233;, que n&#227;o permitiam acessar a descri&#231;&#227;o de mais de 50% das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas da pesquisa. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;das as fichas dos casos transferidos para hospitais n&#227;o qualificados como portas hospitalares da Rede de Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s Urg&#234;ncias e Emerg&#234;ncias de Campo Grande.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Instrumentos utilizados para coleta de informa&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio do preenchimento de dois formul&#225;rios, elaborados pelas pesquisadoras: o primeiro instrumento permitiu a transcri&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es do APH, baseada nos dados dispon&#237;veis nas fichas do APH do SAV do SAMU (ficha do m&#233;dico e enfermeiro). As informa&#231;&#245;es do atendimento intra-hospitalar, coletadas em prontu&#225;rio, tamb&#233;m foram registradas nesse primeiro formul&#225;rio. O segundo instrumento incluiu as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as condi&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas dos pacientes na alta, aos seis meses e um ano ap&#243;s PCR que foram coletadas na visita domiciliar realizada para os pacientes que sobreviveram &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar a condi&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica dos pacientes sobreviventes &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi aplicada a Escala de Categoria de Performance Cerebral (CPC), conforme recomendado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Este sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o permite avaliar a capacidade funcional ap&#243;s PCR com base em entrevistas &#224; fam&#237;lia e em informa&#231;&#227;o registrada, apontando os escores da CPC na alta, aos seis meses e em um ano. Os resultados foram apresentados utilizando as cinco categorias da escala: CPC 1 (Bom desempenho cerebral); CPC 2 (Incapacidade cerebral moderada); CPC 3 (Incapacidade cerebral grave); CPC 4 (Comatoso, estado vegetativo) e CPC 5 (Morte). Nas an&#225;lises essas categorias tamb&#233;m foram dicotomizadas em favor&#225;vel, CPC 1 e 2, e desfavor&#225;vel, CPC 3, 4 e 5.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Na primeira fase da coleta de dados foram consultadas todas as fichas de atendimentos realizados pelas unidades de SAV do SAMU de 2016 a 2018, e as fichas referentes &#224; PCR foram separadas manualmente. Foram exclu&#237;das fichas de menores de 18 anos, gestantes, institucionalizados e as fichas incompletas (menos de 50% das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas do estudo preenchidas), al&#233;m das fichas dos transferidos para hospitais que n&#227;o participaram da pesquisa. A informa&#231;&#227;o referente aos tempos de acionamento das ambul&#226;ncias e deslocamentos foi coletada no sistema eletr&#244;nico da Central de Regula&#231;&#227;o do SAMU.</p>
        <p>Na segunda fase, foram coletados dados dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes encaminhados aos tr&#234;s hospitais da Rede de Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s Urg&#234;ncias e Emerg&#234;ncias de Campo Grande. Nessa fase, verificou-se o desfecho da interna&#231;&#227;o e aplicou-se a escala CPC com base nos registros de prontu&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>Na terceira fase, os pacientes que sobreviveram &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar ou seus familiares foram convidados a participar do estudo por meio de liga&#231;&#227;o telef&#244;nica. Ap&#243;s a anu&#234;ncia dos participantes, foi realizada uma visita domiciliar para coleta de dados por meio de entrevista e assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
        <p>Nessa fase do estudo, todas as entrevistas foram realizadas no m&#237;nimo um ano ap&#243;s PCR e, para aqueles pacientes incapazes de se comunicar, foi estabelecido um respons&#225;vel para fornecer as informa&#231;&#245;es. O escore de CPC obtido pela an&#225;lise dos prontu&#225;rios foi validado durante a entrevista dessa fase da pesquisa e as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a condi&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas dos pacientes aos seis meses e um ano ap&#243;s PCR foram questionadas a fim de estabelecer os escores da CPC nesses dois &#250;ltimos per&#237;odos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tratamento e an&#225;lise dos dados</title>
        <p>Os dados coletados foram armazenados em banco de dados do Microsoft Office Excel<sup>&#174;</sup>, vers&#227;o 2016 e esse programa tamb&#233;m foi utilizado para realizar as an&#225;lises descritivas. As provas estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas segundo orienta&#231;&#227;o de profissional da &#225;rea e para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o foi aplicado o pacote estat&#237;stico R, vers&#227;o 4.1.0, considerando n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas de forma intervalar e a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o (DP) foram calculados nos casos de distribui&#231;&#227;o de dados normal.</p>
        <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos das v&#237;timas de PCR de causa cl&#237;nica e traum&#225;tica foram analisadas como vari&#225;veis dependentes a condi&#231;&#227;o vital das v&#237;timas at&#233; a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e alta hospitalar (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas), al&#233;m do tempo de sobrevida em dias ap&#243;s PCR (vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua). A natureza da PCR (cl&#237;nica ou traum&#225;tica) foi uma vari&#225;vel independente categ&#243;rica para essas an&#225;lises.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram aplicados os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher. O primeiro foi realizado para comparar a sobreviv&#234;ncia das v&#237;timas ao APH do grupo que participou do estudo com os exclu&#237;dos. O Teste Exato de Fisher foi utilizado na compara&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos das v&#237;timas de PCR por causas externas e cl&#237;nicas, visto que os pressupostos para aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste Qui-quadrado n&#227;o foram atendidos. Para os tempos de sobreviv&#234;ncia, vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua, foram constru&#237;das curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia para PCRs de natureza cl&#237;nica e traum&#225;tica. O teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico log-rank foi empregado na compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia, visto que o teste Shapiro-Wilk rejeitou a hip&#243;tese nula (H0) de tempo de sobreviv&#234;ncia com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Esta pesquisa seguiu a Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466, de 12 de dezembro de 2012, do Plen&#225;rio do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, sobre pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos, e foi previamente submetida &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, parecer n&#176; 2.542.877, de 14 de mar&#231;o de 2018. A coleta de dados foi iniciada somente ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A pesquisa obteve tamb&#233;m anu&#234;ncia dos servi&#231;os envolvidos para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o. O termo de compromisso para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es de prontu&#225;rios em projeto de pesquisa foi firmado pela pesquisadora e apresentado ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa das institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes que participaram da terceira fase, o fizeram mediante consentimento por meio da assinatura do TCLE. Para aqueles que n&#227;o tinham condi&#231;&#245;es de decidir sobre a anu&#234;ncia de participar da investiga&#231;&#227;o, o TCLE foi aplicado aos familiares que participaram da pesquisa.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Exclu&#237;dos os menores de 18 anos, gestantes e institucionalizados, foram selecionadas 1.051 fichas de atendimentos. Dessas, foram exclu&#237;das 161 (15,32%) ileg&#237;veis ou incompletas e 38 (3,625) relativas a pacientes transferidos para hospitais que n&#227;o participavam deste estudo. Restaram, portanto, 852 (81,06%) fichas de v&#237;timas de PCR extra-hospitalar que compuseram a casu&#237;stica desta pesquisa. Vale explicitar que a sobrevida ao APH foi similar entre os pacientes participantes ou n&#227;o (com fichas ileg&#237;veis, incompletas e dos transferidos para outros hospitais) no estudo, p=0,917, valor calculado utilizando o teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta o perfil dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos na pesquisa, de acordo com as vari&#225;veis sexo, faixa et&#225;ria e presen&#231;a de comorbidades ou h&#225;bitos de risco e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra a frequ&#234;ncia de comorbidades e h&#225;bitos de risco verificados. Quanto a caracter&#237;stica dos participantes deste estudo, predominaram sexo masculino (65,26%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 64,33 (DP=17,16) anos. As comorbidades relatadas mais frequentemente foram hipertens&#227;o arterial (44,25%), cardiopatias (25,94%), diabetes (24,06%) e neuropatias (12,21%). Nos registros, 252 casos (29,58%) n&#227;o apresentaram relato de comorbidades ou h&#225;bitos de risco.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Pacientes que apresentaram PCR extra-hospitalar (no=852) segundo sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, comorbidades e h&#225;bitos de risco. Campo Grande (MS), 2016/2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup></th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">556</td>
