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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pWV8CTcxJZdn5L5GV638xNc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220479</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de Solu&#231;&#245;es Cardiopl&#233;gicas em Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica sobre Mecanismos de Autofagia e Apoptose</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5644-5442</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sener</surname>
            <given-names>Elif Funda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-4014</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hamurcu</surname>
            <given-names>Zuhal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5806-8241</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Taheri</surname>
            <given-names>Serpil</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1347-0939</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tahtasakal</surname>
            <given-names>Reyhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8879-1112</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Delibasi</surname>
            <given-names>Nesrin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0992-1415</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elcik</surname>
            <given-names>Deniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4597-6811</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mehmetbeyoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Ecmel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8877-2547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tuncay</surname>
            <given-names>Aydin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2035-3981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dal</surname>
            <given-names>Fatma</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1228-1298</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bayram</surname>
            <given-names>Keziban Korkmaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6438-8153</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gunes</surname>
            <given-names>Is&#305;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2980-8364</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Emirogullari</surname>
            <given-names>Omer Naci</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Erciyes University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Medical Biology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Medical Biology, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Erciyes University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Genome and Stem Cell Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Kayseri &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cappadocia University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cappadocia Vocational College</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Nevsehir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cappadocia University Cappadocia Vocational College Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Nevsehir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Erciyes University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiology, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Erciyes University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Medical Genetics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Medical Faculty Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Erciyes University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Elif Funda Sener &#8226; Erciyes University &#8211; Erciyes University Medical Faculty Departmen of Medical Biology Erciyes University Medical Faculty Departmen of Medical Biology Talas 38280 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>efefunda@yahoo.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220479</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) devido &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica causa perda permanente de tecido card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Nosso objetivo foi demonstrar o poss&#237;vel dano ao mioc&#225;rdio em n&#237;vel molecular atrav&#233;s dos mecanismos de autofagia e apoptose em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um grupo recebeu uma solu&#231;&#227;o de cardioplegia Custodiol e o outro grupo uma solu&#231;&#227;o de cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea. Duas amostras mioc&#225;rdicas foram coletadas de cada paciente durante a opera&#231;&#227;o, imediatamente antes da parada card&#237;aca e ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico. Foram avaliadas as express&#245;es de marcadores de autofagia e apoptose. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A express&#227;o do gene BECLIN foi significativa nos tecidos mioc&#225;rdicos do grupo CS (p=0,0078). Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o dos genes CASPASE 3, 8 e 9 foram significativamente menores no grupo CC. Os n&#237;veis p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios de TnT foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos (p=0,0072). As express&#245;es dos genes CASPASE 8 e CASPASE 9 foram semelhantes antes e depois do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico (p=0,8552, p=0,8891). No grupo CC, os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica de CASPASE 3, CASPASE 8 e CASPASE 9 n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes em amostras de tecido coletadas ap&#243;s pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico (p=0,7354, p=0,0758, p=0,4128, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Com nossos achados, acreditamos que as solu&#231;&#245;es CC e CS n&#227;o apresentam diferen&#231;a significativa em termos de prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante as opera&#231;&#245;es de by-pass.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Solu&#231;&#245;es Cardiopl&#233;gicas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ponte de Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Autofagia</kwd>
        <kwd>Apoptose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Erciyes University</funding-source>
          <award-id>TCD-2016-6339</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Erciyes University (Project number: TCD-2016-6339).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As solu&#231;&#245;es de cardioplegia s&#227;o usadas para parar o cora&#231;&#227;o e reduzir o dano isqu&#234;mico no mioc&#225;rdio quando o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coron&#225;rio &#233; interrompido durante as opera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Como o Custodiol e a cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea s&#227;o solu&#231;&#245;es altamente eficazes, elas t&#234;m sido usadas h&#225; muito tempo em cirurgias de cora&#231;&#227;o aberto. Durante a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), o cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; parado e protegido com solu&#231;&#245;es de cardioplegia. Este per&#237;odo est&#225; associado &#224; priva&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio; o cora&#231;&#227;o fica isqu&#234;mico durante a CEC. O cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; reperfundido ao final da CEC e a a&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca continua.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, a CEC pode levar a danos adicionais ao mioc&#225;rdio causados por reperfus&#227;o global e morte celular por meio de indu&#231;&#227;o de autofagia mioc&#225;rdica e apoptose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Acredita-se que a autofagia desempenhe um papel absoluto no tecido card&#237;aco durante a isquemia/reperfus&#227;o. Enquanto a indu&#231;&#227;o de autofagia em cardiomi&#243;citos durante a isquemia tem um efeito protetor, acredita-se que a autofagia induzida durante a reperfus&#227;o leve &#224; morte dos cardiomi&#243;citos. Em condi&#231;&#245;es normais, o estresse metab&#243;lico normalmente estimula a apoptose. No entanto, em c&#233;lulas onde o mecanismo de apoptose &#233; prejudicado, a c&#233;lula continua a viver em condi&#231;&#245;es hip&#243;xicas. A sobreviv&#234;ncia dessas c&#233;lulas se deve &#224; autofagia, mas quando a apoptose e a autofagia s&#227;o suprimidas, a viabilidade celular falha e morre.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A autofagia ocorre em n&#237;veis basais, mas pode ser ainda mais induzida por estresse, como hip&#243;xia e deple&#231;&#227;o de nutrientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A prote&#237;na LC3B &#233; um jogador importante no processo autof&#225;gico. A ativa&#231;&#227;o da autofagia &#233; refletida por aumentos na abund&#226;ncia de prote&#237;nas-chave dos genes relacionados &#224; autofagia (ATG5-12), cadeia leve 3 (LC3), Beclin-1 e p62.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As regi&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas com atividade autof&#225;gica aumentada exibem menos c&#233;lulas apopt&#243;ticas, sugerindo que a estimula&#231;&#227;o da autofagia pode prevenir a apoptose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A apoptose &#233; necess&#225;ria durante o desenvolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o e tem sido associada a muitas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A apoptose &#233; mediada pela ativa&#231;&#227;o de Caspases normalmente encontradas como zimog&#234;nios inativos na c&#233;lula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As Caspases tamb&#233;m podem desempenhar fun&#231;&#245;es na prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular, diferencia&#231;&#227;o, controle do ciclo celular e vias de sobreviv&#234;ncia. A via apopt&#243;tica extr&#237;nseca &#233; iniciada pela liga&#231;&#227;o de ligantes a receptores de superf&#237;cie celular que recrutam e ativam a Caspase 8, que ativa a Caspase 3 executora chave. A Caspase 3, uma das Caspases executoras mais importantes na converg&#234;ncia das vias apopt&#243;ticas intr&#237;nseca e extr&#237;nseca, &#233; o principal indicador de apoptose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Como a Caspase iniciadora na via da apoptose do receptor de morte (extr&#237;nseco), a Caspase-8 ativa proteoliticamente Caspases a jusante e BID. A via intr&#237;nseca &#233; iniciada pela libera&#231;&#227;o do citocromo c da mitoc&#244;ndria. A Caspase 9, a Caspase iniciadora na via apopt&#243;tica mitocondrial (intr&#237;nseca), tamb&#233;m participa da maioria dos processos de diferencia&#231;&#227;o nos quais a Caspase 3 foi implicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A sinaliza&#231;&#227;o apopt&#243;tica nos cardiomi&#243;citos de seres humanos &#233; desconhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos &#233; desencadeada por numerosos vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o e reguladas por ligantes intr&#237;nsecos e extr&#237;nsecos multicomplexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo visa explicar como os n&#237;veis das solu&#231;&#245;es de cardioplegia Custodiol (CC) e cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea (CS) usadas para proteger o mioc&#225;rdio durante a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ativam os mecanismos de autofagia e apoptose ao n&#237;vel do mRNA e da prote&#237;na. Assim, procuramos avaliar o dano mioc&#225;rdico intraoperat&#243;rio e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato por autofagia e apoptose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Material e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o do paciente</title>
