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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9tYRRcwthMYtv7XRbpFhMtn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220543</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil Cl&#237;nico, Auton&#244;mico e Escore de Calgary Modificado de Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes com Presumida S&#237;ncope Vasovagal Submetidos ao Teste de Inclina&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2116-084X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Pamela Michelle Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0963-948X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2481-2647</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tonelli</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique de Assis Fonseca</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meira</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Maria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4941-328X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Cleonice de Carvalho Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG. Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190. CEP 30130-100, Centro, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>roselisboa@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220543</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A s&#237;ncope, na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, tem como sua principal causa, a vasovagal (SVV). Sua avalia&#231;&#227;o deve ser feita por m&#233;todos cl&#237;nicos e o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI) pode contribuir para seu diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Analisar o perfil cl&#237;nico, os escores de Calgary e de Calgary modificado, a resposta ao TI e a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) de pacientes &#8804; 18 anos de idade, com presumida SVV. Comparar as vari&#225;veis entre pacientes com resposta positiva e negativa ao TI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> Estudo observacional e prospectivo, com 73 pacientes com idades entre 6 e 18 anos, submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ao c&#225;lculo dos escores, sem o conhecimento do TI. Este foi feito a 70&#186; sob monitoramento para an&#225;lise da VFC. Valor-p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado como o crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A mediana de idade foi de 14,0 anos, sendo que 52% eram no sexo feminino, 72 apresentaram Calgary &#8805; -2 (m&#233;dia 1,80) e 69 com Calgary modificado &#8805; -3 (m&#233;dia 1,38). Ocorreram pr&#243;dromos em 59 pacientes, recorr&#234;ncia em 50 e trauma em 19. A resposta ao TI foi positiva em 54 (49 vasovagal, com 39 vasodepressora), com aumento do componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (BF) e diminui&#231;&#227;o da alta frequ&#234;ncia (AF) (p &lt; 0,0001). Na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, o BF foi de 33,6 no sexo feminino e 47,4 em unidades normalizadas no sexo masculino (p = 0,02). Aplicando-se a curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para TI positivo, n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para VFC e os escores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A maioria das crian&#231;as e adolescentes com diagn&#243;stico presumido de SVV apresentaram um cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico t&#237;pico, com escore de Calgary &#8805; -2, e resposta vasodepressora predominante ao TI. Verificou-se uma maior ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica na posi&#231;&#227;o supina no sexo masculino. Os escores de Calgary e a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica n&#227;o permitiram predizer a resposta ao TI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope Vasovagal</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste da Mesa Inclinada</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="43"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ncope &#233; caracterizada pela perda transit&#243;ria da consci&#234;ncia e do t&#244;nus postural, resultante da hipoperfus&#227;o cerebral transit&#243;ria. Apresenta in&#237;cio repentino, pequena dura&#231;&#227;o e recupera&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea e completa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A s&#237;ncope pedi&#225;trica tem in&#250;meras causas, no entanto, a principal delas, em cerca de 80% dos casos, &#233; a vasovagal (SVV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ncope, em sua maioria, &#233; feita pela anamnese; exame f&#237;sico; aferi&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial (PA), em posi&#231;&#227;o supina e ortost&#225;tica; e realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma (ECG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Um instrumento essencial para a proped&#234;utica de s&#237;ncope em crian&#231;as e adolescentes &#233; o escore de Calgary modificado, utilizado para realizar o diagn&#243;stico diferencial em pacientes com SVV e demais causas de s&#237;ncope.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s uma abordagem cl&#237;nica adequada, o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI) &#233; uma ferramenta valiosa e pode ser utilizada, evitando exames laboratoriais desnecess&#225;rios, em pacientes sem ind&#237;cios de cardiopatia e com hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica sugestiva de SVV, nos quais esse diagn&#243;stico ainda n&#227;o tenha sido realizado e/ou seja necess&#225;ria a elucida&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de resposta ao TI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, sua sensibilidade e especificidade podem ser de 76,6% e 86,7%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O TI contribui para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre SVV e seus subtipos: vasodepressora, cardioinibit&#243;ria, mista, s&#237;ndrome de taquicardia postural ortost&#225;tica (STPO) e hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (HO), assim como na distin&#231;&#227;o entre s&#237;ncope e epilepsia.</p>
      <p>Sabe-se que os dist&#250;rbios do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA) est&#227;o implicados na fisiopatologia da SVV. Pacientes com essa condi&#231;&#227;o apresentam atividades basais simp&#225;tica aumentada e parassimp&#225;tica diminu&#237;da, em rela&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o que pode ser evidenciado sob condi&#231;&#245;es provocativas, como durante o TI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Assim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do SNA &#233; uma ferramenta importante na compreens&#227;o da s&#237;ncope e na condu&#231;&#227;o da proped&#234;utica desses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Em raz&#227;o da escassa literatura sobre SVV, TI e avalia&#231;&#227;o do SNA na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, este trabalho teve como objetivos analisar o perfil cl&#237;nico, os escores Calgary e Calgary modificado; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ou s&#237;ncope ao TI em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com hist&#243;ria de SVV; e avaliar a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) pela an&#225;lise espectral antes do TI, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, e durante o TI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Tratou-se de um estudo de coorte, observacional, transversal e prospectivo, realizado no per&#237;odo de fevereiro de 2016 a mar&#231;o de 2020. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo comit&#234; local de &#233;tica em pesquisa e os participantes e/ou seus respons&#225;veis assinaram o termo de assentimento e/ou o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. A casu&#237;stica foi composta por 73 pacientes. Foram inclu&#237;dos aqueles com idade igual ou superior a 6 anos, com at&#233; 18 anos, com diagn&#243;stico presumido de SVV e sem cardiopatia estrutural, assim como sem canalopatias (com ECG normal, sem hist&#243;rico pessoal e/ou familiar de s&#237;ncope ou morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita por arritmia). Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, neurol&#243;gicas, psiqui&#225;tricas e cr&#244;nicas; pacientes com arritmias; pacientes usu&#225;rios de f&#225;rmacos com interfer&#234;ncia potencial sobre a velocidade de condu&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) ou PA, bem como aqueles em ritmo de marca-passo artificial e quaisquer outras condi&#231;&#245;es que pudessem alterar o ritmo card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e foram feitos os c&#225;lculos dos escores Calgary e Calgary modificado ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> por um pesquisador sem o conhecimento do resultado do TI. Os TIs foram realizados no turno da manh&#227;, em uma sala adequada e sob baixa luminosidade. Os pacientes estavam em jejum de 6 horas e com acesso venoso perif&#233;rico eletivo, permanecendo na posi&#231;&#227;o supina em repouso durante 20 min. A mesa empregada apresentava apoio para os p&#233;s e permitia varia&#231;&#245;es do &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o em intervalos de 10 graus. Os testes foram realizados com &#226;ngulo de 70 graus e durante o tempo limite de 30 minutos, caso n&#227;o ocorresse a resposta positiva. Os pacientes foram monitorados com ECG cont&#237;nuo de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e PA n&#227;o invasiva no bra&#231;o (registrada a cada 3 min), desde a fase de repouso at&#233; o final da recupera&#231;&#227;o, conforme a normatiza&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos e t&#233;cnicas para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames do TI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Foi feito, tamb&#233;m, o monitoramento por meio de Holter Cardiosmart para avalia&#231;&#227;o da VFC. Este foi realizado na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, e nos 10 primeiros ou &#250;ltimos 5 minutos do TI antes do evento sincopal, no caso de resposta positiva. A an&#225;lise foi feita ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o de extrass&#237;stoles, pausas e interfer&#234;ncias por cardiologista habitado, utilizando-se a transforma&#231;&#227;o de Fourier, obtendo-se os valores absolutos de pot&#234;ncia em milissegundos ao quadrado (ms<sup>2</sup>) e os valores em unidades normalizadas (un) dos componentes de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (BF), alta frequ&#234;ncia (AF) e a rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF. Conforme a literatura, a atividade vagal &#233; a principal do componente AF e a rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF reflete o equil&#237;brio simp&#225;tico-vagal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Itens da pontua&#231;&#227;o do escore de Calgary modificado <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Quest&#227;o</th>
                <th>Pontua&#231;&#227;o (se resposta positiva)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>H&#225; bloqueio bifascicular ao ECG do paciente ou hist&#243;rico de assistolia ou taquicardia supraventricular?</td>
                <td align="center">- 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Os espectadores notaram, &#224;s vezes, colora&#231;&#227;o azulada no paciente durante a s&#237;ncope?</td>
                <td align="center">- 4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Os epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope iniciaram quando o paciente apresentava a idade &#8804; 5 anos?</td>
                <td align="center">- 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>O paciente se lembra de algo enquanto estava inconsciente?</td>
                <td align="center">- 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>O paciente sente que vai &#8220;desmaiar&#8221; ao ficar sentado ou em p&#233; por muito tempo?</td>
                <td align="center">+ 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>H&#225; sudorese ou sensa&#231;&#227;o de calor antes da s&#237;ncope?</td>
                <td align="center">+ 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>H&#225; sensa&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;desmaio&#8221; durante epis&#243;dios de dor ou estando em &#225;reas m&#233;dicas?</td>
                <td align="center">+ 3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ECG: eletrocardiograma. OBS: No escore de Calgary, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> as diferen&#231;as est&#227;o na quest&#227;o 1 (que inclui tamb&#233;m diabete) e na quest&#227;o 3 (que considera o in&#237;cio dos epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope com 35 anos ou mais).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio do programa SPSS para Windows vers&#227;o 14.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois). As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram apresentadas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas por meio de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal), e mediana e intervalos interquartis (para vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal), conforme o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov.</p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos foi realizada da seguinte forma: teste t de Student (n&#227;o pareado) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o gaussiana; teste de qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis qualitativas (ou teste exato de Fisher, quando pertinente). O teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para comparar vari&#225;veis pareadas. Foi aplicada a curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade dos escores de Calgary e de Calgary modificado, e dos componentes da an&#225;lise espectral, considerando a resposta positiva ao TI. Valor-p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado como o crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da casu&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A mediana da idade dos pacientes foi de 14,0 anos (intervalo interquartil &#8211; Q1-Q3: 11,0 - 16,0) variando de 6 a 18 anos, sendo 38 crian&#231;as do sexo feminino (52,0%). Cinquenta e nove pacientes apresentaram pr&#243;dromos (80,8%) e 19 relacionaram a traumas f&#237;sicos decorrente da SVV. Os sintomas prodr&#244;micos mais relatados foram: astenia, palidez cut&#226;nea, sudorese fria e vis&#227;o turva. Verificou-se hist&#243;rico de recorr&#234;ncia (considerada igual ou maior do que 3 epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope) em 50 pacientes. Setenta e dois apresentaram Calgary &#8805; -2, com m&#233;dia 1,80, e 69 apresentaram Calgary modificado &#8805; -3, com m&#233;dia de 1,38.</p>
        <p>A mediana do tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas foi de 19,0 meses (4,5 &#8211; 55,0). A mediana do intervalo entre o &#250;ltimo epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope e o TI foi de 41,0 dias. Quanto ao n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios, a mediana foi de 4,0 (2,0 &#8211; 8,0).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos exames complementares realizados antes do TI, 42 pacientes foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma, 31 ao monitoramento pelo Holter, 13 ao teste ergom&#233;trico, 36 a exames de patologia cl&#237;nica, e 28 foram avaliados pela neurologia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vari&#225;vel sexo, houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; idade, com mediana de 15,0 anos (13,7 &#8211; 16,0) no sexo feminino, e de 13,0 (10,0 &#8211; 15,0) no sexo masculino, p = 0,02. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o com as vari&#225;veis de tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o, propor&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;dromos, trauma, n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope, intervalo entre o &#250;ltimo epis&#243;dio e o dia da realiza&#231;&#227;o do TI, e os escores Calgary e Calgary modificado. Ambos os sexos foram submetidos &#224; mesma propor&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; inj&#250;ria f&#237;sica, houve associa&#231;&#227;o apenas com o escore Calgary modificado, o qual apresentou a m&#233;dia de 0,7 no grupo com inj&#250;ria f&#237;sica e de 1,6 no grupo sem essa inj&#250;ria (p = 0,01).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao TI</title>
        <p>A resposta ao TI foi positiva em 54 pacientes (74%), a saber: vasovagal em 49, HO em 3 e STPO em 2. No que se refere &#224; resposta tipo vasovagal, 39 apresentaram resposta vasodepressora, 7 cardioinibit&#243;ria e 3 apresentaram resposta mista. A m&#233;dia de tempo para resposta vasovagal ao TI foi de 13,9 &#177; 9,4 minutos, variando de 1,25 a 33 minutos.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia da queda da PA sist&#243;lica durante o TI foi de 110 mmHg em pacientes com resposta vasodepressora e a m&#233;dia da queda na FC foi de 61 bpm em pacientes com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria. Dentre os pacientes com resposta positiva ao TI, 9 n&#227;o apresentaram recupera&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea completa ap&#243;s o retorno &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o supina, sendo necess&#225;ria interven&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica com administra&#231;&#227;o de atropina (dose m&#225;xima de 1,0 mg) e/ou soro fisiol&#243;gico 0,9% (m&#225;ximo de 300 ml).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por meio da an&#225;lise espectral</title>