                <td align="center">65,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">296</td>
                <td align="center">34,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;18 &lt;35</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">6,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;35 &lt;50</td>
                <td align="center">105</td>
                <td align="center">12,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;50 &lt;65</td>
                <td align="center">225</td>
                <td align="center">26,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;65 &lt;80</td>
                <td align="center">312</td>
                <td align="center">36,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 80</td>
                <td align="center">154</td>
                <td align="center">18,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Comorbidades e H&#225;bitos de Risco</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">600</td>
                <td align="center">70,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">252</td>
                <td align="center">29,58</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Frequ&#234;ncia que os pacientes que apresentaram PCR extra-hospitalar (no=852) relataram comorbidades e h&#225;bitos de risco. Campo Grande (MS), 2016/2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Comorbidades e h&#225;bitos de risco</th>
                <th>n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup></th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">377</td>
                <td align="center">44,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiopatias</td>
                <td align="center">221</td>
                <td align="center">25,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">24,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neuropatias</td>
                <td align="center">104</td>
                <td align="center">12,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pneumopatias</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">6,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etilismo</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">5,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">4,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#226;ncer</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">4,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nefropatias</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">3,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;as psiqui&#225;tricas</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">2,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">1,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;as vasculares</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hepatopatias</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Drogadi&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outras comorbidades*</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>*: artrite, l&#250;pus, V&#237;rus da Imunodefici&#234;ncia Humana (HIV), doen&#231;a de Chagas, osteoporose.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A maioria dos eventos de PCR foi de natureza cl&#237;nica (89,44%) e ocorreu no domic&#237;lio (80,87%). O tempo de resposta m&#233;dio at&#233; a chegada do primeiro atendimento foi de 13,37 (DP=7,35) minutos; at&#233; a chegada do SAV, foi de 19,25 (DP=10,85) minutos.</p>
      <p>As PCR foram presenciadas em 30,87% dos casos, por&#233;m houve muitas fichas sem registro dessa informa&#231;&#227;o (45,54%). Em 80,17% dos eventos, a RCP foi iniciada pela equipe de Suporte B&#225;sico de Vida ou expectadores. Em 73,35% dos atendimentos, o primeiro ritmo detectado foi n&#227;o choc&#225;vel, e a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da RCP foi de 30,17 (DP=14,59) minutos. Ap&#243;s a primeira PCR, 29,93% dos pacientes apresentaram RCE e 15,14% tiveram recidiva de PCR ainda no pr&#233;-hospitalar.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta o desfecho dos pacientes at&#233; alta hospitalar.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Pacientes que apresentaram PCR extra-hospitalar (n=852) segundo desfechos do atendimento do pr&#233; e intra-hospitalar. Campo Grande, MS, Brasil, 2018/2020</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Desfechos</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito pr&#233;-hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">676</td>
                <td align="center">79,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito intra-hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">16,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alta hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">3,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transferidos</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">852</td>
                <td align="center">100,00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>J&#225; a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> mostra o tempo de sobrevida em dias e n&#250;mero de sobreviventes. Entre os 176 hospitalizados, houve perda de seguimento de 8 (4,55%) participantes. Dos 168 pacientes que restaram 80 (47,62%) morreram at&#233; o primeiro dia ap&#243;s PCR.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Pacientes hospitalizados ap&#243;s PCR extra-hospitalar (n=168*) segundo tempo de sobrevida em dias e n&#250;mero de sobreviventes e &#243;bitos no per&#237;odo. Campo Grande, MS, Brasil, 2018/2020. *Exclui 8 pacientes sem informa&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220551-20551-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Nos sobreviventes &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, foi aplicado a escala de CPC em tr&#234;s momentos (alta, seis meses e um ano ap&#243;s a PCR), conforme &#233; demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>. Em todos os per&#237;odos de avalia&#231;&#227;o, 58,33% apresentaram desfechos favor&#225;veis (CPC 1 e 2).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Pacientes que sobreviveram a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (n=36) conforme condi&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas na alta, aos seis meses e um ano ap&#243;s PCR, segundo Categoria de Performance Cerebral. Campo Grande, MS, Brasil, 2018/2020</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Categoria de Performance Cerebral</th>
                <th colspan="2">Alta/Transfer&#234;ncia</th>
                <th colspan="2">Ap&#243;s 6 meses</th>
                <th colspan="2">Ap&#243;s 1 ano</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1 (Bom desempenho cerebral)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">27,78</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">41,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 (Incapacidade cerebral moderada)</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">30,55</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">25,00</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">16,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3 (Incapacidade cerebral grave)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">13,89</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">11,11</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4 (Comatoso, estado vegetativo)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">5,56</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">5,56</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5 (Morte)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,78</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">13,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Perdas de seguimento</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">22,22</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">22,22</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">22,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; natureza das chamadas do APH, 89,44% foram motivadas por causas cl&#237;nicas. Os demais casos foram causas externas (10,56%) de diferentes mecanismos: contusos (7,39%), penetrantes (1,64%) ou outros (1,53%).</p>