        <p>Um total de 30 pacientes com CEC foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> ). Este estudo &#233; caso-controle. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a ordem de interna&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, atentando para o tipo de procedimento cir&#250;rgico, idade e sexo. Aplicamos CS a um grupo e CC ao outro grupo. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ). Ambos os grupos consistiram em 15 pacientes. Considerando nosso trabalho anterior, o tamanho da amostra utilizado no estudo foi por conveni&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi realizada com essas solu&#231;&#245;es cardiopl&#233;gicas. Todos os pacientes estavam tomando aspirina. Nove pacientes do grupo CS e 11 pacientes do grupo CC faziam uso de &#946;-bloqueador; 3 pacientes do grupo CS e 1 paciente do grupo CC faziam uso de bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio; 4 pacientes do grupo CS e 2 pacientes do grupo CC faziam uso de medica&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tica oral; 1 paciente do grupo CS e 3 pacientes do grupo CC faziam uso de inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; 1 paciente do grupo CC fazia uso de &#945; e &#946; bloqueadores. O grupo de controle saud&#225;vel n&#227;o foi usado porque os pacientes foram comparados dentro e entre os grupos. Todos os pacientes registrados pelo Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular da Universidade Erciyes foram avaliados para este estudo. Pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) de emerg&#234;ncia, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, hist&#243;ria de cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, endocardite infecciosa, doen&#231;as vasculares perif&#233;ricas e doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica da Universidade Erciyes aprovou este estudo. Formul&#225;rios de consentimento informado por escrito foram recebidos dos pacientes. Este estudo respeitou as declara&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Compara&#231;&#227;o de Solu&#231;&#245;es Cardiopl&#233;gicas em Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica sobre Mecanismos de Autofagia e Apoptose</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220479-20479-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diagrama de fluxo da sele&#231;&#227;o do paciente no estudo. PCR: rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase; RNA: &#225;cido ribonucl&#233;ico.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220479-20479-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo da anestesia</title>
        <p>O mesmo protocolo de anestesia foi aplicado a todos os pacientes. Foram realizados ECG de cinco canais, oximetria de pulso, press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o invasiva, oximetria cerebral e monitoramento de entropia nos pacientes levados para a sala de cirurgia. Ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de 1,5 mg de dormicum e 50 microgramas de fentanil, um cateter arterial invasivo foi colocado na art&#233;ria radial e uma medi&#231;&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o arterial foi realizada. Ap&#243;s pr&#233;-oxigena&#231;&#227;o, 1 mg/kg de propofol, 10 microgramas/kg de fentanil e 1 mg/kg de rocur&#244;nio foram usados na indu&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes com valores de entropia adequados foram intubados. O cateter venoso central guiado por ultrassom foi inserido. A infus&#227;o de &#225;cido tranex&#226;mico na dose de 15 mg/kg em 1 hora foi seguida de infus&#227;o de manuten&#231;&#227;o na dose de 1,5 mg/kg/h durante todo o caso. Dez microgramas/kg/h de fentanil, 4 mg/kg/h de propofol, e 1 mg/kg/h de rocur&#244;nio foram usados no manejo da anestesia. A profundidade da anestesia foi ajustada entre 45 e 60 de entropia; se necess&#225;rio, desflurano foi usado como agente inalat&#243;rio. As configura&#231;&#245;es do ventilador foram TV 6 ml/kg, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria 12/min, PEEP de 5 cm/volume de &#225;gua, com modo de controle de volume. Caso houvesse diminui&#231;&#227;o da oximetria cerebral, as interven&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias eram realizadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Abordagem cir&#250;rgica</title>
        <p>Em todos os casos, o procedimento operat&#243;rio incluiu esternotomia mediana e circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea com oxigenador de membrana. A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica consistiu em hipotermia moderada (30&#8211;32&#176;C), resfriamento t&#243;pico com solu&#231;&#227;o salina fria e sangue frio ou cardioplegia Custodiol (4&#8211;10&#176;C) administrado de forma anter&#243;grada. A cardioplegia Custodiol [1000 cc, contendo histidina 180 (mmol/L), triptofano (2 mmol/L), manitol (30 mmol/L), KCl (9 mmol/L), NaCl (15 mMol/L)] foi administrada em uma &#250;nica dose. As doses de cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea [contendo 700 cc de sangue, 2 ampolas de HCO3 (840 mg), 1 ampola de Mg (1500 mg), 2 ampolas de KCl (750 mg)] foram repetidas a cada 20 minutos. A &#250;ltima dose foi administrada morna (37&#176;C) imediatamente antes da libera&#231;&#227;o do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico. Todas as anastomoses distais foram realizadas primeiro, ap&#243;s pin&#231;amento cruzado da aorta e infus&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica. As anastomoses proximais foram feitas ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do pin&#231;amento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prepara&#231;&#227;o de amostras de tecido</title>
        <p>Duas amostras de tecido mioc&#225;rdico do mesmo local no ap&#234;ndice atrial direito foram retiradas de cada paciente imediatamente antes do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico e ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o da pin&#231;a (final da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea). As amostras de tecido foram ent&#227;o congeladas em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido e armazenadas a -80&#176;C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolamento de RNA e estudos de express&#227;o g&#234;nica</title>
        <p>Duas amostras de tecido mioc&#225;rdico (pr&#233; e p&#243;s-condicionamento) foram coletadas de cada paciente e o RNA total foi isolado com o reagente TRIZOL (Roche, Alemanha). A quantidade e a qualidade das amostras de RNA foram medidas com um Espectrofot&#244;metro BioSpec-Nano. Os RNAs foram armazenados a -80&#176;C at&#233; o uso. Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de mRNA dos genes Beta-actina (ACTB), Beclin, LC3, Caspase 3, Caspase 8 e Caspase 9 foram determinados usando PCR em tempo real LightCycler 480 II (Roche, Alemanha). Cada amostra foi processada em duplicata. Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o dos genes foram calculados usando o m&#233;todo 2&#8722;<sup>Ct</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolamento de prote&#237;nas e Western Blot</title>
        <p>O isolamento de prote&#237;nas foi realizado a partir de amostras de tecido mioc&#225;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A concentra&#231;&#227;o total de prote&#237;nas para cada amostra foi determinada com um kit de ensaio de prote&#237;na compat&#237;vel com detergente (kit DC; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Al&#237;quotas contendo 40 &#956;g de prote&#237;na total de cada amostra foram analisadas por eletroforese em gel de dodecil sulfato de s&#243;dio (SDS)-poliacrilamida com um gradiente de 4&#8211;20% para separa&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas e eletrotransferidas para membranas de difluoreto de polivinilideno. As membranas foram bloqueadas com um tamp&#227;o de bloqueio (0,1 Triton X-100 com 5% de leite em p&#243; em solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com Tris-Tween 20) [TBS-T] por 60 min. Depois de lavadas com TBS-T, as membranas foram sondadas com os seguintes anticorpos prim&#225;rios: LC3, Beclin-1, Caspase 3, Caspase 8 e Caspase 9 (Cell Signaling Technology). As demais etapas do western blot foram realizadas conforme indicado no estudo de Hamurcu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os blots foram ent&#227;o visualizados com um Chemidoc MP Imaging System (Biorad) e quantificadas com um densit&#244;metro usando o programa de aplica&#231;&#227;o de imagens (Bio-Rad Image Lab 5).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens, e as compara&#231;&#245;es de grupo foram feitas usando os testes qui-quadrado, corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates e Fisher. A conformidade dos dados com a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi avaliada com histograma, q-q plots e teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As compara&#231;&#245;es intergrupos de vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram realizadas com os testes t de Student n&#227;o pareados ou testes U de Mann-Whitney. A homogeneidade da vari&#226;ncia foi avaliada com o teste de Levene. Duas amostras dependentes e o teste de Wilcoxon foram aplicados para comparar as diferen&#231;as entre os resultados de express&#227;o g&#234;nica de mRNA e os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de prote&#237;na em amostras de tecido coletadas no pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Duas amostras independentes e o teste U de Mann-Whitney foram aplicados para comparar os dados do grupo cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea e cardioplegia Custodiol. Os dados foram obtidos usando GraphPad Prism 8.0. (vers&#227;o 8.0.1, San Diego, CA, EUA). Valores de p &lt;5% foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente e achados laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Quinze pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos nos grupos cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea (CS) e cardioplegia Custodiol (CC). Homens (9, 60%) e mulheres (6, 40%) foram iguais em ambos os grupos. A m&#233;dia de idade do grupo CS foi 59,9 &#177; 9,8 anos, e o grupo CC foi de 52,7 &#177; 19,5 anos; essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi significativa (p=0,2135). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e cir&#250;rgicas dos pacientes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e os achados laboratoriais na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2 (A, B)</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas do grupo de estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Achados cl&#237;nicos</th>