        <p>Ao comparar os componentes da VFC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e aos 10 minutos de inclina&#231;&#227;o pelo teste de Wilcoxon, em toda a casu&#237;stica, foram obtidos os valores m&#233;dios dos componentes BF, AF e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os dois, demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise espectral da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dos pacientes na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e aos 10 minutos no teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Posi&#231;&#227;o supina</th>
                  <th>10 min TI</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>BF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1819,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1326,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BF (un)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,0</td>
                  <td align="center">61,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">2735,9</td>
                  <td align="center">712,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF (un)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,2</td>
                  <td align="center">29,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BF/AF</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18</td>
                  <td align="center">3,85</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>BF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia da VFC; AF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia da VFC; ms<sup>2</sup>: milissegundos elevados ao quadrado; un: unidades normalizadas; TI: teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">2</xref> est&#227;o demonstrados os valores da VFC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e durante o TI, aos 10 minutos, respectivamente, de uma paciente com resposta vasovagal vasodepressora.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Representa&#231;&#227;o da VFC de uma paciente feminina na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, com resposta vasodepressora ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o. LF: componente BF; HF: componente AF. Power em ms2; nu: unidades normalizadas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220543-20543-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Representa&#231;&#227;o da VFC da mesma paciente referente a Figura 1 com dados aos 10 minutos do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, com resposta vasodepressora. Houve aumento do componente BF e da rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF e houve diminui&#231;&#227;o do componente AF em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o supina.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220543-20543-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao TI</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a resposta positiva ao TI e sexo, como tamb&#233;m entre resposta vasovagal e sexo. A resposta vasovagal ocorreu em 76,3% dos casos no sexo feminino e em 65,7% dos casos no masculino (p = 0,31). A mediana de idade foi de 14,0 anos naqueles com resposta vasovagal e 12,4 naqueles com TI negativo (p = 0,04). N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre resposta vasovagal e as vari&#225;veis: intervalo entre o &#250;ltimo epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope e o TI, recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope, assim como com os escores Calgary e Calgary modificado.</p>
        <p>No tangente &#224; VFC, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto aos componentes BF, AF, rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF e sexo, seja na posi&#231;&#227;o supina ou durante o TI, independente da resposta. Todavia, considerando somente aqueles com resposta vasovagal positiva, houve diferen&#231;a entre os sexos quanto ao componente BF em un, com valores de 33,6 e 47,4 para os sexos feminino e masculino, respectivamente, com p = 0,02 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diagrama de caixas (boxplot) demonstrando a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao componente BF na posi&#231;&#227;o supina (eixo da ordenada) para o grupo com resposta vasovagal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220543-20543-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vari&#225;vel trauma f&#237;sico, houve associa&#231;&#227;o com o componente BF do TI com m&#233;dia de 32,1 un para os pacientes sem trauma e 24,3 para aqueles com trauma, com p = 0,02.</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref> est&#227;o dispostos os principais resultados sobre o perfil cl&#237;nico e o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Perfil Cl&#237;nico, Auton&#244;mico e Escore de Calgary Modificado de Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes com Presumida S&#237;ncope Vasovagal Submetidos ao Teste de Inclina&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Principais resultados sobre o perfil cl&#237;nico e o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o. SVV: vasovagal; TI: teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o; VFC: variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; BF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220543-20543-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise da Curva de Opera&#231;&#227;o Caracter&#237;stica (curva ROC)</title>
        <p>Aplicando-se a curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para toda a casu&#237;stica, considerando a vari&#225;vel est&#225;vel resposta positiva, foram obtidas as &#225;reas abaixo da curva de 0,62 e 0,60, respectivamente, para os escores de Calgary e de Calgary modificado, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (valores-p de 0,12 e 0,21, respectivamente) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para o escore Calgary (A) e para o escore Calgary modificado (B), considerando a resposta positiva ao TI. No eixo das ordenadas os valores de sensibilidade, e nas abscissas, o complemento da especificidade, ou seja, o valor (1-especificidade).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220543-20543-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Empregando a curva ROC para a mesma vari&#225;vel est&#225;vel, com os componentes da an&#225;lise espectral, foram obtidas as &#225;reas abaixo da curva de 0,60 para o componente de BF na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e 0,40 para o componente de AF na mesma posi&#231;&#227;o, ambos em un. As &#225;reas foram de 0,52, 0,43 e 0,58, respectivamente, para os componentes de BF, AF e a rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF na posi&#231;&#227;o supina em ms<sup>2</sup>. Ao analisar esses componentes, n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em un, com valores-p de 0,34 e 0,36 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref> ), e tampouco em ms<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para os componentes BF (linha azul) e AF (linha verde) na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, em unidades normalizadas, considerando a resposta positiva.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220543-20543-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, 52% das crian&#231;as e adolescentes submetidos ao TI com diagn&#243;stico presumido de SVV pertenciam ao sexo feminino, e 80% delas apresentaram pr&#243;dromos. Os escores de Calgary e Calgary modificado foram sugestivos de SVV em 98,6% dos casos. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou TI positivo com predom&#237;nio da SVV (67%), com resposta vasodepressora. Houve maior ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica no sexo masculino na resposta vasovagal. A an&#225;lise da curva ROC, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vari&#225;vel est&#225;vel resposta positiva ao TI, n&#227;o demonstrou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quanto aos escores e &#224; VFC.</p>
      <p>Quanto ao perfil cl&#237;nico, a idade e a maior frequ&#234;ncia do sexo feminino foram semelhantes ao descrito por outros estudos sobre s&#237;ncope em popula&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as e adolescentes, com m&#233;dias de idade de 14,6 e 15,6 anos, e propor&#231;&#245;es do sexo feminino de 59,4% e 70%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os sintomas prodr&#244;micos s&#227;o importantes para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da causa da s&#237;ncope. Na SVV cl&#225;ssica, esses sintomas s&#227;o auton&#244;micos como palidez, sudorese, calor, dor abdominal, n&#225;usea, v&#244;mito e vis&#227;o turva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Podem ocorrer em cerca de 80% dos pacientes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> em conformidade com o estudo em quest&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Segundo dados na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ncope est&#225; entre 24,7% e 38,5%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> sem prefer&#234;ncia de sexo. Em adultos, esta taxa pode ser de 60% ao se considerar pelo menos 2 epis&#243;dios, e com uma m&#233;dia de 3,7 epis&#243;dios por paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em jovens, a taxa pode atingir 64%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No presente estudo, a taxa foi de 68,5% quando se considerou o n&#250;mero de pelo menos 3 epis&#243;dios pr&#233;vios, com uma mediana de 4 epis&#243;dios por paciente. Esta taxa correspondeu aos epis&#243;dios relatados antes do TI. Talvez por isso, essa taxa seja maior, uma vez que os pacientes n&#227;o haviam recebido orienta&#231;&#245;es e recomenda&#231;&#245;es antes do diagn&#243;stico da resposta pelo TI.</p>