      <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre os desfechos observados ap&#243;s PCR extra-hospitalar e causa da ocorr&#234;ncia (p= 0,026). Nota-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> que o &#243;bito no pr&#233;-hospitalar foi mais frequente nas PCRs de causa cl&#237;nica, e as mortes durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, nas de causas externas. Quando analisado o tempo de sobreviv&#234;ncia, as curvas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>) mostram tempo de sobrevida ligeiramente maior para PCR de natureza cl&#237;nica, ap&#243;s as primeiras horas, entretanto as diferen&#231;as observadas entre os grupos n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, segundo o teste log-rank (p=0,6).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Pacientes que apresentaram PCR extra-hospitalar (n=852), de acordo com a natureza da PCR, segundo desfechos no pr&#233; e intra-hospitalar. Campo Grande, MS, Brasil, 2018/2020</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Desfechos</th>
                <th colspan="2">Cl&#237;nicas</th>
                <th colspan="2">Causa externa</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito pr&#233;-hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">612</td>
                <td align="center">80,31</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">71,11</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="5">0,026*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito intra-hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">15,62</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">23,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alta hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">3,81</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transferidos</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">762</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>*Teste exato de Fisher.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes hospitalizados ap&#243;s PCR extra-hospitalar (n=176), para PCR de causa cl&#237;nica e traum&#225;tica. Campo Grande, MS, Brasil, 2018/2020.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220551-20551-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Um dos primeiros indicadores de sucesso na ressuscita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o RCE, que apresentou nesta pesquisa frequ&#234;ncia de 29,93%. H&#225; grande varia&#231;&#227;o desse resultado em estudos recentes realizados em diferentes pa&#237;ses, de 5,7% a 33%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Analisando apenas PCR por causas traum&#225;ticas, pesquisadores holandeses encontraram taxa de 28,5% de RCE em servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia m&#233;dica com helic&#243;pteros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Brasil, pesquisas recentes evidenciaram sobreviv&#234;ncia variando de 5,84% at&#233; 15,5%. Trata-se, por&#233;m, de estudos com pequenas amostras, sem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A sobreviv&#234;ncia at&#233; a admiss&#227;o hospitalar tamb&#233;m &#233; um resultado inicial da RCP que apresenta consider&#225;veis varia&#231;&#245;es em publica&#231;&#245;es recentes de diferentes pa&#237;ses, com frequ&#234;ncias de 4,4% at&#233; 33,1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro importante indicador de qualidade das manobras de RCP &#233; a sobreviv&#234;ncia at&#233; a alta hospitalar. Mais uma vez os resultados da literatura foram bastante diversificados, com frequ&#234;ncias de sobreviv&#234;ncia de 1,6% a 31,3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">18</xref></sup> A maior frequ&#234;ncia de sobrevida hospitalar foi observada em estudo realizado em hospitais americanos, com valor m&#233;dio de 31,3% e taxas de 12,5% a 46,7% em diferentes hospitais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a essas grandes diferen&#231;as entre as taxas de RCE e sobreviv&#234;ncia at&#233; admiss&#227;o hospitalar e alta, h&#225; de se considerar que podem decorrer tanto da qualidade do atendimento como dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes nos estudos, caracter&#237;sticas das amostras, estrutura do APH e hospitalar, crit&#233;rios para iniciar e manter a RCP ou de um conjunto de fatores locais que podem modificar esses resultados. A an&#225;lise de popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, como casos de PCR de origem card&#237;aca, em ritmos choc&#225;veis ou testemunhadas, podem trazer melhores resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o emprego indiscriminado da RCP contribui para as estat&#237;sticas que mostram elevada frequ&#234;ncia de insucessos, prejudicando a avalia&#231;&#227;o da sua efic&#225;cia.</p>
      <p>O RCE e a sobreviv&#234;ncia at&#233; a admiss&#227;o hospitalar alcan&#231;aram no atual estudo valores pr&#243;ximos aos mais elevados observados na literatura recente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref></sup> no entanto a taxa de sobrevida &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi uma das menores entre as pesquisas analisadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As modalidades de APH s&#227;o muito vari&#225;veis ao redor do mundo, e os melhores resultados observados nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o podem estar relacionados ao atendimento do SAV para todos os participantes deste estudo, j&#225; que este conta obrigatoriamente com um m&#233;dico e um enfermeiro entre os tripulantes da unidade.</p>
      <p>As melhores condi&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes na interna&#231;&#227;o, em virtude da atua&#231;&#227;o do APH ou de crit&#233;rios de iniciar e manter a RCP, podem melhorar os resultados no hospital, no entanto &#233; ineg&#225;vel a import&#226;ncia da assist&#234;ncia hospitalar para a sobrevida.</p>
      <p>Autores americanos analisando resultados da PCR em diferentes hospitais verificaram que as taxas de sobrevida hospitalar e o desfecho neurol&#243;gico favor&#225;vel variaram a depender do hospital para o qual o paciente foi transportado ap&#243;s a PCR e essa varia&#231;&#227;o nem sempre foi explicada pelas caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">18</xref></sup> Esses resultados sugerem que parte dos hospitais participantes do estudo apresentavam necessidade de melhoria da qualidade do atendimento para melhorar os desfechos dos pacientes ap&#243;s PCR.</p>
      <p>Nos pacientes que tiveram alta hospitalar, aplicou-se o &#237;ndice de CPC na alta, aos seis meses e um ano ap&#243;s a PCR e mais da metade dos indiv&#237;duos apresentaram desfechos favor&#225;veis (CPC 1 e 2), em todos os per&#237;odos de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Na alta, 21 dos 28 pacientes que foram avaliados utilizando o CPC apresentaram escores de 1 e 2, resultado corroborado pela literatura recente: 1,3% dos casos com desfecho favor&#225;vel em uma taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia de 1,6%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>; 4,9%, em 5,9%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e 25%, em 31,3% sobreviventes &#224; alta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na China, estudo que analisou 5016 PCR extra hospitalares mostrou que um ano ap&#243;s alta hospitalar 44 (0,87%) pacientes estavam vivos e 37 (0,73%) encontravam-se em boas condi&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No atual estudo, cinco de 28 pacientes com seguimento morreram entre alta e um ano ap&#243;s PCR. Nesse &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo, por&#233;m, somente dois pacientes apresentavam condi&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas desfavor&#225;veis (CPC 3 e 4).</p>
      <p>Estudo brasileiro com 285 pacientes atendidos com PCR em servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia encontrou, que ap&#243;s seis meses de seguimento, 53,8% permaneceram com o mesmo CPC, e 46,2% tiveram melhora da CPC em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; alta. Ap&#243;s um ano, a totalidade dos pacientes permaneceu com a mesma CPC em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seis meses anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nossos dados, observou-se melhora das condi&#231;&#245;es funcionais dos pacientes at&#233; um ano ap&#243;s PCR: cinco pacientes que apresentaram CPC 2 na alta alcan&#231;aram escore 1 no &#237;ndice e tr&#234;s com CPC 3 evolu&#237;ram para pontua&#231;&#227;o 2.</p>