                  <th>Cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea (n=15, m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</th>
                  <th>Cardioplegia Custodiol (n=15, m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (ano m&#233;dio &#177; SEM)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">59,9&#177;9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">52,7&#177;19,5</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (masculino n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,645</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,075</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,075</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (47%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,224</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">164&#177;9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">167,5&#177;10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,5&#177;12,4</td>
                  <td align="center">76,2&#177;15</td>
                  <td align="center">p&gt;0,9999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASC (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8&#177;0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8&#177;2</td>
                  <td align="center">p&gt;0,9999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">121,8 &#177; 16,5</td>
                  <td align="center">123,8 &#177; 19,1</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,664</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea diast&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">79,2 &#177; 11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">77,7 &#177; 13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,778</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">54,7 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">55,7 &#177; 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,647</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metros sist&#243;licos</td>
                  <td align="center">3,49 &#177; 0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">3,32 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,310</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos</td>
                  <td align="center">5,18 &#177; 0,72</td>
                  <td align="center">4,99 &#177; 0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,379</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do Pin&#231;amento cruzado (m&#233;dia min&#177;SEM)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,4&#177;8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">63,7&#177;36,4</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,9931</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o total do bypass (m&#233;dia min&#177;SEM)</td>
                  <td align="center">119&#177;28</td>
                  <td align="center">134,5&#177;53,9</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,9423</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TnT (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 (0,5-1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 (0,16-1,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,0072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB (u/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,3 (39,5-145)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (28-50)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,0731</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Cirurgia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRMX1 (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRMX2 (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRMX3 (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRMX4 (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>CRMxN: n&#250;mero de by-pass; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; SEM: erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A, B) Compara&#231;&#227;o dos achados laboratoriais p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios dos pacientes dos grupos Cardioplegia Custodiol e Cardioplegia Sangu&#237;nea. A) Os n&#237;veis de TnT foram significativamente diferenciados entre os grupos (p=0,0072). B) Os n&#237;veis de CK-MB n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos (p=0,0731). Figuras 2C-E) Gr&#225;ficos de express&#227;o. C) Imagens de Western Blot de membrana de marcadores de autofagia no grupo Cardioplegia Sangu&#237;nea e Cardioplegia Custodiol. D) Gr&#225;ficos dos n&#237;veis de express&#227;o dos genes Beclin e LC3 nas amostras de tecido mioc&#225;rdico dos grupos (n=15, BO: Antes do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, AO: ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico). (*p&lt;0,05). E) Express&#245;es proteicas de Beclin e LC3 em ambos os grupos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220479-20479-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de CK-MB e TnT foram medidos nas amostras de sangue pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias do paciente para par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e comparados nos grupos CC e CS ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A, 2B</xref> ). Os n&#237;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios de CK-MB e TnT n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes. Nossos dados mostraram que os n&#237;veis p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios de TnT diferiram significativamente entre os grupos (p=0,0072).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados de express&#227;o g&#234;nica autof&#225;gica e apopt&#243;tica em tecido mioc&#225;rdico</title>
        <p>A express&#227;o g&#234;nica de <italic>BECLIN</italic> em amostras de tecido mioc&#225;rdico foi significativa e diminuiu ap&#243;s pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico no grupo CS ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2D</xref> ) (p=0,0078). A express&#227;o do gene LC3 diminuiu ap&#243;s o pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, mas n&#227;o foi significativa ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2D</xref> ). A express&#227;o do gene BECLIN em amostras de tecido mioc&#225;rdico coletadas ap&#243;s o pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico n&#227;o foi diferenciada das amostras de tecido mioc&#225;rdico coletadas antes do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico no grupo CC. A express&#227;o do gene LC3 na amostra de tecido mioc&#225;rdico coletada antes do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico mostrou-se diminu&#237;da quando comparada &#224; amostra de tecido mioc&#225;rdico coletada ap&#243;s pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, mas essa diminui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,7263, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2E</xref> ).</p>
        <p>A express&#227;o de CASPASE 3 no grupo CS foi significativamente menor na amostra de tecido coletada ap&#243;s pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico (p=0,0188, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3B</xref> ). As express&#245;es dos genes CASPASE 8 e CASPASE 9 foram semelhantes antes e depois do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico (p=0,8552, p=0,8891). No grupo CC, os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica de CASPASE 3, CASPASE 8 e CASPASE 9 n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes em amostras de tecido coletadas ap&#243;s pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico (p=0,7354, p=0,0758, p=0,4128, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados de Western Blot. A. Imagens de Western Blot de membrana de marcadores apopt&#243;ticos no grupo Cardioplegia Sangu&#237;nea e Cardioplegia Custodiol. B. Gr&#225;ficos do n&#237;vel de express&#227;o dos genes das Caspases 3, 8 e 9 nas amostras de tecido mioc&#225;rdico dos grupos (n=15, BO: Antes do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, AO: ap&#243;s libera&#231;&#227;o do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico). (*p&lt;0,05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220479-20479-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Quando os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de mRNA de amostras de tecido mioc&#225;rdico foram comparados antes e depois do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica de BECLIN e LC3 n&#227;o foram diferentes no grupo CS em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CC ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica entre amostras de tecido mioc&#225;rdico de pacientes com Cardioplegia Sangu&#237;nea e Cardioplegia Custodiol</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Genes</th>
                  <th>CS (BO) (n=15)</th>
                  <th>CC (BO) (n=15)</th>
                  <th>CS (AO) (n=15)</th>
                  <th>CC (AO) (n=15)</th>
                  <th>valor-p (BO/AO)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>
                      <italic>BECLIN</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,8(0,3-1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6(0,5-1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6(0,3-0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5(0,3-1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8943/ 0,8123</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>