      <p>Em 2017, foi publicada a diretriz sobre a abordagem da s&#237;ncope na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do uso do escore de Calgary modificado para distinguir SVV de outras causas de s&#237;ncope. A partir de ent&#227;o, somente 3 estudos foram publicados sobre o tema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Foram demonstradas taxas de 95,4% e 96,3% de sensibilidade e de 67,7% e 72,7% de especificidade para o escore &#8805; 2,5 para diferenciar a s&#237;ncope card&#237;aca de SVV e de STOP, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Para a diferencia&#231;&#227;o de SVV e epilepsia, o valor &#8805; 1 apresentou sensibilidade de 92,7% e especificidade de 96,6%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> . Nesta pesquisa, 98,6% dos pacientes obtiveram a pontua&#231;&#227;o &#8805; -2 para o escore de Calgary e 94,5% pontua&#231;&#227;o &#8805; -3 na escala de Calgary modificado. Em raz&#227;o disso, o TI foi positivo em 74%, considerando as respostas reflexas e a curva ROC n&#227;o apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para os escores. Ou seja, a popula&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo foi homog&#234;nea quanto ao diagn&#243;stico de SVV, sem incluir pacientes com s&#237;ncope card&#237;aca ou com epilepsia. E a taxa de positividade do TI apresentou valores entre as taxas descritas na literatura na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, de 65%, em 150 pacientes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e de 95%, em 49 pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No que tange ao padr&#227;o de resposta vasovagal ao TI, a maioria apresentou resposta vasodepressora (at&#233; 77,4%), seguida da resposta mista,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> similar ao estudo em quest&#227;o. Todavia, h&#225; outros estudos com casu&#237;stica menor que demonstraram resposta mista predominante, com taxas de 74,3% e 49,4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A m&#233;dia do tempo de resposta vasovagal do presente estudo tamb&#233;m foi semelhante ao da literatura, cujos valores foram de 13 e 15 min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da VFC tem sido utilizada como ferramenta simples e n&#227;o invasiva em pacientes adultos com quadro de SVV durante o TI, representando um importante marcador quantitativo do balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico, com sensibilidade de 95% para predi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ncope.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Portanto, os testes auton&#244;micos podem ser adjuvantes nesse diagn&#243;stico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , uma vez que o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo est&#225; implicado na fisiopatologia da SVV. Na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, h&#225; alguns estudos sobre essa ferramenta com registros de curta dura&#231;&#227;o para an&#225;lise espectral durante o TI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> e outros para diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre SVV e STOP, com grava&#231;&#245;es pelo sistema Holter de 24 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, durante o TI, em toda a casu&#237;stica, houve um aumento expressivo do componente de BF, da rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF e da diminui&#231;&#227;o de AF, quando os valores foram comparados com os da posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Esses dados s&#227;o consistentes com os reportados por outros estudos na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> que sugeriram hip&#243;teses como inefici&#234;ncia do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico diante o ortostatismo, falha no reflexo barorreceptor ap&#243;s a inclina&#231;&#227;o, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica com diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e/ou da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, fatores que resultaram em s&#237;ncope nos predisponentes. Entretanto, diferente dos estudos pr&#233;vios com cerca de 24 a 51 crian&#231;as e adolescentes com SVV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> a VFC por meio da curva ROC n&#227;o permitiu discriminar aqueles com resposta positiva ao TI neste estudo, uma vez que n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do grupo controle (sem hist&#243;rico de SVV), em 98,6% da casu&#237;stica os escores de Calgary e Calgary modificado foram sugestivos de SVV e o TI foi positivo em 74%. Miranda et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> com uma popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o reportaram diferen&#231;a significante referente aos componentes da VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia entre o grupo com TI com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria (40 pacientes) e o grupo controle com TI negativo (24 pacientes) durante a inclina&#231;&#227;o, corroborando o resultado deste estudo. A idade m&#237;nima foi de 14 anos, por&#233;m a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 36,2 anos no estudo citado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Referente &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel cl&#237;nica sexo, com os componentes da an&#225;lise espectral da FC no grupo com resposta vasovagal positiva, houve diferen&#231;a quanto ao componente BF em unidades normalizadas, sendo que os participantes do sexo masculino apresentaram uma maior express&#227;o deste componente na posi&#231;&#227;o supina em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles do sexo feminino. Um estudo anterior e uma meta-an&#225;lise com um total acumulado de 292.247 participantes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> sendo a maioria adultos, todavia com inclus&#227;o de participantes de 5 meses de idade e outros a partir de 5 anos, confirmaram esse resultado. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o cora&#231;&#227;o masculino &#233; influenciado predominantemente por atividade simp&#225;tica, predispondo-o ao risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Em crian&#231;as, h&#225; um aumento colin&#233;rgico e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade adren&#233;rgica, refletindo um amadurecimento da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, com um per&#237;odo de transi&#231;&#227;o na adolesc&#234;ncia, entre as idades de 12 e 14 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, em raz&#227;o da puberdade chegar mais cedo nas meninas, pode haver diferen&#231;as auton&#244;micas quanto aos sexos tamb&#233;m na inf&#226;ncia, conforme a faixa et&#225;ria. Um estudo com 1036 crian&#231;as, sem doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e com m&#233;dia de idade de 10,2 anos, demonstrou uma FC mais elevada e maior rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF entre as meninas, o que foi atribu&#237;do &#224; sua puberdade. Em contrapartida, outro estudo, com 321 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, com idades entre 6 e 13 anos, apesar de ter demonstrado aumento da FC e menor VFC em meninas, evidenciou que o sexo n&#227;o foi determinante na VFC na an&#225;lise multivariada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Portanto, h&#225; varia&#231;&#245;es da VFC relacionadas &#224; idade e ao sexo. Em crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis abaixo dos 12 anos de idade, parece n&#227;o haver influ&#234;ncia do sexo; contudo, a partir dessa idade, com as altera&#231;&#245;es descritas previamente no SNA, h&#225; uma influ&#234;ncia do sexo, com ativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-adrenal no sexo masculino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Toda esta explana&#231;&#227;o pode explicar os achados do presente estudo, real&#231;ando que todas as crian&#231;as e adolescentes apresentavam o diagn&#243;stico presumido de SVV e com idade variando de 6 a 18 anos.</p>