      <p>O &#243;bito no pr&#233;-hospitalar foi menos frequente nos eventos de natureza traum&#225;tica no presente estudo, ao passo que as mortes durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ocorreram em maior frequ&#234;ncia nesse grupo. Os percentuais de sobrevida &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foram semelhantes (3,81% causas cl&#237;nicas e 3,33% causas externas), assim como o tempo de sobreviv&#234;ncia dos dois grupos.</p>
      <p>Dados do Registro Franc&#234;s de PCR extra-hospitalar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">20</xref></sup> mostraram 12,2% dos eventos como de origem traum&#225;tica e percentual de sobreviventes entre os pacientes com PCR de natureza cl&#237;nica de 5,4% e de causas traum&#225;ticas, 1,7%.</p>
      <p>Tendo em vista que esta pesquisa e v&#225;rios estudos recentes que analisam sobrevida hospitalar apresentaram taxas inferiores a 5%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">20</xref></sup> investiga&#231;&#245;es com popula&#231;&#245;es de PCR por causa traum&#225;tica n&#227;o mostraram resultados discrepantes em rela&#231;&#227;o a essas publica&#231;&#245;es com taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia at&#233; a alta de 3,9%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">10</xref></sup> e 18,6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em um estudo que comparou a sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; admiss&#227;o e &#224; alta hospitalar em PCR por causa traum&#225;tica e n&#227;o traum&#225;tica, ambos os desfechos foram significativamente mais frequentes no grupo das causas n&#227;o traum&#225;ticas. Por&#233;m, os autores verificaram que houve diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos; por exemplo, as paradas card&#237;acas traum&#225;ticas foram menos propensas a ser testemunhadas, sendo dif&#237;cil, assim, atribuir a causalidade nos resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em revis&#227;o de literatura sobre PCR traum&#225;tica, autores apontam que os avan&#231;os no controle de danos na RCP e na compreens&#227;o das diferen&#231;as fisiopatol&#243;gicas desse evento perante os de causas cl&#237;nicas levaram a sobreviventes inesperados. Dados sugerem que o desfecho da PCR traum&#225;tica n&#227;o &#233; pior que o de causas cl&#237;nicas e, em alguns grupos, pode at&#233; apresentar melhores resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em an&#225;lise de registros de PCR de 20 anos, a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia de 30 dias dobrou no per&#237;odo para o grupo de PCR extra-hospitalar por etiologia m&#233;dica, de 4,7% para 11,0%. No grupo de causas n&#227;o m&#233;dicas, essa taxa triplicou, evoluindo de 3% para 9,9%. O trauma foi a causa mais comum nesse &#250;ltimo grupo, atingindo 26% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na Dinamarca, pesquisadores verificaram que a sobreviv&#234;ncia pr&#233;-hospitalar foi maior no grupo das causas m&#233;dicas, por&#233;m, a sobreviv&#234;ncia de 30 dias e um ano foi similar entre os grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diferentes classifica&#231;&#245;es que incluem v&#237;timas de trauma dificultam compara&#231;&#245;es entre os estudos, por&#233;m h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a natureza da PCR nem sempre estabelece sobrevida. Os dados demonstram que uma gama de vari&#225;veis deve ser considerada ao tentar definir progn&#243;stico em PCR extra-hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Considerando nossos resultados e a literatura dispon&#237;vel, pode-se afirmar que, apesar das diferen&#231;as ainda presentes quanto aos desfechos da PCR traum&#225;tica, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias para que ocorram, <italic>a priori</italic>, restri&#231;&#245;es para ressuscitar v&#237;timas desse evento. Cren&#231;as sobre a futilidade da RCP em casos de trauma prejudicam a obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es seguras sobre seus desfechos e podem atrasar o aprimoramento das manobras de atendimento dessas v&#237;timas, as quais poderiam se beneficiar com tratamentos espec&#237;ficos para esse grupo.</p>
      <p>Conhecer caracter&#237;sticas e desfechos da PCR extra-hospitalar pode auxiliar os gestores no planejamento de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de, dimensionamento de equipes e gest&#227;o dos recursos p&#250;blicos destinados &#224; estrutura&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas de atendimento. Este estudo tamb&#233;m propicia estabelecer metas de melhores resultados e de reparo nas condi&#231;&#245;es locais.</p>
      <p>No &#226;mbito da pesquisa cientifica, este &#233; um dos primeiros trabalhos dessa magnitude realizados na cidade de Campo Grande e um dos poucos no Brasil com essa abordagem. Al&#233;m de permitir compara&#231;&#245;es com futuros resultados e fornecer estat&#237;sticas brasileiras, t&#227;o escassas, pode contribuir para a formula&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes de reanima&#231;&#227;o e tratamento no pa&#237;s.</p>
      <p>Autores relatam dificuldades e limita&#231;&#245;es na coleta de dados sobre as ocorr&#234;ncias de PCR, principalmente porque as pesquisas s&#227;o retrospectivas, em sua maioria utilizando dados de eventos passados registrados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es desta investiga&#231;&#227;o, vale salientar a dificuldade de coleta de dados, uma vez que uma fonte importante de informa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o as fichas de registro de APH, as quais, muitas vezes, n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente preenchidas devido a prem&#234;ncia de outras atividades nas emerg&#234;ncias. Al&#233;m disso, assim como todos os estudos de coorte, houve perdas de seguimento dos participantes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, a sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s PCR extra-hospitalar foi baixa, por&#233;m, a maioria dos sobreviventes &#224; alta hospitalar alcan&#231;aram desfecho favor&#225;vel ap&#243;s um ano desse evento. Entre os hospitalizados, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no tempo de sobreviv&#234;ncia entre os pacientes de PCR de natureza cl&#237;nica e traum&#225;tica; no entanto, a sobreviv&#234;ncia at&#233; a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi maior entre as PCR por causa traum&#225;tica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <source>Resuscitation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <fpage>48</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.10.019</pub-id>
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      </ref>
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        <mixed-citation>23. Christensen DM, Rajan S, Kragholm K, S&#248;ndergaard KB, Hansen OM, Gerds TA, et al. Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Survival in Patients with Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest of Non-Cardiac Origin. Resuscitation. 2019;140:98-105. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.05.014.</mixed-citation>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Rajan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kragholm</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#248;ndergaard</surname>
              <given-names>KB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerds</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Survival in Patients with Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest of Non-Cardiac Origin</article-title>
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        <mixed-citation>24. Riva G, Ringh M, Jonsson M, Svensson L, Herlitz J, Claesson A, et al. Survival in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest after Standard Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation or Chest Compressions Only Before Arrival of Emergency Medical Services: Nationwide Study During Three Guideline Periods. Circulation. 2019. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038179.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Ringh</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Jonsson</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svensson</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herlitz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Daiana Nacer pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2.542.877. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal e N&#237;vel Superior &#8211; Brasil (CAPES)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Outcomes after Clinical and Traumatic Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5511-9100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nacer</surname>