                      <italic>LC3</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,6-1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6(0,4-1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5(0,4-0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6(0,3-1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3821/ 0,6934</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Os valores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios (BO) dos grupos CS e CC foram comparados com o teste de Mann-Whitney. Os valores p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios (AO) dos grupos CS e CC foram comparados com o teste de Mann-Whitney. Os dados s&#227;o expressos em mediana (1&#186; e 3&#186; trimestre). CS: cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea; CC: cardioplegia custodiol; BO: antes do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico; AO: ap&#243;s liberar o pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados do estudo de Western Blot em tecido mioc&#225;rdico</title>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de express&#227;o da prote&#237;na Beclin em amostras de tecido mioc&#225;rdico coletadas ap&#243;s pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico mostrou-se aumentado, e esse valor foi estatisticamente significativo em compara&#231;&#227;o com amostras de tecido coletadas antes do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico no grupo CS (p&lt;0,05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2C, E</xref> ). Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o da prote&#237;na LC3-II diminu&#237;ram ap&#243;s o pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, mas a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi significativa. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos n&#237;veis de express&#227;o da prote&#237;na Beclin na amostra de tecido mioc&#225;rdico coletada antes do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico de pacientes com CC (p&gt;0,05), mas a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na LC3-II foi estatisticamente significativa e diminuiu ap&#243;s o pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico (p&lt; 0,05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2C, 2E</xref> ). Em ambos os grupos, os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;nas das Caspases 3, 8 e 9 clivadas diminu&#237;ram em amostras de tecido coletadas ap&#243;s pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico. Os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na total de Caspase 3, 8 e 9 n&#227;o foram alterados entre os grupos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A, 3B</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo investigou os efeitos dos principais marcadores de autofagia e apoptose-Caspases, LC3 e Beclin, no mioc&#225;rdio. Al&#233;m disso, foi discutida neste estudo a quest&#227;o da extens&#227;o da prote&#231;&#227;o oferecida por duas solu&#231;&#245;es cardiopl&#233;gicas diferentes usadas para prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante a cirurgia. Detectamos diferen&#231;as na abund&#226;ncia de prote&#237;nas-chave da autofagia no mioc&#225;rdio atrial direito de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Ao nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo deste tipo na literatura. Numerosos estudos est&#227;o sendo conduzidos para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da homeostase durante a cirurgia card&#237;aca. Os estudos mais not&#225;veis neste campo est&#227;o relacionados a marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e vias g&#234;nicas al&#233;m dos mecanismos de morte celular, como autofagia e apoptose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de troponina e CK-MB indicam necrose e isquemia nos tecidos. A eleva&#231;&#227;o desses dados cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m &#233; proporcional ao grau de isquemia. Apenas uma diferen&#231;a no n&#237;vel de troponina foi encontrada entre os grupos a partir da compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados bioqu&#237;micos no soro (p=0,0072). Tanto a TnT quanto a CK-MB s&#227;o os marcadores mais importantes de dano mioc&#225;rdico. Este estudo investigou os n&#237;veis de prote&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de duas solu&#231;&#245;es de cardioplegia para determinar o dano mioc&#225;rdico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato com esses marcadores. A diferen&#231;a na troponina pode surgir em um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes; considera-se que o efeito exato pode ser obtido com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, pode ser &#250;til planejar estudos maiores para determinar a causa da diferencia&#231;&#227;o para revelar dano estrutural no mioc&#225;rdio no n&#237;vel de troponina.</p>
      <p>Prathanee et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> conduziram um estudo retrospectivo de caso-controle em pacientes com CRM. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, aplicando CS frio e solu&#231;&#227;o de cardioplegia Custodiol-HTK. Houve significativamente mais fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular espont&#226;nea ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do clampeamento cruzado no grupo Custodiol. O desfecho cl&#237;nico de doses &#250;nicas de solu&#231;&#227;o de CC anter&#243;grada em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica protegeu igualmente o CS anter&#243;grado frio repetitivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> No total, foram identificados 1.900 procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos card&#237;acos, dos quais 126 (7%) utilizaram o Custodiol e 1.774 (93%) utilizaram a CS como principal agente cardiopl&#233;gico no estudo de Viana et al. Os resultados mostraram que Custodiol pode ser conveniente e pelo menos t&#227;o seguro quanto a CS para prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em cirurgia card&#237;aca complexa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Elcik et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> mostraram que os resultados do mRNA sangu&#237;neo deram melhores resultados na cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea. Nesse estudo, ao contr&#225;rio do nosso estudo, o fato de os tempos de pin&#231;amento serem diferentes e mais longos tamb&#233;m podem motivar a compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados no sangue. Isso pode ser devido aos curtos tempos de clampeamento e &#224; falta de isquemia clara completa no tecido mioc&#225;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A apoptose pode ser respons&#225;vel por uma quantidade significativa de morte de cardiomi&#243;citos, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento e progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os dados dispon&#237;veis mostram que a apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos &#233; controversa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em cirurgia card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita, Busro et al. usaram um grupo controle composto por 55 pacientes com apenas histidina-triptofano-cetoglutarato e um grupo de tratamento de 54 pacientes com histidina-triptofano-cetoglutarato e cardioplegia terminal de sangue quente. Uma t&#233;cnica de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica foi usada para examinar Caspase 3 em amostras do &#225;trio direito. Os resultados de troponina I e Caspase-3 n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Dois tecidos do &#225;trio direito foram obtidos de 24 pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio no in&#237;cio da enxertia e 10 minutos ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o da pin&#231;a a&#243;rtica. Caspase 9 e Caspase 8 ativas foram detectadas por imunocolora&#231;&#227;o para identificar as vias de indu&#231;&#227;o da apoptose. Os investigadores conclu&#237;ram que a parada cardiopl&#233;gica com sangue quente induz apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos mediada por mitoc&#244;ndrias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em nosso grupo CS, a express&#227;o da Caspase 3 diminuiu no tecido removido ap&#243;s pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, e esse dado foi estatisticamente significativo. No grupo CC, as express&#245;es de Caspase 8 e Caspase 9 diminu&#237;ram ap&#243;s o pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, mas isso foi insignificante. Isso indica que o CC suprime a morte celular apopt&#243;tica e acredita-se que proteja contra a morte celular apopt&#243;tica. Al&#233;m disso, pensamos que a via intr&#237;nseca pode ser desencadeada no grupo CS, e ambas as vias intr&#237;nseca e extr&#237;nseca s&#227;o desencadeadas no grupo CC. Conforme resumido acima, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos na literatura comparando as solu&#231;&#245;es cardiopl&#233;gicas utilizadas para prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em n&#237;vel molecular. Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a investigar o mecanismo da apoptose no tecido mioc&#225;rdico, tanto no n&#237;vel do transcriptoma quanto no n&#237;vel da prote&#237;na.</p>