      <p>Outro aspecto deste estudo referiu-se &#224; import&#226;ncia do m&#233;todo cl&#237;nico, pedra angular da medicina. A abordagem cl&#237;nica integral permite o diagn&#243;stico de SVV e o TI tamb&#233;m contribui para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico e o padr&#227;o de resposta, evitando a realiza&#231;&#227;o de outros exames que seriam desnecess&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Entretanto, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, muitos exames complementares, al&#233;m do ECG, s&#227;o feitos por solicita&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;dicos assistentes, como neste estudo, evidenciando a import&#226;ncia da ader&#234;ncia &#224;s diretrizes e do treinamento da equipe para a implementa&#231;&#227;o delas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O TI &#233; um exame seguro, considerado uma estrat&#233;gia de diagn&#243;stico com classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o II A. O uso de agentes farmacol&#243;gicos, ap&#243;s a fase passiva do TI, aumenta a sua sensibilidade, contudo com diminui&#231;&#227;o da sua especificidade, al&#233;m da possibilidade de raras complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, a fase farmacol&#243;gica, seja com isoproterenol ou nitroglicerina, foi utilizada em alguns estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> No entanto, a nitroglicerina pode produzir sintomas vasovagais mais prolongados, com menor sensibilidade, induzindo uma resposta vasodepressora, n&#227;o sendo recomendado seu uso habitual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Neste presente estudo, n&#227;o foi utilizado nenhum desses agentes, n&#227;o obstante o acesso venoso perif&#233;rico eletivo, o qual foi feito seguido de repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o supina durante 20 minutos, como preconizado pelas diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi a falta de um grupo controle de pacientes, que impediu a compara&#231;&#227;o entre aqueles com SVV e os saud&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, o TI n&#227;o foi realizado com provoca&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica, o que pode ter resultado em uma porcentagem menor de resposta positiva. N&#227;o foi utilizada pletismografia digital para aferir os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, constituindo isso tamb&#233;m uma limita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, a maioria das crian&#231;as e adolescentes com diagn&#243;stico presumido de SVV apresentou um cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico t&#237;pico, com escore de Calgary &#8805; -2. O padr&#227;o de resposta predominante ao TI foi a vasodepressora. Houve maior ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica na posi&#231;&#227;o supina nos indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino. Os escores de Calgary e a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica n&#227;o permitiram predizer a resposta ao TI.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>43. Sheldon RS, Grubb BP 2nd, Olshansky B, Shen WK, Calkins H, Brignole M, et al. 2015 Heart Rhythm Society Expert Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome, Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia, and Vasovagal Syncope. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12(6):e41-63. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.029.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sheldon</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grubb</surname>
              <given-names>BP</given-names>
              <suffix>2nd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olshansky</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>WK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calkins</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brignole</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2015 Heart Rhythm Society Expert Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome, Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia, and Vasovagal Syncope</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>e41</fpage>
          <lpage>e63</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.029</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Pamela Michelle Leite Oliveira pelo Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de da Crian&#231;a e do Adolescente da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFMG sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 53345416.8.0000.5149. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical and Autonomic Profile, and Modified Calgary Score for Children and Adolescents with Presumed Vasovagal Syncope Submitted to the Tilt Test</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2116-084X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Pamela Michelle Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0963-948X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2481-2647</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tonelli</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique de Assis Fonseca</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meira</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Maria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4941-328X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Cleonice de Carvalho Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG. Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190. Postal Code 30130-100, Centro, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: roselisboa@uol.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>In the pediatric population, syncope is mainly from vasovagal (VVS) origin. Its evaluation must be done by clinical methods, and the tilt test (TT) can contribute to the diagnosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To analyze the clinical profile, Calgary and modified Calgary scores, response to TT and heart rate variability (HRV) of patients aged &#8804; 18 years with presumed VVS. To compare the variables between patients with positive and negative responses to TT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p>Observational and prospective study, with 73 patients aged between 6 and 18 years, submitted to clinical evaluation and calculation of scores without previous knowledge of the TT. It was done at 70&#186; under monitoring for HRV analysis. P-value &lt; 0.05 was the statistical significance criterion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Median age was 14.0 years; 52% of participants were female, 72 had Calgary &#8805; -2 (mean 1.80), and 69 had modified Calgary &#8805; -3 (mean 1.38). Prodromes were observed in 59 patients, recurrence in 50 and trauma in 19. The response to TT was positive in 54 participants (49 vasovagal, with 39 vasodepressor responses), with an increase in the low frequency (LF) component and a decrease in the high frequency (HF) component (p &lt; 0,0001). In the supine position, LF was 33.6 in females and 47.4 in normalized units for males (p = 0.02). When applying the operating characteristic curve for positive TT, there was no statistical significance for HRV and scores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Most children and adolescents with a presumed diagnosis of VVS presented a typical clinical scenario, with a Calgary score &#8805; -2, and a predominant vasodepressor response to TT. Greater sympathetic activation was observed in the supine position in males. Calgary scores and sympathetic activation did not predict the response to TT.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Syncope, Vasovagal</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Tilt-Table Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>A syncope is characterized by a transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, resulting from transient cerebral hypoperfusion, having a sudden onset, short duration and spontaneous and complete recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pediatric syncope has numerous causes, with the main one (about 80% of cases) being from vasovagal (VVS) origin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Syncope evaluation is mostly done through anamnesis, physical examination, blood pressure (BP) measurement, in supine and orthostatic positions, and electrocardiogram (ECG) imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> An essential instrument for the propaedeutics of syncope in children and adolescents is the modified Calgary score, used to perform the differential diagnosis in patients with VVS and other causes of syncope.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Following an appropriate clinical approach, the tilt test (TT) is a valuable and useful tool that can avoid unnecessary laboratory tests in patients with no evidence of heart disease and with a clinical history suggestive of VVS, in whom this diagnosis has not yet been made and/or when the elucidation of the response pattern to TT is required.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In the pediatric population, its sensitivity and specificity can be 76.6% and 86.7%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> TT contributes to differential diagnosis between VVS and its other subtypes: vasodepressor; cardioinhibitory; mixed; postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS); and orthostatic hypotension (OH), as well as the distinction between syncope and epilepsy.</p>