            <given-names>Daiana Terra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2575-7937</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Regina M&#225;rcia Cardoso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3884-4490</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Leticia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola de Enfermagem, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Campus Sa&#250;de, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Daiana Terra Nacer &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola de Enfermagem &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 419. Postal Code 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: daiananacer@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Data on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are still scarce, very varied, and indicate a poor prognosis for traumatic events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To describe the out-of-hospital/in-hospital survival, survival time, and neurological conditions of those treated by advanced life support units and submitted to cardiopulmonary resuscitation and compare the results of clinical and traumatic cardiac arrests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This is a cohort study carried out in three stages; in the first two, data were collected from the Mobile Emergency Care Service forms and medical records; then, the Brain Performance Category Scale was applied in the third stage. The sample consisted of resuscitated victims aged &#8805;18 years. Fisher&#8217;s and log-rank tests were used to compare the causes, considering a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> 852 patients were analyzed; 20.66% were hospitalized, 4.23% survived until transfer or discharge, and 58.33% had a favorable outcome one year after arrest. There was an association between pre/in-hospital survival and the nature of the occurrence (p=0.026), but there was no difference between the survival curves (p=0.6).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Survival of hospitalization after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was low; however, most who survived to be discharged achieved a favorable outcome after one year. The survival time of those hospitalized after clinical and traumatic events were similar, but pre-hospital survival was higher among trauma patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Medical Services</kwd>
        <kwd>Survivorship</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Outcomes after Clinical and Traumatic Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220551-20551-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac arrest (CA) is the abrupt loss of cardiac function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is a highly prevalent event with high morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite advances in care, the survival of these events is low, especially in an out-of-hospital environment. Data from the literature are still scarce in Brazil, very varied worldwide, and indicate a poor prognosis for traumatic CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, the survival of traumatic CA is around 0 to 2.6%, with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) efforts being considered futile in many studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The 2015 European resuscitation guidelines encourage further studies on traumatic CA, as considerable survival variation is reported in the scientific literature (ranging from 0 to 27%), reflecting the heterogeneity in reported cases and the uneven care provided in different systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Current statistics on out-of-hospital CA generally show significant geographic variations in the outcomes of these events. Some places with very poor results and others that reach important survival frequencies are noteworthy, likely consequences of efforts to optimize the effectiveness of the local survival chain obtained by identifying and adjusting its weak links.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Different outcomes in analyzes of the quality of CA care have been valued, such as the return to spontaneous circulation (ROSC), survival until hospitalization and hospital discharge, and neurological condition in the short and medium term. Recovery from anoxic brain injury in patients with ROSC after CA is variable, and a range of neurological sequelae can ensue, from complete recovery to coma with brain death. Thus, the ideal CA outcome assessment should incorporate functional and neurological status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study is justified due to the relevance of the topic presented and the lack of data on survival and short-term and medical neurological outcome of people who had out-of-hospital CA. Its objectives are to describe the out-of-hospital/in-hospital survival, survival time, and neurological conditions of those assisted by advanced life support (ALS) units and submitted to CPR and compare the results of clinical and traumatic CA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This regional cohort study was conducted in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil, and developed in three stages. First, retrospective data collection was performed in the first two stages, with the sources being the pre-hospital care (PC) records in the first stage and the medical records of patients who survived the PC referred to hospital units in the second. Then, the hospitalization survivors or their families were interviewed in the third stage, where the data collection was prospective.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection location</title>
          <p>Data from the first stage were collected at the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU); the information collection in the second stage was carried out in the three hospitals that are emergency hospital ports in the Urgency and Emergency Care Network. The last phase was carried out at the homes of the hospitalization survivors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Period</title>
          <p>Data collection started in May 2018 and ended in March 2020.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Population and selection criteria</title>
          <p>The population consisted of subjects aged 18 years or older who had out-of-hospital CA in the period from Jan 1, 2016, to Dec 31, 2018, and who received CPR maneuvers by the SAMU advanced support PC team (including cases where it was initiated by another team, bystanders or others).</p>
          <p>Pregnant women and patients with illegible and incomplete records were excluded, meaning those who did not allow access to the description of more than 50% of the clinical variables of the research. The records of cases transferred to hospitals not qualified as hospital ports of the Emergency and Urgencies Care Network of Campo Grande were also excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Information collection instruments</title>
          <p>Data were collected by filling in two forms prepared by the researchers: the first instrument enabled transcribing PC information based on data available in the PC forms of SAV SAMU (physician and nurse form). In-hospital care information was collected from medical records and recorded in this first form. The second instrument included information about patients&#8217; neurological conditions at discharge, at six months, and one year after the cardiac respiratory arrest, which was collected during home visits to patients who survived hospitalization.</p>
          <p>Next, the Cerebral Performance Category Scale (CPC) was applied to assess the neurological condition of patients surviving hospitalization, as the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> recommended. This scoring system enables assessing functional capacity after CA based on interviews with the family and recorded information, indicating the CPC scores at discharge, six months, and one year. The results were presented using the five categories of the scale: CPC 1 (Good brain performance); CPC 2 (Moderate Brain Disability); CPC 3 (Severe Brain Disability); CPC 4 (Comatose, vegetative state); and CPC 5 (Death). These categories of the analyzes were also dichotomized into favorable (CPC 1 and 2) and unfavorable (CPC 3, 4, and 5).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>All care records provided by SAMU ALS units from 2016 to 2018 were consulted in the first data collection phase, and the CA records were manually separated. Records of people under 18 years of age, pregnant women, institutionalized and incomplete records (less than 50% of the clinical variables of the study filled out) were excluded, in addition to those transferred to hospitals that did not participate in the study. Information regarding ambulance activation times and displacements was collected from the SAMU Regulation Center electronic system.</p>
