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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pWhNgytQKTRgFxKmgpR8jrw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220501</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diagn&#243;stico Err&#244;neo de Angiossarcoma Card&#237;aco na Era COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amin</surname>
            <given-names>Arash</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taheri</surname>
            <given-names>Zohreh</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hesami</surname>
            <given-names>Mahshid</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alizahehasl</surname>
            <given-names>Azin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0941-3333</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Norouzi</surname>
            <given-names>Zeinab</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mohammadi</surname>
            <given-names>Nasibeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Lorestan Heart Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Lorestan University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Khorram-abad</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Lorestan Heart Center (Madani hospital), Lorestan University of Medical Sciences (LUMS), Khorram-abad &#8211; Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardio-Oncology Research Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical &amp; Research Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Iran University of Medical Science</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardio-Oncology Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical &amp; Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science (IUMS), Tehran &#8211; Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Mousavi Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Zanjan University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Zanjan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan &#8211; Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Zeinab Norouzi &#8226; Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center - Hashemi Rafsanjani Highway, Valiasr Avenue, Tehran &#8211; Ir&#227; E-mail: <email>zeinab.norouzi.md@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220501</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Os &#250;ltimos meses de 2019 foram marcados pelo surgimento de uma nova pandemia, denominada &#8220;COVID-19&#8221;. Desde ent&#227;o, essa infec&#231;&#227;o e suas complica&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m sido a prioridade de profissionais de sa&#250;de, com muitos sintomas atribu&#237;dos &#224;s suas apresenta&#231;&#245;es precoces e tardias. At&#233; o momento, outras doen&#231;as, mesmo em situa&#231;&#245;es fatais, t&#234;m sido negligenciadas ou diagnosticadas incorretamente devido &#224; atribui&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas do paciente &#224; presen&#231;a da infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19. Apresentamos aqui um caso de angiossarcoma card&#237;aco, em um menino que, cerca de 2 meses antes, havia sido infectado com COVID-19. Dado o hist&#243;rico de infec&#231;&#227;o, a abordagem inicial foi o manejo da miopericardite p&#243;s-COVID-19. No entanto, o quadro do paciente piorou, exigindo reavalia&#231;&#227;o por multimodalidades com maior precis&#227;o. Por fim, o paciente foi diagnosticado com um tumor card&#237;aco. Este artigo procura enfatizar a import&#226;ncia da aten&#231;&#227;o a outras doen&#231;as e condi&#231;&#245;es fatais na era COVID-19, com &#234;nfase em evitar diagn&#243;sticos incorretos de outras doen&#231;as.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Erro de Diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiosarcoma/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19/infec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem Multimodal/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Aproximadamente 90% dos tumores card&#237;acos s&#227;o benignos e apenas alguns s&#227;o malignos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A maioria dos tumores card&#237;acos malignos s&#227;o sarcomas, incluindo o angiossarcoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O angiossarcoma pode estar presente em qualquer idade, embora os pacientes geralmente tenham entre 40 e 50 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Este tumor, cuja origem &#233; comumente o &#225;trio direito (AD),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> pode ser totalmente assintom&#225;tico, sendo frequentemente detectado de forma n&#227;o intencional. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes podem apresentar dispneia, desconforto tor&#225;cico, arritmia, derrame peric&#225;rdico (DP), tamponamento, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ou s&#237;ncope, sintomas constitucionais e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. Um ecocardiograma mostrou uma massa heterog&#234;nea com &#225;reas hemorr&#225;gicas ou necr&#243;ticas. O progn&#243;stico do angiossarcoma prim&#225;rio &#233; ruim, mesmo com ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica completa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um novo coronav&#237;rus chamado &#8220;COVID-19&#8221; tem se alastrado pelo mundo desde o final de 2019 e in&#237;cio de 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> At&#233; o momento, outras doen&#231;as, mesmo em situa&#231;&#245;es fatais, t&#234;m sido negligenciadas ou diagnosticadas incorretamente devido &#224; atribui&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas do paciente &#224; presen&#231;a da infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19. Este artigo apresenta um caso de angiossarcoma card&#237;aco em um menino que recebeu um diagn&#243;stico inadequado de complica&#231;&#227;o dessa infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>Um menino de 17 anos com hist&#243;rico de infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 dois meses antes apresentou palpita&#231;&#245;es parox&#237;sticas, dispneia e fadiga que duraram duas semanas. Al&#233;m disso, paciente referia dor tor&#225;cica pleur&#237;tica localizada em hemit&#243;rax direito e hiperidrose.</p>