        <p>Autonomic nervous system (ANS) disorders are well-known to be implicated in the pathophysiology of VVS. Under provocative conditions, such as during TT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> patients with this condition have increased baseline sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity. Thus, the ANS assessment is important in understanding syncope and conducting propaedeutics for these patients.</p>
        <p>Due to the scarce literature on VVS, TT and ANS evaluation in the pediatric population, this study aimed to analyze the clinical profile, the Calgary and modified Calgary scores; its association with the occurrence of pre-syncope or syncope with TT in children and adolescents with a history of VVS, and to evaluate heart rate variability (HRV) by pre-TT spectral analysis, in the supine position, and also during TT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <p>This was a cohort, observational, cross-sectional and prospective study carried out from February 2016 to March 2020. The research was approved by the local research ethics committee, and the participants and/or their legal guardians were asked to sign the assent and/or consent form. The sample consisted of 73 patients. Those aged 6 years or older, aged up to 18 years, with a presumed diagnosis of VVS and without structural heart disease, as well as those without channelopathies (with a normal ECG, no personal and/or family history of syncope or arrhythmia-related sudden cardiac death). Patients with cardiac, neurological, psychiatric and chronic diseases, arrhythmias, users of drug products with potential interference on heart conduction velocity, heart rate (HR) or BP, as well as those on artificial pacemakers and any other conditions that could hinder cardiac rhythm, were excluded from the study.</p>
        <p>The patients were submitted to clinical evaluation, and their Calgary and modified Calgary scores were calculated ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> )<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> by a researcher blind to the TT results. The TTs were performed in the morning shift, in a suitable room and under low lighting. Patients had fasted for 6 hours and had elective peripheral venous access, remaining in the supine position, at rest, for 20 minutes. The tilting table had a footrest and allowed variations in the inclination angle at 10-degree intervals. The tests were performed at an angle of 70 degrees and for a time limit of 30 minutes in case there was no positive response. Patients were monitored with continuous 12-lead ECG and non-invasive BP measurement on the arm (recorded every 3 minutes), from the resting phase until the end of recovery, according to standardized TT equipment and techniques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Monitoring was also performed using Holter Cardiosmart to assess HRV, with the patient in the supine position at the first 10 minutes or last 5 minutes of the TT before the syncopal event, in case of a positive response. Analysis was performed after extrasystole correction, with pauses and interference by an experienced cardiologist, using the Fourier transformation, and obtaining the absolute power values in milliseconds squared (ms<sup>2</sup>) and the values in normalized units (nu) of the low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components, and the LF/HF ratio. According to the literature, the HF component is mainly led by vagal activity, and the LF/HF ratio reflects the sympathovagal balance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Modified Calgary score items <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Question</th>
                  <th>Score (for positive answers)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Is there a bifascicular block to the patient&#8217;s ECG, or a history of asystole or supraventricular tachycardia?</td>
                  <td align="center">- 5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>At times, have bystanders noted that the patient turns blue during a syncope?</td>
                  <td align="center">- 4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Did the syncopal episodes start when the patient was &#8804; 5 years old?</td>
                  <td align="center">- 3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Does the patient remember anything about being unconscious?</td>
                  <td align="center">- 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Does the patient feel faint when sitting or standing for a prolonged period of time?</td>
                  <td align="center">+ 1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Does the patient sweat before a syncopal episode?</td>
                  <td align="center">+ 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Does the patient feel faint when in pain or medical settings?</td>
                  <td align="center">+ 3</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>ECG: electrocardiogram. NOTE: The differences in the Calgary score <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> are observed in question 1 (which also includes diabetes) and in question 3 (which considers the onset of syncopal episodes at 35 years or older).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software for Windows, version 14.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Qualitative variables were presented using frequencies, and continuous variables, using mean and standard deviation (for variables with normal distribution), and median and interquartile ranges (for variables without normal distribution), according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.</p>
          <p>Comparison between groups was performed as follows: Student&#8217;s t test (unpaired) for continuous variables with normal distribution or non-parametric Mann-Whitney test for variables with non-Gaussian distribution; chi-square test for qualitative variables (or Fisher&#8217;s exact test, when appropriate). The Wilcoxon test was used to compare paired variables. The operating characteristic curve was applied to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the Calgary and modified Calgary scores, and that of the spectral analysis components, by considering the positive response to the TT. P-value &lt; 0.05 was the statistical significance criterion.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>General characteristics of casuistry</title>
          <p>The median age of patients was 14.0 years (interquartile range &#8211; Q1-Q3: 11.0 - 16.0), ranging from 6 to 18 years, with 38 female children (52.0%). Fifty-nine patients had prodromes (80.8%), with 19 related to physical trauma resulting from VVS. The most commonly reported prodromal symptoms were asthenia, pale skin, cold sweating and blurred vision. There was a history of recurrence (equal to or greater than three syncopal episodes) in 50 patients. Seventy-two had a Calgary &#8805; -2, with a mean of 1.80, and 69 had a modified Calgary &#8805; -3, with a mean of 1.38.</p>
          <p>The median time of symptoms&#8217; evolution was 19.0 months (4.5 &#8211; 55.0). The median interval between the last syncopal episode and the TT was 41.0 days. As for the number of episodes, the median was 4.0 (2.0 &#8211; 8.0).</p>
          <p>Regarding the complementary exams performed before the TT, 42 patients underwent echocardiography, 31 underwent Holter monitoring, 13 underwent exercise stress tests, 36 underwent clinical pathology exams, and 28 were evaluated by neurology.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association of clinical variables</title>
          <p>Concerning the sex variable, there was a difference in age, with a median of 15.0 years (13.7 &#8211; 16.0) in females and 13.0 (10.0 &#8211; 15.0) in males, p = 0.02. There was no association with the variables of time of evolution, the proportion of prodromes, trauma, number of syncopal episodes, the interval between the last episode and the day of the TT, and the Calgary and modified Calgary scores. Both sexes underwent the same proportion of complementary exams.</p>
          <p>As for physical injuries, there was an association with the modified Calgary score only, with a mean of 0.7 in the group with physical injury and 1.6 in the group without physical injury (p = 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TT-Related variables</title>
          <p>The response to TT was positive in 54 patients (74%), namely: vasovagal response in 49, OH in 3 patients and POTS in 2. Concerning the vasovagal-type response, 39 had a vasodepressor response, 7 had a cardioinhibitory response, and 3 had a mixed response. The mean time to vasovagal response to TT was 13.9 &#177; 9.4 minutes, ranging from 1.25 to 33 minutes.</p>