          <p>Data in the second phase were collected from the medical records of patients referred to the three hospitals in the Emergency Care Network in Campo Grande. Thus, the hospitalization outcome was verified in this stage, and the CPC scale was applied based on medical records.</p>
          <p>Patients who survived hospitalization or their family members were invited to participate in the study through a telephone call in the third phase. After the participants&#8217; consent, they were visited at home to collect data through an interview and sign the Informed Consent Form (ICF).</p>
          <p>All interviews in this study phase were conducted at least one year after CA, and if necessary, a caregiver/responsible person was established to provide the information for those patients unable to communicate. The CPC score obtained from the analysis of the medical records was validated during the interview in this phase, and the information about the patients&#8217; neurological conditions at six months and one year after CA was questioned to establish the CPC scores in these last two periods.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data treatment and analysis</title>
          <p>The collected data were stored in a Microsoft Office Excel<sup>&#174;</sup> database, version 2016, and this program was also used to perform the descriptive analyses. Statistical tests were performed according to guidance from a professional in the area, and the statistical package R version 4.1.0 was used, considering a significance level of 5%.</p>
          <p>Categorical variables were described using absolute and relative frequencies, continuous variables were presented as intervals, and the mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated in cases of normal data distribution.</p>
          <p>When comparing the outcomes of victims of clinical and traumatic CA, the vital condition of the victims until hospitalization and discharge (categorical variables) and survival time in days after CA (continuous variable) were analyzed as dependent variables. The nature of CA (clinical or traumatic) was an independent categorical variable for these analyzes.</p>
          <p>Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared and Fisher&#8217;s exact tests were applied to assess the association between categorical variables. The first was to compare the survival of the victims to the PC of the group that participated in the study with the excluded victims. Fisher&#8217;s Exact Test was used to compare the outcomes of CA victims due to external and clinical causes since the assumptions for applying the Chi-squared test were not met. Survival times constituted a continuous variable; survival curves were constructed for clinical and traumatic CAs. The non-parametric log-rank test was used to compare the survival curves since the Shapiro-Wilk test rejected the null hypothesis (H<sub>0</sub>) of survival time with a normal distribution (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>This study followed Resolution no. 466, of Dec 12, 2012, of the Plenary of the National Health Council, on research involving human beings and was previously submitted for evaluation by the Research Ethics Committee (<italic>CEP</italic>) of the School of Nursing of the University of S&#227;o Paulo, opinion No. 2,542,877, of Mar 14, 2018. Data collection was started only after approval.</p>
          <p>The study also obtained consent from the services involved for its performance. The term of commitment for using information from medical records in a research project was signed by the researcher and presented to the Ethics and Research Committee of the institutions.</p>
          <p>Patients who participated in the third phase did so with consent by signing the ICF. For those unable to decide whether to consent to participate in the investigation, the ICF was applied to the family members who participated in the study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In excluding those under 18, pregnant women, and those institutionalized, 1,051 attendance records were selected. Of these, 161 (15.32%) were illegible or incomplete, and 38 (3.625) were related to patients transferred to hospitals that did not participate in this study. Therefore, there were 852 (81.06%) records of victims of out-of-hospital CA, which composed the sample of this study. It is worth noting that PC survival was similar between participating and non-participating patients (with illegible and incomplete records and those transferred to other hospitals) in the study (p=0.917), the value calculated using Pearson&#8217;s Chi-Squared test.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the profile of the patients included in the study according to the variables: gender, age group, and presence of comorbidities or at-risk habits, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the frequency of comorbidities and at-risk habits verified.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patients with out-of-hospital CA (no=852) according to gender, age group, comorbidities, and at-risk habits. Campo Grande (MS), Brazil, 2016/2018</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>No.</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">556</td>
                  <td align="center">65.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">296</td>
                  <td align="center">34.74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Age range (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;18 &lt;35</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">6.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;35 &lt;50</td>
                  <td align="center">105</td>
                  <td align="center">12.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;50 &lt;65</td>
                  <td align="center">225</td>
                  <td align="center">26.41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;65 &lt;80</td>
                  <td align="center">312</td>
                  <td align="center">36.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 80</td>
                  <td align="center">154</td>
                  <td align="center">18.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Comorbidities and at-risk habits</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">600</td>
                  <td align="center">70.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">252</td>
                  <td align="center">29.58</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Frequency that patients with out-of-hospital CA (no=852) reported comorbidities and at-risk habits. Campo Grande (MS), Brazil, 2016/2018</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Comorbidities and at-risk habits</th>
                  <th>No.</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">377</td>
                  <td align="center">44.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiopathies</td>
                  <td align="center">221</td>
                  <td align="center">25.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">205</td>
                  <td align="center">24.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neuropathies</td>
                  <td align="center">104</td>
                  <td align="center">12.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pneumopathies</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">6.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcoholism</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">5.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">4.93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cancer</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">4.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nephropathies</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">3.99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Psychiatric illnesses</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">2.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">1.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vascular diseases</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hepatopathies</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Drug addiction</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other comorbidities*</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>*: arthritis, lupus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Chagas disease, osteoporosis.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the characteristics of the participants in this study, there was a predominance of males (65.26%), with a mean age of 64.33 (SD=17.16) years. The most frequently reported comorbidities were high blood pressure (44.25%), heart disease (25.94%), diabetes (24.06%), and neuropathies (12.21%). A total of 252 cases (29.58%) in the records had no reports of comorbidities or at-risk habits.</p>