        <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, o paciente apresentava apar&#234;ncia geral p&#225;lida, com press&#227;o arterial de 95/65 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 190 batimentos por minuto, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 24 respira&#231;&#245;es por minuto e temperatura corporal de 38,6 &#176;C. Um eletrocardiograma (ECG) revelou taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular (TPSV) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ), posteriormente tratada com inje&#231;&#227;o de adenosina. Exames laboratoriais demonstraram anemia, leucocitose e n&#237;veis elevados de reagentes de fase aguda ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) mostrou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) de 55%, press&#227;o arterial pulmonar de 40 mmHg e DP leve a moderado.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; As imagens mostram em A) complexos QRS de baixa tens&#227;o e TVPS com altern&#226;ncia el&#233;trica, B) taquicardia sinusal com supradesn&#237;vel ST inferior, C) ritmo de FA e D) complexos QRS de baixa tens&#227;o, ritmo atrial baixo (bradicardia) e altera&#231;&#245;es significativas de ST-T em V1-V3. TPSV: taquicardia supraventricular parox&#237;stica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220501-20501-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados dos exames laboratoriais iniciais do paciente</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>21900 cmm: WBC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>70%: PMN</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Linf.: 5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Banda: 25%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST: 18 U/L</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT: 20 U/L</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALP: 478 U/L</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T Bil: 0,6 &#181;mol/L</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D Bil: 0,24 &#181;mol/L</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb: 9,9 g/dl</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hct: : 33,1 L/L</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RBC: 4130 milh&#245;es/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VCM: 80,1&#181;m<sup>3</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HCM: 24 pg/c&#233;lula</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHCM: 29,9 pg/c&#233;lula</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B/C x 2: Negativo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>U/A: Normal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>U/C: Negativo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plt: 54500/&#181;l</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponina: 0,03 ng/ml</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ferritina: 889 &#181;g/l</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VHS: 74 mm/h</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>+: PCR</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>WBC: leuc&#243;citos; PMN: polimorfonuclear; Linf.: linf&#243;citos; Banda: neutr&#243;filos de banda; Hb: hemoglobina; Hct: hemat&#243;crito; RBC: hem&#225;cias; VCM: volume corpuscular m&#233;dio; HCM: hemoglobina corpuscular m&#233;dia; CHCM: concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de hemoglobina corpuscular; Plt: teste de contagem de plaquetas; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; ALT: alanina transaminase; ALP: fosfatase alcalina; T Bil: bilirrubina total; D Bil: bilirrubina direta; B/C: hemocultura; U/A: urin&#225;lise; U/C: cultura de urina; VHS: velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; cmm: c&#233;lulas por mil&#237;metro c&#250;bico; g/dl: gramas por decilitro; L/L: litro de c&#233;lulas por litro de sangue; milh&#227;o/mm3: milh&#245;es por mil&#237;metro c&#250;bico; &#956;m3: m&#237;crons c&#250;bicos; pg/c&#233;lula: picogramas por c&#233;lula; &#956;l: microlitro; U/L: unidades por litro; &#181;mol/L: micromol por litro; ng/ml: nanogramas por mililitro; &#956;g/l: microgramas por litro; mm/h: mil&#237;metros por hora.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O paciente foi admitido com o diagn&#243;stico inicial de miopericardite devido a uma infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, sua arritmia refrat&#225;ria ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1: B</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">D</xref> ) induziram a administra&#231;&#227;o de outras medica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo verapamil. Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada indicou anemia persistente e leucocitose exacerbada em medi&#231;&#245;es seriadas. A contagem inicial de leuc&#243;citos (WBC) foi de 21.900 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup>, aumentando para 38.800 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup> durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Outro ETT revelou massa extracard&#237;aca invadindo o AD ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Posteriormente, uma resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC) mostrou uma grande massa peric&#225;rdica com di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo de 77 &#215; 62 mm ao redor da parte distal da veia cava superior (VCS). A RMC tamb&#233;m evidenciou o estreitamento da VCS pelo efeito compressivo do tumor ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ) e uma consolida&#231;&#227;o pleural de 21,7 &#215; 13,3 mm no lobo superior do pulm&#227;o esquerdo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ). A massa apresentava-se homogeneamente isointensa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao mioc&#225;rdio normal, altamente suspeita de angiossarcoma. O paciente foi encaminhado para nova avalia&#231;&#227;o. Uma vez confirmado o diagn&#243;stico, o plano de tratamento foi definido. Por fim, o paciente foi submetido a uma cirurgia card&#237;aca e o tumor foi ressecado. O estudo anatomopatol&#243;gico confirmou o diagn&#243;stico ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ), e um plano de tratamento adicional e acompanhamento foram considerados ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ETT por Doppler colorido, evidenciando uma massa extracard&#237;aca invadindo o AD e exercendo efeitos compressivos sobre a parte distal da VCS. ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico; AD: &#225;trio direito; VCS: veia cava superior.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220501-20501-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; As imagens A) e B) mostram uma massa intraperic&#225;rdica circundando a parte distal da VCS, com invas&#227;o m&#237;nima da massa at&#233; a borda superior do AD, e a imagem C) mostra o tumor e o estreitamento acentuado da VCS. VCS: veia cava superior; AD: &#225;trio direito.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220501-20501-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A imagem A) mostra a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular com consolida&#231;&#227;o de base pleural no lobo superior do pulm&#227;o esquerdo e estreitamento acentuado da VCS, e as imagens B) e C) ilustram o tumor e o estreitamento acentuado da VCS. VCS: veia cava superior.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220501-20501-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; O exame microsc&#243;pico (a e b) mostra espa&#231;os vasculares arborizados revestidos por c&#233;lulas epitelioides pleom&#243;rficas e m&#250;ltiplos espa&#231;os capilares com c&#233;lulas endoteliais at&#237;picas. Espa&#231;os vasculares anastomosados, extravasamento de hem&#225;cias, necrose maci&#231;a e mitoses frequentes est&#227;o presentes. Na colora&#231;&#227;o imunohistoqu&#237;mica, as c&#233;lulas tumorais foram positivas para CD34(c) e CD31(d) e negativas para CK, WT1, Calretinina e D2-4 (n&#227;o mostrado).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220501-20501-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A linha do tempo da apresenta&#231;&#227;o e tratamento do paciente. ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220501-20501-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O angiossarcoma card&#237;aco prim&#225;rio constitui o tipo mais comum de tumor card&#237;aco maligno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os homens t&#234;m maior probabilidade de desenvolver esse tipo de tumor,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> especialmente na faixa dos 50 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nosso paciente era um menino de 17 anos, sendo muito mais jovem do que a idade esperada.</p>
      <p>O padr&#227;o do angiossarcoma card&#237;aco prim&#225;rio pode ser espor&#225;dico ou familiar, sendo a taxa de sobrevida significativamente menor em pacientes com o padr&#227;o familiar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nosso paciente n&#227;o tinha hist&#243;rico de avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, nem relatou hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a semelhante. Recomendamos que a fam&#237;lia imediata desse grupo de pacientes seja submetida a avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e gen&#233;tica.</p>
      <p>O s&#237;tio mais comum de angiossarcoma &#233; o AD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Hirai et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> relataram um caso de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria pelo efeito compressivo de um angiossarcoma card&#237;aco, que trataram com sucesso por meio de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (PCI). O angiossarcoma de nosso paciente se manifestou como uma massa extracard&#237;aca, invadindo o AD e exercendo efeito de compress&#227;o sobre a parte distal da VCS, resultando em estreitamento severo deste vaso.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com angiossarcoma podem apresentar dispneia, desconforto tor&#225;cico, DP, tamponamento, IC, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, s&#237;ncope, sintomas constitucionais e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os sintomas iniciais do nosso paciente foram fadiga, hiperidrose, palpita&#231;&#245;es parox&#237;sticas e dor tor&#225;cica pleur&#237;tica no hemit&#243;rax direito. Cerqueira et al,.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> descreveram um caso de angiossarcoma volumoso em ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) com apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial de hiporexia e IC.</p>
      <p>O sistema condutivo pode ser lesado pela infiltra&#231;&#227;o tumoral, gerando taquiarritmia ou bradiarritmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O primeiro caso de angiossarcoma card&#237;aco com apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial de taquicardia atrial incessante foi relatado por Nguyen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> em 2021. Em nosso paciente, a invas&#227;o tumoral do sistema condutivo pode ter levado &#224; TPSV refrat&#225;ria, taquicardia sinusal e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. At&#233; onde sabemos, essa apresenta&#231;&#227;o com diferentes arritmias n&#227;o &#233; frequente em pacientes com angiossarcoma.</p>