          <p>The mean drop in systolic BP during TT was 110 mmHg in patients with a vasodepressor response, and the mean HR drop was 61 bpm in patients with a cardioinhibitory response. Among patients with a positive response to the TT, 9 did not show complete spontaneous recovery after returning to the supine position, requiring medical intervention with atropine (maximum dose of 1.0 mg) and/or saline solution 0.9% (maximum 300ml) administration.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of heart rate variability through spectral analysis</title>
          <p>When comparing the HRV components in the supine position and at 10 minutes of inclination using the Wilcoxon test in the entire casuistry, the mean values of the LF and HF components and the relationship between them were obtained, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Spectral analysis of the patients&#8217; heart rate in the supine position at the 10th minute of the tilt test</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Supine position</th>
                    <th>10th minute of TT</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1819.4</td>
                    <td align="center">1326.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LF (un)</td>
                    <td align="center">44.0</td>
                    <td align="center">61.6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">2735.9</td>
                    <td align="center">712.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF (un)</td>
                    <td align="center">47.2</td>
                    <td align="center">29.8</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LF/HF</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18</td>
                    <td align="center">3.85</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>LF: HRV low-frequency component; HF: HRV high-frequency component; ms<sup>2</sup>: milliseconds squared; nu: normalized units; TT: tilt test.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">2</xref> show the HRV values in the supine position and at the 10th minute of the TT, respectively, of a patient with a vasovagal vasodepressor response.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Representation of the HRV of a female patient in the supine position, with a vasodepressor response to the tilt test. LF: LF component; HF: HF component. Power in ms2; nu: normalized units.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220543-20543-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; HRV representation of the same patient referred to in Figure 1 with data taken at the 10th minute of the tilt test, with a vasodepressor response. There was an increase in the LF component and the LF/HF ratio, and a decrease in the HF component in relation to the supine position.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220543-20543-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association of TT-Related variables</title>
          <p>No association was observed between the positive response to TT and sex nor between the vasovagal response and sex. Vasovagal response occurred in 76.3% of cases in females and 65.7% of cases in males (p = 0.31). The median age was 14.0 years in those with a vasovagal response and 12.4 in those with negative TT (p = 0.04). There was no association between vasovagal response and the following variables: the interval between the last syncopal episode and TT, syncope recurrence, and Calgary and modified Calgary scores.</p>
          <p>Regarding HRV values, there was no difference regarding the LF, HF, LF/HF ratio and sex, either in the supine position or during TT, regardless of the response. However, considering only those with a positive vasovagal response, there was a difference between sexes regarding the LF component in nu, with values of 33.6 and 47.4 for females and males, respectively, and p = 0.02 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Boxplot showing the comparison between sexes concerning the LF component in the supine position (ordinate axis) for the group with a vasovagal response.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220543-20543-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Regarding the physical trauma variable, there was an association with the LF component of the TT, with a mean of 32.1 nu for patients without trauma and 24.3 for those with trauma, and p = 0.02.</p>
          <p>The main results of the clinical profile and the tilt test are displayed in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central illustration</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Central Illustration</label>
              <caption>
                <title>: Clinical and Autonomic Profile, and Modified Calgary Score for Children and Adolescents with Presumed Vasovagal Syncope Submitted to the Tilt Test</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>Main results on clinical profile and tilt test. VVS: vasovagal; TT: tilt test; HRV: heart rate variability; LF: low-frequency component; HF: high-frequency component; HRV: heart rate variability.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220543-20543-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Analysis of the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC curve)</title>
          <p>When applying the operating characteristic curve for the entire casuistry and considering the stable positive response variable, areas under the curve of 0.62 and 0.60, respectively, were obtained for the Calgary and modified Calgary scores, with no statistical significance (p-values = 0.12 and 0.21, respectively) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Operating characteristic curve for the Calgary score (A) and modified Calgary (B) score, considering the positive response to TT. On the ordinate axis, the sensitivity values, and on the abscissas axis, the complement of the specificity, that is, the value (1-specificity).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220543-20543-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Using the ROC curve for the same stable variable with the components of the spectral analysis, the areas under the curve of 0.60 for the LF component in the supine position and 0.40 for the HF component in the same position were obtained, both in nu. The areas were 0.52, 0.43 and 0.58, respectively, for the LF and HF components and the LF/HF ratio in the supine position in ms<sup>2</sup>. Upon analysis of these components, no statistical significance was observed in nu, with p-values of 0.34 and 0.36 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref> ), nor in ms<sup>2</sup>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Operating characteristic curve for the LF (blue line) and HF (green line) components in the supine position, in normalized units, considering the positive response.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220543-20543-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, 52% of children and adolescents undergoing TT with a presumed VVS diagnosis were female, and 80% had prodromes. Calgary and modified Calgary scores were suggestive of VVS in 98.6% of cases. Most patients had a positive TT with a predominance of VVS (67%) with vasodepressor response. There was greater sympathetic activation in males in the vasovagal response. The ROC curve analysis, concerning the stable variable of positive response to TT, did not demonstrate statistical significance regarding the scores and HRV.</p>
        <p>As for the clinical profile, the age and higher frequency of females were similar to that described by other studies on syncope in children and adolescents, with mean ages of 14.6 and 15.6 years, and proportions of females of 59.4% and 70%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Prodromal symptoms are important for identifying the cause of syncope. In classic VVS, these autonomic symptoms include paleness, sweating, heat, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and blurred vision.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> According to the study, they may occur in approximately 80% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to data on the pediatric population, the syncope recurrence rate is between 24.7% and 38.5%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> without sex-related prevalence. This rate can be as high as 60% in adults when considering at least two episodes, with an average of 3.7 episodes per patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In young people, this rate can reach 64%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This study showed a 68.5% rate when considering the number of at least 3 previous episodes, with a median of 4 episodes per patient. This rate corresponded to pre-TT episodes, which may be the reason for this increased rate since the patients had not been oriented before the diagnosis of the response to the TT.</p>