      <p>Garcia et al. estudaram se a autofagia atrial &#233; ativada em pacientes que desenvolvem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FAPO) p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. LC3B foi acentuadamente reduzido em pacientes com FAPO. A autofagia card&#237;aca prejudicada est&#225; presente em pacientes que desenvolvem FAPO ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Foi demonstrado que LC3 e BECLIN n&#227;o foram diferenciados no tecido mioc&#225;rdico ventricular esquerdo de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Quando o mecanismo de autofagia est&#225; avan&#231;ado, as prote&#237;nas autof&#225;gicas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o degradadas, explicando potencialmente a deple&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas autof&#225;gicas durante CEC mais longa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Apoiando essa informa&#231;&#227;o, os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na e transcri&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas autof&#225;gicas (Beclin-1 e LC3-II) tamb&#233;m diminu&#237;ram na falha mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) de pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica ap&#243;s explanta&#231;&#227;o de um dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Foi relatado na literatura que o mecanismo de autofagia desempenha um papel significativo na prote&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Este estudo examinou os mRNAs e a express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas de Caspases, LC3 e Beclin no tecido do mioc&#225;rdio durante a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio para determinar quaisquer diferen&#231;as entre as duas solu&#231;&#245;es cardioprotetoras (Cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea versus cardioplegia Custodiol). Nos grupos submetidos &#224; cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea e &#224; cardioplegia Custodiol, foi feita uma compara&#231;&#227;o na prote&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio via mecanismo de autofagia. As express&#245;es dos genes LC3 e Beclin n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativas em ambos os grupos neste estudo. Al&#233;m disso, de acordo com o resultado do Western Blot, a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na Beclin foi maior nos grupos de CS e CC. Al&#233;m disso, Beclin tem um papel anti-autof&#225;gico na intera&#231;&#227;o com BCL-2; portanto, pode nem sempre atuar com LC3. Afirma-se tamb&#233;m que Beclin tem um papel protetor contra doen&#231;as card&#237;acas em outros mecanismos dentro da c&#233;lula (supress&#227;o tumoral, desenvolvimento, imunidade), al&#233;m de seu papel na autofagia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, descobriu-se que Beclin &#233; armazenado em diferentes &#225;reas dentro do celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Assim, podemos considerar que o aumento da express&#227;o da prote&#237;na &#233; um indicador de que a Beclin est&#225; armazenada na c&#233;lula, embora a express&#227;o do mRNA da Beclin tenha diminu&#237;do no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as duas solu&#231;&#245;es cardiopl&#233;gicas. Nem os grupos de cardioplegia de sangue nem de Custodiol mostraram qualquer diferen&#231;a na prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos marcadores autof&#225;gicos.</p>
      <p>A busca na literatura indicou que o n&#250;mero de estudos sobre amostras de mioc&#225;rdio colhidas durante a cirurgia &#233; escasso. O n&#250;mero de estudos realizados com transcriptoma e Western Blot &#233; muito pequeno. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; nenhum estudo sobre o uso e compara&#231;&#227;o de duas solu&#231;&#245;es cardiopl&#233;gicas diferentes semelhante a este estudo. Portanto, este estudo se diferencia de outros devido a esses aspectos. Nossos achados foram relacionados &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. Seria conveniente planejar novos estudos que suportassem os resultados de nosso estudo com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes nos grupos. A maior limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes. Os resultados podem ser diferentes com um estudo multic&#234;ntrico. A segunda grande limita&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o os curtos tempos de pin&#231;amento cruzado. Longos tempos de pin&#231;amento exigir&#227;o cardioplegia adicional, e esses resultados podem variar.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo pode iluminar estudos futuros sobre o tratamento cir&#250;rgico das cardiopatias e contribuir para o desenvolvimento cient&#237;fico no tratamento dessas doen&#231;as. A autofagia tem efeitos bidirecionais como mecanismo de morte celular. N&#227;o encontramos nenhuma diferen&#231;a entre as solu&#231;&#245;es CS e CC usadas neste estudo ao examinar a morte ou sobreviv&#234;ncia celular. Por isso, acreditamos que ambas as solu&#231;&#245;es cardioprotetoras podem ser utilizadas durante as opera&#231;&#245;es, e os resultados do nosso estudo podem fazer a diferen&#231;a em futuras cirurgias card&#237;acas com esse m&#233;todo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi financiado pelo Fundo de Pesquisa da Universidade Erciyes (N&#250;mero do Projeto: TCD-2016-6339).</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Erciyes University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2015/360. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Erciyes University (Project number: TCD-2016-6339).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparison of Cardioplegic Solutions in Coronary Bypass Surgery Over Autophagy and Apoptosis Mechanisms</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5644-5442</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sener</surname>
            <given-names>Elif Funda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-4014</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hamurcu</surname>
            <given-names>Zuhal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5806-8241</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Taheri</surname>
            <given-names>Serpil</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1347-0939</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tahtasakal</surname>
            <given-names>Reyhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8879-1112</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Delibasi</surname>
            <given-names>Nesrin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0992-1415</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elcik</surname>
            <given-names>Deniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4597-6811</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mehmetbeyoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Ecmel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8877-2547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tuncay</surname>
            <given-names>Aydin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2035-3981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dal</surname>
            <given-names>Fatma</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1228-1298</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bayram</surname>
            <given-names>Keziban Korkmaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6438-8153</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gunes</surname>
            <given-names>Is&#305;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2980-8364</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Emirogullari</surname>
            <given-names>Omer Naci</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Medical Biology, Kayseri &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Kayseri &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cappadocia University Cappadocia Vocational College Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Nevsehir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiology, Kayseri &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kayseri &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Medical Faculty Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Kayseri &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Elif Funda Sener &#8226; Erciyes University &#8211; Erciyes University Medical Faculty Departmen of Medical Biology Erciyes University Medical Faculty Departmen of Medical Biology Talas 38280 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: efefunda@yahoo.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) due to myocardial ischemia causes permanent loss of heart tissue.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>We aimed to demonstrate the possible damage to the myocardium at the molecular level through the mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis in coronary bypass surgery patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>One group was administered a Custodiol cardioplegia solution, and the other group was administered a Blood cardioplegia solution. Two myocardial samples were collected from each patient during the operation, just before cardiac arrest and after the aortic cross-clamp was released. The expressions of autophagy and apoptosis markers were evaluated. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The expression of the BECLIN gene was significant in the myocardial tissues in the BC group (p=0.0078). CASPASE 3, 8, and 9 gene expression levels were significantly lower in the CC group. Postoperative TnT levels were significantly different between the groups (p=0.0072). CASPASE 8 and CASPASE 9 gene expressions were similar before and after aortic cross-clamping (p=0.8552, p=0.8891). In the CC group, CASPASE 3, CASPASE 8, and CASPASE 9 gene expression levels were not found to be significantly different in tissue samples taken after aortic cross-clamping (p=0.7354, p=0.0758, p=0.4128, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>With our findings, we believe that CC and BC solutions do not have a significant difference in terms of myocardial protection during bypass operations.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardioplegic Solutions</kwd>
        <kwd>Autophagy</kwd>
        <kwd>Apoptosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardioplegia solutions are used to arrest the heart and reduce ischemic damage in the myocardium when coronary blood flow is stopped during cardiac operations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Since Custodiol and blood cardioplegia are highly effective solutions, they have been used for a long time in open-heart surgeries. During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the heart is arrested and protected with cardioplegia solutions. This period is associated with oxygen deprivation; the heart is ischemic during CPB. The heart is reperfused at the end of CPB, and cardiac action continues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, CPB may lead to further myocardial damage caused by global reperfusion and cell death through the induction of myocardial autophagy and apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Autophagy is thought to play an absolute role in heart tissue during ischemia/reperfusion. While induction of autophagy in cardiomyocytes during ischemia has a protective effect, autophagy induced during reperfusion is thought to lead to cardiomyocyte death. Under normal conditions, metabolic stress typically stimulates apoptosis. However, in cells where the mechanism of apoptosis is impaired, the cell continues to live under hypoxic conditions. The survival of these cells is due to autophagy, but when both apoptosis and autophagy are suppressed, cell viability fails and dies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Autophagy occurs at basal levels but can be further induced by stress, such as hypoxia and nutrient depletion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The protein LC3B is an important player in the autophagic process. The activation of autophagy is reflected by increases in the abundance of key proteins of the autophagy-related genes (ATG5-12), light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin-1, and p62.