        <p>Most CA events were clinical in nature (89.44%) and occurred at home (80.87%). The average response time until the arrival of the first service was 13.37 (SD=7.35) minutes; it was 19.25 (SD=10.85) minutes until the ALS arrived.</p>
        <p>CAs were witnessed in 30.87% of cases, but many files were without recording this information (45.54%). CPR was initiated by the Basic Life Support team or bystanders in 80.17% of the events. The first rhythm detected in 73.35% of cases was non-shockable, and the mean duration of CPR was 30.17 (SD=14.59) minutes. After the first CA, 29.93% of the patients had ROSC, and 15.14% had CA recurrence, even in the pre-hospital setting.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> shows the outcome of patients until hospital discharge.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patients with out-of-hospital CA (n=852) according to pre- and in-hospital care outcomes. Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, 2018/2020.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Outcomes</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pre-hospital death</td>
                  <td align="center">676</td>
                  <td align="center">79.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-hospital death</td>
                  <td align="center">140</td>
                  <td align="center">16.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital discharge</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">3.76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Transferred</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">852</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> shows the survival time in days and the number of survivors. Among the 176 hospitalized, 8 (4.55%) participants were lost to follow-up. Of the 168 remaining patients, 80 (47.62%) died within the first day after CA.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patients hospitalized after out-of-hospital CA (n=168*) according to survival time in days and the number of survivors and deaths in the period. Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, 2018/2020.* Excluded 8 patients without information.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220551-20551-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The CPC scale was applied to hospitalization survivors in three moments (discharge, six months, and one year after CA), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>. 58.33% had favorable outcomes in all evaluation periods (CPC 1 and 2).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patients who survived hospitalization (n=36) according to neurological conditions at discharge, at six months, and one year after CA, according to Cerebral Performance Category. Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, 2018/2020</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Brain Performance Category</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Discharge/Transfer</th>
                  <th colspan="2">After 6 months</th>
                  <th colspan="2">After 1 year</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 (Good brain performance)</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">27.78</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">33.33</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">41.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2 (Moderate brain impairment)</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">30.55</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">25.00</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">16.66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3 (Severe brain impairment)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">13.89</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">11.11</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4 (Comatose, vegetative state)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.56</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.56</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5 (Death)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.78</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">13.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Follow-up losses</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">22.22</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">22.22</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">22.22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">100.0</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">100.0</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">100.0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the nature of PC calls, 89.44% were motivated by clinical causes. The remaining cases were external causes (10.56%) of different mechanisms: blunt (7.39%), penetrating (1.64%), or other (1.53%).</p>
        <p>There was an association between the outcomes observed after out-of-hospital CA and the cause of occurrence (p= 0.026). It is noted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> that pre-hospital death was more frequent in clinical CAs and deaths during hospitalization in those of external causes. When analyzing the survival time, the curves (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>) show a slightly longer survival time for clinical CA after the first hours; however, the differences observed between the groups did not reach statistical significance according to the log-rank test (p= 0.6).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patients with out-of-hospital CA (n=852) according to the nature of the CA and according to pre- and in-hospital outcomes. Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, 2018/2020</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Outcomes</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Clinical</th>
                  <th colspan="2">External cause</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pre-hospital death</td>
                  <td align="center">612</td>
                  <td align="center">80.31</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">71.11</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">0.026*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-hospital death</td>
                  <td align="center">119</td>
                  <td align="center">15.62</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">23.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital discharge</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">3.81</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">3.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Transferred</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">2.22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">762</td>
                  <td align="center">100.0</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                  <td align="center">100.0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>*Fisher&#8217;s Exact Test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Survival curves of hospitalized patients after out-of-hospital CA (n=176) for clinical and traumatic CA. Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, 2018/2020.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220551-20551-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>One of the first indicators of success in resuscitation is ROSC, which presented a frequency of 29.93% in this study. This result is greatly varied in recent studies in different countries, from 5.7% to 33%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In only analyzing CA due to traumatic causes, Dutch researchers found a rate of 28.5% of ROSC in medical emergency services with helicopters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recent studies in Brazil have shown survival ranging from 5.84% to 15.5%. However, these are studies with small samples, without information on survival after hospitalization and after hospital discharge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">12</xref></sup> Survival until hospital admission is also an initial result of CPR which shows considerable variations in recent publications from different countries, with frequencies from 4.4% to 33.1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another important indicator of the quality of CPR maneuvers is survival to hospital discharge. Once again, the results in the literature were quite diverse, with survival rates from 1.6% to 31.3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">18</xref></sup>The highest hospital survival frequency was observed in a study carried out in American hospitals, with a mean value of 31.3% and rates from 12.5% to 46.7% in different hospitals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding these large differences between ROSC and survival rates until hospital admission and discharge, it must be considered that they may be due to both the care quality and the inclusion criteria of patients in the studies, characteristics of the samples, the PC structure, and the hospital itself, criteria for initiating and maintaining CPR, or a set of local factors which may modify these outcomes. Analyzing specific populations, such as CA cases of cardiac origin, in shockable rhythms or being witnessed, can bring better results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref></sup> On the other hand, the indiscriminate use of CPR contributes to the statistics that show a high frequency of failures, undermining the evaluation of its effectiveness.</p>