      <p>Em pacientes com angiossarcoma, os sinais vitais e mesmo o ECG podem se apresentar como normais; no entanto, radiografias de t&#243;rax (RXT) e ecocardiogramas podem visualizar DP e abaulamento tumoral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Luo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> relataram um caso de angiossarcoma no ap&#234;ndice atrial direito, diagnosticado por ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico. O DP do nosso paciente foi diagnosticado no primeiro ETT, mas o tumor n&#227;o foi localizado. Diagnosticar angiossarcoma apenas por ETT n&#227;o &#233; f&#225;cil; portanto, &#233; essencial focar em todas as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas.</p>
      <p>Nosso paciente tinha um hist&#243;rico recente de infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 e estava em estado cr&#237;tico. Consequentemente, o foco inicial foi o diagn&#243;stico das poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es da infec&#231;&#227;o, o que levou &#224; desaten&#231;&#227;o a outros aspectos do ETT ap&#243;s a observa&#231;&#227;o do DP. A inefic&#225;cia do tratamento do paciente e a exacerba&#231;&#227;o subsequente de sua condi&#231;&#227;o exigiram uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, no segundo ETT realizado por outro operador, a massa foi identificada.</p>
      <p>A tomografia computadorizada (TC) pode conferir dados adicionais sobre o tumor e desempenhar um papel significativo no diagn&#243;stico de met&#225;stases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A RMC &#233; mais valiosa para estudar anormalidades dos tecidos moles e descartar outras patologias, incluindo trombose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em nosso caso, a RMC ajudou a confirmar a diagn&#243;stico descrevendo as caracter&#237;sticas do tumor e sua met&#225;stase para o lobo superior do pulm&#227;o esquerdo. Os pulm&#245;es s&#227;o o &#243;rg&#227;o mais comumente metastatizado pelo angiossarcoma. Al&#233;m disso, o envolvimento tumoral pode ocorrer em outros s&#237;tios, como linfonodos, f&#237;gado, ossos, ba&#231;o e gl&#226;ndulas adrenais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso caso mostra que o diagn&#243;stico de uma suspeita de angiossarcoma requer um ecocardiograma, al&#233;m de uma anamnese abrangente. No entanto, a RXT, a TC e a RMC podem ajudar a estabelecer um diagn&#243;stico preciso. Arktout et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> relataram um caso de malignidade card&#237;aca em um homem jovem com dor tor&#225;cica no hemit&#243;rax direito e enfatizaram a import&#226;ncia da imagem multimodal no diagn&#243;stico de tais tumores.</p>
      <p>O primeiro passo no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de pacientes jovens com sintomas card&#237;acos na era COVID-19 deve ser a aten&#231;&#227;o adequada aos sintomas e a anamnese detalhada. A dispneia persistente e o desconforto tor&#225;cico sem origem espec&#237;fica em pacientes jovens podem nos levar ao diagn&#243;stico de tumor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No entanto, tumores card&#237;acos tamb&#233;m devem ser considerados em pacientes idosos. Linfeng et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> descreveram um homem de 65 anos com quadro de dispneia indeterminada, desconforto tor&#225;cico, tontura e fraqueza em membros inferiores, finalmente diagnosticado como angiossarcoma.</p>
      <p>Nosso paciente foi inicialmente diagnosticado erroneamente devido &#224; anamnese incompleta e uso inadequado das modalidades de imagem dispon&#237;veis na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o. Sua hist&#243;ria recente de infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 levou ao primeiro diagn&#243;stico de miopericardite p&#243;s-COVID-19. No entanto, sua condi&#231;&#227;o de piora exigiu avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional por RMC e ETT, o que ajudou a estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico adequado. Na era COVID-19, outras doen&#231;as, e at&#233; mesmo condi&#231;&#245;es com risco &#224; vida, como doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, parecem ter sido ignoradas ou subestimadas.</p>
      <p>Para concluirmos, a infe&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 n&#227;o deve ser motivo para diagn&#243;sticos incorretos ou adiamento de processos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos relativos a outras doen&#231;as. Na realidade, as abordagens consagradas devem ser continuadas, embora com a devida aten&#231;&#227;o aos protocolos de prote&#231;&#227;o do COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Misdiagnosis of a Cardiac Angiosarcoma During the COVID-19 Pandemic</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amin</surname>
            <given-names>Arash</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taheri</surname>
            <given-names>Zohreh</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hesami</surname>
            <given-names>Mahshid</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alizahehasl</surname>
            <given-names>Azin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0941-3333</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Norouzi</surname>
            <given-names>Zeinab</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mohammadi</surname>