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Myocardial regions with increased autophagic activity exhibit fewer apoptotic cells, suggesting that the stimulation of autophagy may prevent apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Apoptosis is required during heart development and has long been associated with many cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Apoptosis is mediated by activating caspases normally found as inactive zymogens in the cell.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Caspases can also play roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle control, and survival pathways. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated by binding ligands to cell surface receptors that recruit and activate Caspase 8, which activates the key executioner Caspase 3. Caspase 3, one of the most important executioner caspases in the convergence of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, is the main indicator of apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As the initiator caspase in the death receptor (extrinsic) apoptosis pathway, Caspase 8 proteolytically activates downstream caspases and BID. The intrinsic pathway is initiated by cytochrome c release from the mitochondrion. Caspase 9, the initiator caspase in the mitochondrial (intrinsic) apoptotic pathway, also participates in most differentiation processes in which caspase 3 has been implicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Apoptotic signaling in the cardiomyocytes of human subjects is unknown.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is triggered by numerous signaling pathways and regulated by multi-complex intrinsic and extrinsic ligands.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aims to explain how levels of Custodiol cardioplegia (CC) and blood cardioplegia (BC) solutions used to protect the myocardium during coronary bypass surgery activate the mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis at the level of mRNA and protein. Thus, we tried to evaluate intraoperative and early postoperative myocardial damage through autophagy and apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient Selection</title>
          <p>A total of 30 CBP patients were included in the study ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> ). This study is case-controlled. Patients were divided into two groups according to the order of hospitalization. The patients were divided into two groups paying attention to the type of operation procedure, age, and gender. We applied BC to one group and CC to the other group. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ). Both groups consisted of 15 patients. Considering our previous work, the sample size used in the study was for convenience.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Coronary bypass surgery was performed with these cardioplegic solutions. All patients were taking aspirin. Nine patients in the BC group and 11 patients in the CC group were using &#946;-blocker; 3 patients in the BC group and 1 patient in the CC group were using Ca channel blockers; 4 patients in the BC group and 2 patients in the CC group were taking oral diabetic medication; 1 patient in the BC group and 3 patients in the CC group were using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; 1 patient in the CC group was using &#945; and &#946; blockers. The healthy control group was not used because the patients were compared within and between the groups. All patients registered by the Erciyes University Department of Cardiovascular Surgery were evaluated for this study. Patients with acute coronary syndrome, emergency coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), chronic renal failure, previous heart surgery history, infective endocarditis, peripheral vascular diseases, and chronic inflammatory disease were excluded from the study. The ethical committee of Erciyes University approved this study. Written informed consent forms were received from the patients. This study complied with the ethical statements in the Helsinki Declaration.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Central Illustration</label>
              <caption>
                <title>: Comparison of Cardioplegic Solutions in Coronary Bypass Surgery Over Autophagy and Apoptosis Mechanisms</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220479-20479-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flow diagram of the patient selection in the study. PCR: polymerase chain reaction; RNA: ribonucleic acid.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220479-20479-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anesthesia management</title>
          <p>The same anesthesia protocol was applied to all patients. Five-channel ECG, pulse oximetry, noninvasive blood pressure, cerebral oximetry, and entropy monitoring were performed on the patients taken to the operating room. After 1.5 mg dormicum and 50 microgram fentanyl push, an invasive arterial catheter was placed in the radial artery, and an invasive blood pressure measurement was performed. After preoxygenation, 1 mg/kg propofol, 10 micrograms/kg fentanyl, and 1 mg/kg rocuronium were used in the induction. Patients with adequate entropy values were intubated. The ultrasound-guided central venous catheter was inserted. Tranexamic acid infusion at a dose of 15 mg/kg in 1 hour was followed by maintenance infused at 1.5 mg/kg/h throughout the case. Ten micrograms/kg/h fentanyl, 4 mg/kg/h propofol, and 1 mg/kg/h rocuronium were used in anesthesia management. The depth of anesthesia was adjusted between 45 and 60 entropy; if necessary, desflurane was used as an inhalation agent. Ventilator settings were TV 6 ml/kg, respiratory rate 12/min, PEEP of 5 cm/water volume, with volume control mode. If there was a decrease in cerebral oximetry, necessary interventions were performed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Surgical approach</title>
          <p>In all cases, the operative procedure included median sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass with a membrane oxygenator. Myocardial protection consisted of moderate hypothermia (30&#8211;32&#176;C), topical cooling with cold saline solution, and cold blood or CC (4&#8211;10&#176;C) administered in an antegrade fashion. CC [1000 cc, containing histidine 180 (mmol/L), tryptophan (2 mmol/L), mannitol (30 mmol/L), KCl (9 mmol/L), NaCl (15 mMol/L)] was given in a single dose. BC [containing 700 cc blood, 2 ampules of HCO<sub>3</sub>(840 mg), 1 ampule of Mg (1500 mg), 2 ampules of KCl (750 mg)] doses were repeated every 20 minutes. The last dose was given warm (37&#176;C) just before releasing the aortic cross-clamp. All distal anastomoses were performed first, after cross-clamping the aorta and infusion of the cardioplegic solution. The proximal anastomoses were done after the release of the cross-clamp.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tissue sample preparation</title>
          <p>Two myocardial tissue samples from the same site on the right atrial appendage were taken from each patient immediately before aortic cross-clamping and after releasing the clamp (end of the cardiopulmonary bypass). Tissue samples were then frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80&#176;C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RNA isolation and gene expression studies</title>
          <p>Two myocardial tissue samples (pre and post-conditioning) were taken from each patient, and total RNA was isolated using TRIZOL reagent (Roche, Germany). The quantity and quality of RNA samples were measured with a BioSpec-Nano Spectrophotometer. RNAs were stored at &#8722;80&#176;C until use. mRNA expression levels of Beta-actin ( <italic>ACTB</italic> ), <italic>Beclin, LC3, Caspase 3, Caspase 8,</italic> and <italic>Caspase 9</italic> genes were determined using LightCycler 480 II (Roche, Germany) Real-Time PCR. Each sample was run in duplicate. The expression levels of the genes were calculated by using the 2&#8722;<sup>Ct</sup>method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protein isolation and Western Blot</title>
          <p>Protein isolation was performed from myocardial tissue samples.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The total protein concentration for each sample was determined with a detergent-compatible protein assay kit (DC kit; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Aliquots containing 40 &#956;g of total protein from each sample were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a 4&#8211;20% gradient for protein separation and electrotransferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. The membranes were blocked with a blocking buffer (0.1 Triton X-100 with 5% dry milk in Tris-buffered saline&#8211;Tween 20) [TBS-T] for 60 min. After being washed with TBS-T, the membranes were probed with the following primary antibodies: LC3, Beclin-1, Caspase 3, Caspase 8, and Caspase 9 (Cell Signaling Technology). The remaining stages of the western blot were performed as stated in the study of Hamurcu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The blots were then visualized with a Chemidoc MP Imaging System (Biorad) and quantified with a densitometer using the imager application program (Bio-Rad Image Lab 5).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were presented as numbers and percentages, and group comparisons were performed using chi-square, Yates correction, and Fisher tests. The conformity of the data to the normal distribution was evaluated with histogram, q-q plots, and Shapiro-Wilk test. Intergroup comparisons of numerical variables were performed with the unpaired Student t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests. The homogeneity of variance was evaluated with Levene&#8217;s test. Two dependent samples and the Wilcoxon test were applied to compare the differences between mRNA gene expression results and protein expression levels in tissue samples taken pre and post-operatively. Two independent samples and the Mann-Whitney U test were applied to compare BC and CC group data. Data were performed using GraphPad Prism 8.0. (Version 8.0.1, San Diego, CA, USA) software. P values of &lt;5% were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient characteristics and laboratory findings</title>