        <p>In 2017, a syncope management guideline for the pediatric population was published, with the recommendation to use the modified Calgary score to distinguish VVS from other causes of syncope. Since then, only three studies have been published on the subject.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Sensitivity rates of 95.4% and 96.3% and specificity rates of 67.7% and 72.7% were demonstrated for a score &#8805; 2.5 to differentiate cardiac syncope from VVS and POTS, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In order to differentiate between VVS and epilepsy, a value &#8805; 1 showed a sensitivity of 92.7% and specificity of 96.6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In this research, 98.6% of patients scored &#8805; -2 on the Calgary score and 94.5% scored &#8805; -3 on the modified Calgary scale. As a result, the TT was positive in 74%, considering the reflex responses and the ROC curve and no statistical significance was shown for the scores. That is, the population of this study was homogeneous regarding VVS diagnosis, when excluding patients with cardiac syncope or epilepsy, and the positive TT rate showed values between the rates described in the literature for the pediatric population, of 65%, in 150 patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and 95%, in 49 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the vasovagal response pattern to TT, the majority showed a vasodepressor response (up to 77.4%), followed by a mixed response,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> similar to said study. However, other studies with a smaller sample size showed a predominant mixed response, with rates of 74.3% and 49.4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In the present study, the mean vasovagal response time was also similar to that in the literature, whose values were 13 and 15 minutes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The HRV evaluation has been used as a simple and non-invasive tool in adult patients with VVS during the TT. It represents an important quantitative marker of autonomic balance, with a 95% sensitivity for syncope prediction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Therefore, autonomic tests can help in this diagnosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> since the autonomic nervous system is implicated in the pathophysiology of VVS. In the pediatric population, some studies on this tool have short-term recordings for spectral analysis during TT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and others for differentiating between VVS and POTS, with recordings by the 24-hour Holter system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, during TT, in the entire casuistry, there was a significant increase in the LF component, the LF/HF ratio and the HF reduction, when the values were compared with those in the supine position. These data are consistent with those reported by other studies in the pediatric population<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> which have suggested hypotheses such as ineffective sympathetic tonus in the face of orthostatism, baroreceptor reflex failure after bending over, hemodynamic instability with decreased cardiac output and/or peripheral vascular resistance, factors that resulted in syncope in predisposing individuals. However, unlike previous studies with 24 to 51 children and adolescents with VVS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> the HRV using the ROC curve did not identify those with a positive response to TT in this study since a control group was not included (without a history of VVS), in 98.6% of the sample, the Calgary and modified Calgary scores were suggestive of VVS and the TT was positive in 74%. Miranda et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> with a selected population, also did not report a significant difference regarding the HRV components in the frequency domain between the group with a cardioinhibitory response to TT (40 patients) and the control group with a negative response to TT (24 patients) during inclination, corroborating the result of this study. The minimum age was 14 years, but the mean age was 36.2 years in the referenced study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the comparison of the clinical variable sex with the components of the spectral analysis of the HR in the group with a positive vasovagal response, there was a difference regarding the LF component in normalized units, and male participants showed a greater expression of this component in the supine position when compared to females. A previous study and a meta-analysis with a cumulative total of 292,247 participants,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> the majority being adults; however, the inclusion of participants aged 5 months to 5 years and older confirmed this result. The authors concluded that the male heart is predominantly influenced by sympathetic activity, with an increased predisposition to the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In children, there is increased cholinergic and decreased adrenergic activity, reflecting a maturation of the autonomic function, with a transition period between the ages of 12 and 14.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> However, as puberty onset is usually earlier for girls, there may be autonomic differences between sexes in childhood as well, according to the age group. A study with 1036 children without cardiovascular diseases, with a mean age of 10.2 years, demonstrated a higher HR and a higher LF/HF ratio among girls, which was attributed to their puberty status. On the other hand, another study, with 321 healthy individuals aged between 6 and 13 years, showed that sex was not a determinant factor in HRV in the multivariate analysis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> despite having demonstrated increased HR and lower HRV in girls. Therefore, there are variations in HRV related to age and sex. In healthy children under 12 years of age, there appears to be no influence of sex; however, from that age onwards, with the previously described ANS changes, an influence of sex is observed, with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in males.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> All of those can explain the findings of this study, emphasizing that all children and adolescents had the presumed diagnosis of VVS and were aged between 6 and 18 years.</p>
        <p>Another aspect of this study referred to the importance of the clinical method, the cornerstone of medicine. The integral clinical approach allows the diagnosis of VVS, and the TT also contributes to confirming the diagnosis and the response pattern, thus avoiding further unnecessary examinations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, in clinical practice, many complementary exams, in addition to the ECG, are performed upon the attending physician&#8217;s request, as in this study, which evidences the importance of adherence to the guidelines and qualification of the team for their implementation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The tilt test is safe and considered a diagnostic strategy with recommendation class II A. The use of pharmacological agents after the passive phase of TT increases its sensitivity; however, with a decrease in its specificity, in addition to the possibility of rare complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> In the pediatric population, the pharmacological phase, either with isoproterenol or nitroglycerin, was used in some studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> However, nitroglycerin can produce prolonged vasovagal symptoms with less sensitivity, inducing a vasodepressor response, and it is not usually recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> In this study, none of these agents were used, despite the elective peripheral venous access, which was performed followed by rest in the supine position for 20 minutes, as recommended by the guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The main limitation of this study was the lack of a control group of patients, which hindered the comparison between those with VVS and healthy people. Moreover, the TT was not performed under pharmacological provocation, which may have resulted in a lower positive response rate. Digital plethysmography was not used to measure blood pressure levels, which is also a limitation.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this study, most children and adolescents with a presumed diagnosis of VVS presented a typical clinical scenario, with a Calgary score &#8805; -2. The predominant response pattern to TT was vasodepressor. Greater sympathetic activation was observed in the supine position in males. Calgary scores and sympathetic activation did not predict the response to TT.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Pamela Michelle Leite Oliveira, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de da Crian&#231;a e do Adolescente da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the UFMG under the protocol number CAAE 53345416.8.0000.5149. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