            <given-names>Nasibeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Lorestan Heart Center (Madani hospital), Lorestan University of Medical Sciences (LUMS), Khorram-abad &#8211; Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardio-Oncology Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical &amp; Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science (IUMS), Tehran &#8211; Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan &#8211; Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Zeinab Norouzi &#8226; Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center - Hashemi Rafsanjani Highway, Valiasr Avenue, Tehran - Ir&#227; E-mail: zeinab.norouzi.md@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The final months of 2019 saw the emergence of a new pandemic termed &#8220;COVID-19&#8221;. Since then, this infection and its complications have been the priority of healthcare providers, with many symptoms attributed to its early and late presentations. Thus far, other diseases, even fatal situations, have been overlooked or misdiagnosed due to the attribution of patient symptoms to the presence of COVID-19 infection. We herein present a case of cardiac angiosarcoma in a young boy who had previously become infected with COVID-19 about two months earlier. Given the history of infection, the initial approach was post-COVID-19 myopericarditis management. However, the patient&#8217;s condition worsened, necessitating reevaluation via multimodalities with higher precision. Ultimately, the patient was diagnosed with a cardiac tumor. This article seeks to underscore the significance of taking heed of other diseases and fatal conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic with an emphasis on avoiding misdiagnosing other diseases.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Diagnostic Errors</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiosarcoma/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19/infection</kwd>
        <kwd>Multimodal Imaging/diagnostic</kwd>
        <kwd>Imaging/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Approximately 90% of cardiac tumors are benign, and only a few are malignant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Most malignant heart tumors are sarcomas, including angiosarcoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Angiosarcoma can be present at any age, although patients are usually between 40 and 50 years old.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This tumor, whose origin is commonly the right atrium (RA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> may be completely asymptomatic and is often detected unintentionally. In addition, patients may have dyspnea, chest discomfort, arrhythmia, pericardial effusion (PE), tamponade, heart failure (HF), presyncope or syncope, constitutional symptoms, and thromboembolic events. An echocardiogram showed a heterogeneous mass with hemorrhagic or necrotic areas. The prognosis of primary angiosarcoma is poor, even with complete surgical resection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A new coronavirus called &#8220;COVID-19&#8221; has been sweeping the world since the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Thus far, other diseases, even fatal situations, have been overlooked or misdiagnosed due to the attribution of patient symptoms to the presence of COVID-19 infection. This article presents a case of cardiac angiosarcoma in a young boy misdiagnosed as a complication of this infection.</p>
        <sec sec-type="cases">
          <title>Case Report</title>
          <p>A 17-year-old boy with a history of COVID-19 infection two months earlier presented with paroxysmal palpitations, dyspnea, and fatigue that lasted two weeks. The patient also mentioned localized pleuritic chest pain in the right hemithorax and hyperhidrosis.</p>
          <p>On physical examination, the patient was generally pale and had a blood pressure of 95/65 mmHg, a pulse rate of 190 beats per minute, a respiratory rate of 24 breaths per minute, and a body temperature of 38.6 &#176;C. An electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1 A</xref> ), subsequently managed with adenosine injection. Laboratory tests demonstrated anemia, leukocytosis, and elevated levels of acute-phase reactants ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 55%, a pulmonary artery pressure of 40 mmHg, and mild-to-moderate PE.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Images show in A) low-voltage QRS complexes and PSVT with electrical alternans, B) sinus tachycardia with inferior ST elevation, C) AF rhythm, and D) low-voltage QRS complexes, low atrial rhythm (bradycardia), and significant ST-T changes in V1-V3. PSVT: paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; AF: atrial fibrillation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220501-20501-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The initial laboratory test results of the patient</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>21900 cmm: WBC</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>70%: PMN</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lymph.: 5%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Band: 25%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AST: 18 U/L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALT: 20 U/L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALP: 478 U/L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>T Bil: 0,6 &#181;mol/L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>D Bil: 0,24 &#181;mol/L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hb: 9,9 g/dl</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hct: 33,1 L/L</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RBC: 4130 million/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCV: 80.1&#181;m<sup>3</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCH: 24 pg/cell</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCHC: 29.9 pg/cell</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>B/C x 2: Negative</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>U/A: Normal</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>U/C: Negative</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Plt: 54500/&#181;l</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Troponin: 0.03 ng/ml</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ferritin: 889 &#181;g/l</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ESR: 74 mm/h</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>+: CRP</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>WBC: white blood cells; PMN: polymorphonuclear; Lymph: lymphocytes; Band: band cells; Hb: hemoglobina; Hct: hematocrit; RBC: red blood cells; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobina; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; Plt: platelet count test; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine transaminase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; T Bil: total bilirubin; D Bil: direct bilirubin; B/C: blood culture; U/A: urinalysis; U/C: urine culture; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: c-reactive protein; cmm: cells per cubic millimeter; g/dl: grams per decilitre; L/L: liter of cells per liter of blood; million/mm3: millions per cubic millimeter; &#956;m3: cubic microns; pg/cell: picograms per cell; &#956;l: microliter; U/L: units per liter; &#181;mol/L: micromole per liter; ng/ml: nanograms per milliliter; &#956;g/l: micrograms per liter; mm/h: millimeters per hour.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The patient was admitted with the initial diagnosis of myopericarditis due to a COVID-19 infection. During the hospitalization, his refractory arrhythmia ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1 B</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">C</xref> , and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">D</xref> ) prompted the administration of other medications, including verapamil. Further evaluation indicated persistent anemia and exacerbated leukocytosis in serial measurements. The initial white blood cell count (WBC) was 21,900 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>, which rose to 38,800 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>during the hospital stay. Another TTE examination revealed an extracardiac mass invading the RA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). Afterward, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging showed a large pericardial mass with a maximum diameter of 77 &#215; 62 mm surrounding the distal part of the superior vena cava (SVC). CMR also visualized the narrowing of the SVC by the compression effect of the tumor ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ) and a 21.7 &#215; 13.3 mm pleural-based consolidation in the upper lobe of the left lung ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ). The mass appeared homogeneously isointense relative to the normal myocardium, highly suspicious of an angiosarcoma. He was referred for further evaluation. Once the diagnosis was confirmed, a treatment plan was devised. Finally, the patient underwent cardiac surgery, and the tumor was resected. The pathological study confirmed the diagnosis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ), and further treatment planning and follow-up planning were considered ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; TTE by Color Doppler study reveals an extracardiac mass invading the RA and exerting compression effects on the distal part of the SVC. TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram; RA: right atrium; SVC: superior vena cava.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220501-20501-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Images A) and B) show an intrapericardial mass surrounding the distal part of the SVC, with minimal invasion of the mass to the upper border of the RA, and image C) depicts the tumor and the severe narrowing of the SVC. SVC: superior vena cava; RA: right atrium.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220501-20501-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Image A) shows cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging with a pleural-based consolidation in the left lung&#8217;s upper lobe and the SVC&#8217;s severe narrowing, and images B) and C) illustrate the tumor and the severe narrowing of the SVC. SVC: superior vena cava.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220501-20501-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Microscopic examination (a and b) shows arborizing vascular spaces lined by pleomorphic epithelioid cells and many capillary-like vascular spaces with atypical endothelial cells. Anastomosing vascular spaces, RBC extravasation, massive necrosis and frequent mitoses are present. On Immunohistochemical staining tumoral cells show positivity for CD34(c) and CD31(d) and negative for CK, WT1, Calretinin and D2- 4 (not shown).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220501-20501-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The timeline of the patient&#8217;s presentation and management. TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram; CMR: cardiovascular magnetic resonance.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220501-20501-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Primary cardiac angiosarcoma constitutes the most common type of malignant cardiac tumor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Males are more likely to develop this tumor,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> especially in their 50s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Our patient was a 17-year-old boy, much younger than the expected age.</p>