          <p>Fifteen patients were included in the BC (BC) and CC groups. Males (9, 60%) and females (6, 40%) were equal in both groups. The mean age of the BC group was 59.9 &#177; 9.8 years, and the CC group was 52.7 &#177; 19.5 years; this difference was not found significant (p=0.2135). Clinical and surgical characteristics of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> , and laboratory findings are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2 (A, B)</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical and demographical features of the study group</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Clinical Findings</th>
                    <th>Blood Cardioplegia (n=15, mean&#177;SD)</th>
                    <th>Custodiol Cardioplegia (n=15, mean&#177;SD)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (mean year&#177;SEM)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">59.9&#177;9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">52.7&#177;19.5</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gender (Male n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (60%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (60%)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.645</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetus Mellitus (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (27%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (13%)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.075</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (27%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (13%)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.075</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (33%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (47%)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.224</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Height (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">164&#177;9.5</td>
                    <td align="center">167.5&#177;10.1</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">76.5&#177;12.4</td>
                    <td align="center">76.2&#177;15</td>
                    <td align="center">p&gt;0.9999</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BSA (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8&#177;0.2</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8&#177;2</td>
                    <td align="center">p&gt;0.9999</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Hemodynamic parameters</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic blood pressure</td>
                    <td align="center">121.8 &#177; 16.5</td>
                    <td align="center">123.8 &#177; 19.1</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.664</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diastolic blood pressure</td>
                    <td align="center">79.2 &#177; 11.6</td>
                    <td align="center">77.7 &#177; 13.1</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.778</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ejection fraction</td>
                    <td align="center">54.7 &#177; 5.4</td>
                    <td align="center">55.7 &#177; 6.3</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.647</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic Diameters</td>
                    <td align="center">3.49 &#177; 0.56</td>
                    <td align="center">3.32 &#177; 0.3</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.310</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diastolic Diameters</td>
                    <td align="center">5.18 &#177; 0.72</td>
                    <td align="center">4.99 &#177; 0.44</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.379</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cross Clamp duration (mean min&#177;SEM)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.4&#177;8.6</td>
                    <td align="center">63.7&#177;36.4</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.9931</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total bypass duration (mean min&#177;SEM)</td>
                    <td align="center">119&#177;28</td>
                    <td align="center">134.5&#177;53.9</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.9423</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TnT (ng/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8 (0.5-1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2 (0.16-1.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.0072</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK-MB (u/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.3 (39.5-145)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (28-50)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.0731</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Surgery</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABGX1 (n)</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABGX2 (n)</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABGX3 (n)</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABGX4 (n)</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>CABGxN: Number of bypass GRAFT; BSA: Body surface area; SD: standard deviation; SEM: standard error of mean.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A, B) Comparison of the postoperative laboratory findings of the patients in Custodiol Cardioplegia and Blood Cardioplegia groups. A) TnT levels were significantly differentiated between the groups (p=0.0072). B) CK-MB levels were not different between the groups (p=0.0731). Figures 2C-E) Expression graphs. C) Western blot membrane images of autophagy markers in Blood Cardioplegia and Custodiol Cardioplegia group. D) Beclin and LC3 gene expression level graphs in myocardial tissue samples in the groups (n=15, BO: Before aortic cross-clamping, AO: after releasing aortic cross-clamping). (*p&lt;0.05). E) Protein expressions of Beclin and LC3 in both groups.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220479-20479-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>CK-MB and TnT levels were measured in the patient&#8217;s preoperative and postoperative blood samples for biochemical parameters and compared in CC and BC groups ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A, 2B</xref> ). Preoperative levels of CK-MB and TnT were not significantly different. Our data showed that postoperative TnT levels significantly differed between the groups (p=0.0072).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Autophagic and apoptotic gene expression results in myocardial tissue</title>
          <p><italic>BECLIN</italic> gene expression in myocardial tissue samples was significant and decreased after aortic cross-clamping in the BC group ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2D</xref> ) (p=0.0078). <italic>LC3</italic> gene expression decreased after aortic cross-clamping but was insignificant ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2D</xref> ). <italic>BECLIN</italic> gene expression in myocardial tissue samples taken after aortic cross-clamping was not differentiated from myocardial tissue samples taken before aortic cross-clamping in the CC group. <italic>LC3</italic> gene expression in the myocardial tissue sample taken before aortic cross-clamping was found to be decreased when compared to the myocardial tissue sample taken after aortic cross-clamping, but this decrease was not statistically significant (p=0.7263, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2E</xref> ).</p>
          <p>The expression of <italic>CASPASE 3</italic> in the BC group was significantly lower in the tissue sample taken after aortic cross-clamping (p=0.0188, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3B</xref> ). <italic>CASPASE 8</italic> and <italic>CASPASE 9</italic> gene expressions were similar before and after aortic cross-clamping (p=0.8552, p=0.8891). In the CC group, <italic>CASPASE 3, CASPASE 8,</italic> and <italic>CASPASE 9</italic> gene expression levels were not found to be significantly different in tissue samples taken after aortic cross-clamping (p=0.7354, p=0.0758, p=0.4128, respectively).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Western Blot Results. A) Western blot membrane images of apoptotic markers in Blood Cardioplegia and Custodiol Cardioplegia group. B) Caspase 3, 8, and 9 gene expression level graphs in myocardial tissue samples in the groups (n=15, BO: Before aortic cross-clamping, AO: after releasing aortic cross-clamping). (*p&lt;0.05).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220479-20479-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>When mRNA expression levels of myocardial tissue samples were compared before and after aortic cross-clamping, <italic>BECLIN</italic> and <italic>LC3</italic> mRNA gene expression levels were not different in the BC group compared to the CC group ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of gene expression levels between myocardial tissue samples from patients with Blood Cardioplegia and Custodiol Cardioplegia</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Genes</th>
                    <th>BC (BO) (n=15)</th>
                    <th>CC (BO) (n=15)</th>
                    <th>BC (AO) (n=15)</th>
                    <th>CC (AO) (n=15)</th>
                    <th>p-value (BO/AO)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>
                        <italic>BECLIN</italic>
                      </bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.8(0.3-1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6(0.5-1.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6(0.3-0.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5(0.3-1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8943/ 0.8123</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>
                        <italic>LC3</italic>
                      </bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1(0.6-1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6(0.4-1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5(0.4-0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6(0.3-1.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3821/ 0.6934</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>The BC and CC groups&#8217; preoperative values (BO) were compared with the Mann-Whitney test. The BC and CC groups&#8217; postoperative values (AO) were compared with the Mann-Whitney test. Data are expressed as median (1st and 3rd quarter). BC: blood cardioplegia; CC: custodiol cardioplegia; BO: before aortic cross-clamping; AO: after releasing aortic cross-clamping.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western Blot Study results in myocardial tissue</title>