        <p>ROSC and survival until hospital admission in the current study reached values close to the highest observed in recent literature,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref></sup> however, the hospitalization survival rate was one of the lowest among the analyzed studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>PC modalities are very variable around the world, and the best results observed in this investigation may be related to ALS care for all participants in this study since it is mandatory to have a doctor and a nurse among the unit&#8217;s crew. The better conditions of patients during hospitalization due to the PC&#8217;s performance or criteria for initiating and maintaining CPR can improve the in-hospital results; however, the importance of hospital care for survival is undeniable.</p>
        <p>American authors analyzing CA results in different hospitals found that hospital survival rates and favorable neurological outcomes varied depending on the hospital to which the patient was transported after CA, and the patient&#8217;s characteristics<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">18</xref></sup> did not always explain this variation. These results suggest that part of the hospitals participating in the study needed to improve the care quality to improve patient outcomes after CA.</p>
        <p>The CPC index was applied to patients discharged from the hospital at the discharge time, at six months, and one year after CA, and more than half of the individuals had favorable outcomes (CPC 1 and 2) in all evaluation periods. At discharge, 21 of the 28 patients who were evaluated using the CPC had scores of 1 and 2, corroborating a result in recent literature: 1.3% of cases with a favorable outcome with a survival rate of 1.6%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>; 4.9% in 5.9%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>; and 25% in 31.3% who survived discharge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A study in China that analyzed 5,016 out-of-hospital CAs showed that 44 (0.87%) patients were alive one year after hospital discharge, and 37 (0.73%) were in good neurological condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In the current study, five out of 28 patients under follow-up died between discharge and one year after CA; however, only two patients had unfavorable neurological conditions (CPC 3 and 4) in this last period.</p>
        <p>A Brazilian study with 285 patients treated with CA in an emergency service found that 53.8% remained with the same CPC after six months of follow-up, and 46.2% had an improvement in the CPC concerning discharge; moreover, all patients maintained the same CPC after one year compared to the previous six months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An improvement in the functional conditions of patients was observed in our data up to one year after CA: five patients who had CPC 2 at discharge reached a score of 1 on the index, and three with CPC 3 evolved to score 2. Pre-hospital death was less frequent in events of a traumatic nature in the present study, while deaths during hospitalization occurred more frequently in this group. The survival after hospitalization percentages were similar (3.81% clinical causes and 3.33% external causes), as well as the survival time of both groups.</p>
        <p>Data from the French Registry for out-of-hospital CA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">20</xref></sup>showed 12.2% of the events as having a traumatic origin, and the percentage of survivors among patients with clinical CA was 5.4%, and 1.7% for traumatic causes.</p>
        <p>Considering that this study and several recent studies which analyzed hospital survival presented rates below 5%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">20</xref></sup>investigations with CA populations due to traumatic causes did not show discrepant results about these publications, with survival to discharge rates of 3.9%<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">10</xref>)</sup>and 18.6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a study that compared survival to hospital admission and hospital discharge in CA due to traumatic and non-traumatic causes, both outcomes were significantly more frequent in the group of non-traumatic causes. However, the authors found differences in the groups&#8217; characteristics; for example, traumatic CAs were less likely to be witnessed, thus making it difficult to attribute causality to the results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a literature review on traumatic CA, the authors noted that advances in damage control in CPR and understanding the pathophysiological differences between this event and clinical causes led to unexpected survivors. Data suggest that the outcome of traumatic CA is not worse than that of clinical causes, and in some groups, it may even present better results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In an analysis of 20-year CA records, the 30-day survival rate doubled over the period for the out-of-hospital CA group due to medical etiology, from 4.7% to 11.0%. This rate tripled in the group of non-medical causes, rising from 3% to 9.9%. Trauma was the most common cause in this last group, reaching 26% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">22</xref></sup> Researchers in Denmark found that pre-hospital survival was higher in the group with medical causes; however, the 30-day and one-year survival was similar between the groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Different classifications that include trauma victims make comparisons between studies difficult, but there is evidence that the nature of CA does not always establish survival. The data demonstrate that various variables must be considered when defining prognosis in out-of-hospital CA.</p>
        <p>Considering our results and the available literature, it can be stated that despite the differences still present regarding the outcomes of traumatic CA, there is no evidence that there are <italic>a priori</italic> restrictions to resuscitate victims of this event. Beliefs about the futility of CPR in trauma cases hinder obtaining reliable information about its outcomes and may delay improvement in care maneuvers for these victims, who could benefit from specific treatments for this group.</p>
        <p>Knowing the characteristics and outcomes of out-of-hospital CA can help managers plan health policies, sizing teams, and manage public resources for structuring care systems. This study also propitiates establishing goals for better results and repair under local conditions.</p>
        <p>Within the scope of scientific research, this is one of the first works of this magnitude carried out in Campo Grande and one of the few in Brazil with this approach. In addition to allowing comparisons with future results and providing Brazilian statistics, which are so scarce, it can contribute to formulating resuscitation and treatment guidelines in the country. Some authors have reported difficulties and limitations in collecting data on the occurrence of CA, mainly because the studies are retrospective, mostly using data from past recorded events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among the limitations of this investigation, it is worth mentioning the difficulty in collecting data since an important information source is the PC registration forms, which are often not completely filled out due to the urgency of other activities in emergencies. In addition, as with all cohort studies, participants were lost to follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this study, survival until hospitalization after out-of-hospital CA was low; however, most survivors of hospital discharge achieved a favorable outcome after one year of this event. Among those hospitalized, there was no difference in survival time between clinical and traumatic CA patients; however, survival until hospitalization was higher among those with CA due to traumatic causes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the doctoral thesis submitted by Daiana Nacer, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 2.542.877. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal e N&#237;vel Superior &#8211; Brazil (CAPES).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