        <p>The pattern of primary cardiac angiosarcoma may be sporadic or familial, with the survival rate being significantly lower in patients with the latter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Our patient had no history of genetic evaluation, nor did he report a family history of a similar disease. We recommend that the immediate family of this group of patients undergo genetic and medical assessments.</p>
        <p>The most common site of angiosarcoma is the RA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Hirai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> reported a case of coronary artery occlusion due to the compression effect of a cardiac angiosarcoma, which they successfully treated via percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Our patient&#8217;s angiosarcoma manifested itself as an extracardiac mass invading the RA and exerting compression effects on the distal part of the SVC, resulting in its severe narrowing.</p>
        <p>Patients with angiosarcoma may present dyspnea, chest discomfort, PE, tamponade, HF, presyncope, syncope, constitutional symptoms, and thromboembolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Our patient&#8217;s initial symptoms were fatigue, hyperhidrosis, paroxysmal palpitations, and pleuritic chest pain in the right hemithorax. Cerqueira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> described a case of a massive angiosarcoma in the right ventricle (RV) with the initial presentation of appetite loss and HF.</p>
        <p>The conductive system may be injured by tumor infiltration, generating tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The first case of cardiac angiosarcoma with the initial presentation of incessant atrial tachycardia was reported by Nguyen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> in 2021. In our patient, tumor invasion of the conductive system might have produced his refractory PSVT, sinus tachycardia, and atrial fibrillation. To our knowledge, this presentation with different arrhythmias is not frequent in patients with angiosarcoma.</p>
        <p>In patients with angiosarcoma, vital signs or even ECG may become normal; nevertheless, chest X-rays (CXR) and echocardiograms can visualize PE and tumor bulging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Luo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> reported a case of angiosarcoma in the RA appendage, diagnosed via transesophageal echocardiogram. Our patient&#8217;s PE was diagnosed on the first TTE, but the tumor was missed. Diagnosing angiosarcoma via TTE alone is not easy; it is, therefore, essential to focus on all cardiac chambers.</p>
        <p>Our patient had a recent history of COVID-19 infection and was in critical condition. Consequently, the initial focus was on diagnosing the possible complications of the infection, which led to inattention to other aspects of the TTE examination after it revealed PE. The ineffectiveness of the patient&#8217;s treatment and the next exacerbation of his condition necessitated reevaluation. Finally, on the second TTE examination performed by another operator, the mass was diagnosed.</p>
        <p>Computerized tomography (CT) scans can confer additional data regarding the tumor and play a significant role in diagnosing metastasis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> CMR is more valuable for studying soft tissue abnormalities and ruling out other pathologies, including thrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In our case, CMR helped confirm the diagnosis by depicting the features of the tumor and its metastasis to the upper lobe of the left lung. Lungs are the most common organ metastasized by angiosarcoma. Still, tumor involvement may occur in other sites, such as lymph nodes, liver, bone, spleen, and adrenal glands.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our case shows that the diagnosis of a suspected angiosarcoma needs an echocardiogram in addition to comprehensive history taking. Nonetheless, CXR, CT, and CMR can help establish a precise diagnosis. Arktout et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> reported a case of cardiac malignancy in a young man with chest pain in the right hemithorax and emphasized the significance of multimodal imaging in diagnosing such tumors.</p>
        <p>The first step in diagnosing and managing young patients with cardiac symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic should be adequate attention to symptoms and detailed history taking. Persistent dyspnea and chest discomfort in young patients without a specific source can lead us to the tumor diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, cardiac tumors should be considered in elderly patients, too. Linfeng et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> described a 65-year-old man with undetermined dyspnea, chest discomfort, dizziness, and weakness of the lower limbs, finally diagnosed as angiosarcoma.</p>
        <p>Our patient was initially misdiagnosed due to incomplete history taking and improper use of available imaging modalities in the first evaluation. His recent history of COVID-19 infection led to the first diagnosis of post-COVID-19 myopericarditis. Nevertheless, his worsening condition mandated further evaluation via CMR and TTE, which helped establish the appropriate diagnosis. It seems that during the COVID-19 pandemic, other diseases, even life-threatening conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, have been ignored or postponed.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, COVID-19 infection should not be a reason for the misdiagnosis or postponement of diagnostic and therapeutic processes concerning other diseases. Indeed, time-honored approaches to patients should be continued, albeit with due attention to COVID-19 protective protocols.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Lorestan University of Medical Sciences under the protocol number IR.LUMS.REC.1402.094. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