          <p>Beclin protein expression level in myocardial tissue samples taken after aortic cross-clamping was found to be increased, and this value was statistically significant compared to tissue samples taken before aortic cross-clamping in the BC group (p&lt;0.05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2C, E</xref> ). LC3-II protein expression levels were found to be decreased after aortic cross-clamping, but the difference was not significant. There was no difference in the expression levels of Beclin protein in the myocardial tissue sample taken before aortic cross-clamping of CC patients (p&gt;0.05), but LC3-II protein expression was statistically significant and decreased after aortic cross-clamping (p&lt;0.05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2C, 2E</xref> ). In both groups, the protein levels of cleaved Caspases 3, 8, and 9 were found to be decreased in tissue samples taken after aortic cross-clamping. Total Caspase 3, 8, and 9 protein levels were not changed between the groups ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A, 3B</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study investigated the effects of the main autophagy and apoptosis markers-caspases, LC3 and Beclin, on the myocardium. Additionally, the question regarding the extent of protection provided by two different cardioplegic solutions used for myocardial protection during surgery was discussed in this study. We detected differences in the abundance of key autophagy proteins in the right atrial myocardium of patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first study of this type in the literature. Numerous studies are being conducted for the continuation of homeostasis during heart surgery. The most remarkable studies in this field are related to inflammatory markers and gene pathways other than cell death mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Troponin and CK-MB levels indicate necrosis and ischemia within tissues. The elevation of such clinical data is also proportional to the degree of ischemia. Only a difference in the troponin level was found between the groups from the comparison of biochemical data in serum (p=0.0072). Both TnT and CK-MB are the most important markers of myocardial damage. This study investigated the heart protection levels of two cardioplegia solutions to determine myocardial damage in the early postoperative period with these markers. The difference in troponin may arise in a small number of patients; it is considered that the exact effect may be obtained with a larger number of patients. In addition, it may be useful to plan larger and different studies for determining the cause of differentiation to reveal structural damage on the myocardium at the troponin level.</p>
        <p>Prathanee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> conducted a retrospective case-control study in CABG patients. The patients were divided into two groups, applying cold BC and Custodiol-HTK cardioplegia solution. There was significantly more spontaneous ventricular fibrillation after cross-clamping was released in the Custodiol group. The clinical outcome of single doses of antegrade CC solution in CABG surgery protected myocardium equally and repetitive antegrade cold BC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In total, 1.900 cardiac surgical procedures were identified, of which 126 (7%) utilized Custodiol and 1.774 (93%) used BC as the primary cardioplegic agent in Viana et al.&#8217;s study. The results showed that Custodiol might be convenient and at least as safe as BC for myocardial protection in complex cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Elcik et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> showed that blood mRNA results gave better results in BC. In this study, unlike our study, the fact that the cross-clamp times were different and longer may also be the comparison of the data in the blood. This may be due to the short cross-clamp times and lack of complete clear ischemia in myocardial tissue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Apoptosis may be responsible for a significant amount of cardiomyocyte death, contributing to heart failure&#8217;s development and progression. The available data have shown that cardiomyocyte apoptosis is controversial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In congenital cardiac surgery, Busro et al. used a control group consisting of 55 patients with only histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate and a treatment group of 54 patients with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate and terminal warm BC. An immunohistochemistry technique was used to examine Caspase 3 in right atrial samples. The results of troponin I and Caspase-3 did not differ significantly between the groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Two right atrium tissues were obtained from 24 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting at the start of grafting and 10 minutes after the release of the aortic clamp. Active Caspase 9 and Caspase 8 were detected by immunostaining to identify the pathways of apoptosis induction. The investigators concluded that warm blood cardioplegic arrest induces mitochondria-mediated cardiomyocyte apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In our BC group, Caspase 3 expression decreased in the tissue removed after aortic cross-clamp, and this data was statistically significant. In the CC group, Caspase 8 and Caspase 9 expressions decreased after the aortic cross-clamp, but this was insignificant. This indicates that CC suppresses apoptotic cell death and is thought to protect against apoptotic cell death. Besides, we think the intrinsic pathway may be triggered in the BC group, and both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are triggered in the CC group. As summarized above, no studies in the literature compared the cardioplegic solutions used for myocardial protection at the molecular level. This is the first study to investigate the mechanism of apoptosis in myocardial tissue at both transcriptome and protein levels.</p>
        <p>Garcia et al. studied whether atrial autophagy is activated in patients who develop postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF). LC3B was markedly reduced in POAF patients. Impaired cardiac autophagy is present in patients developing POAF after coronary artery bypass surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> It was shown that LC3 and <italic>BECLIN</italic> were not differentiated in left ventricular myocardial tissue from patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. When the autophagy mechanism is advanced, autophagic proteins are also degraded, potentially explaining the depletion of autophagic proteins during longer CPB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Supporting this information, protein and transcript levels of autophagic proteins (Beclin-1 and LC3-II) were also decreased in failing left ventricular (LV) myocardium of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy after explantation of an LV assist device.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> It was reported in the literature that the autophagy mechanism plays a significant role in the protection of the myocardium. This study examined mRNAs and protein expression of Caspases, LC3, and Beclin in myocardial tissue during coronary bypass surgery to determine any differences between the two cardioprotective solutions (BC versus CC). In groups undergoing BC and CC, a comparison was made in the myocardium protection via the autophagy mechanism. The <italic>LC3</italic> and <italic>Beclin</italic> gene expressions were not statistically significant in both groups in this study. Moreover, according to the western blot result, Beclin protein expression was higher in the groups of BC and CC. Furthermore, Beclin has an anti-autophagic role in interaction with BCL-2; therefore, it may not always act with LC3. It is also stated that Beclin has a protective role against cardiac diseases in other mechanisms within the cell (tumor suppression, development, immunity) besides its role in autophagy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Also, it was found that Beclin is stored in different areas within the cell.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Thus, we may consider that the increased protein expression is an indicator that Beclin is stored in the cell even though the mRNA expression of Beclin decreased post-surgery. No difference was observed regarding myocardium protection in comparing the two cardioplegic solutions. Neither blood nor CC groups showed any difference in myocardial protection regarding autophagic markers.</p>
        <p>The literature search indicated that the number of studies on myocardium samples taken during surgery is scarce. The number of studies conducted with transcriptome and western blot is very small. Besides, there is no study on the usage and comparison of two different cardioplegic solutions similar to this study. Therefore, this study is differentiated from other studies due to these aspects. Our findings were related to myocardial protection in the early postoperative period. It would be suitable to plan new studies supporting the results of our study with a larger number of patients in the groups. The biggest limitation of this study is the small number of patients. Results may be different with a multicenter study. The second major limitation is the short cross-clamp times. Long cross-clamp times will require additional cardioplegia, and these results may vary.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study may enlighten future studies on the surgical treatment of heart diseases and contribute to scientific developments for treating such diseases. Autophagy has bidirectional effects as a cell death mechanism. We found no difference between BC and CC solutions used in this study from examining cell death or survival. For this reason, we believe that both cardioprotective solutions may be used during operations, and our study results may make a difference in future heart surgeries with this method.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This study was supported by the Research Fund of Erciyes University (Project Number: TCD-2016-6339).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Erciyes University under the protocol number 2015/360. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by Erciyes University (Project number: TCD-2016-6339).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
