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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZjZdCcwhyH6S9G3q5FYSjby</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220461</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acur&#225;cia do Ecocardiograma Transtor&#225;cico como M&#233;todo de Triagem na Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica da Investiga&#231;&#227;o da Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Farnese</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mancuzo</surname>
            <given-names>Eliane Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1779-0443</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Amorim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de do Adulto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de do Adulto, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Amorim Corr&#234;a &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de do Adulto &#8211; Av. Alfredo Balena, 190. Sala 503. CEP 30130-100, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>racorrea9@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220461</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) tem um papel de triagem no algoritmo diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP). Estudos demonstraram uma discord&#226;ncia significativa entre as medi&#231;&#245;es do ETT da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica (PAPs) e da press&#227;o atrial direita (PAD) e as obtidas pelo cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito (CCD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Comparar as medi&#231;&#245;es do ETT da PAPs e da PAD com as obtidas pelo CCD em pacientes com suspeita de HP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Pacientes encaminhados a um centro de refer&#234;ncia com probabilidade alta ou intermedi&#225;ria de PH ao ETT na admiss&#227;o hospitalar passaram por CCD. A concord&#226;ncia entre a PAPs e a PAD em ambos os procedimentos foi avaliada pelo teste de Bland-Altman. Diferen&#231;as de at&#233; 10 mmHg na PAPs e de at&#233; 5 mmHg na PAD foram consideradas dentro da variabilidade do teste. A curva de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foi constru&#237;da para determinar os valores mais precisos de PAPs e VRT associados ao diagn&#243;stico de HP pelo CCD. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos noventa e cinco pacientes. A an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman an&#225;lise revelou um vi&#233;s de 8,03 mmHg (IC 95%: -34,9 a 50,9) na PAPs e -3,30 mmHg (IC 95%: -15,9 a 9,3) na PAD. AUC da PAPs e VRT medidas pelo ETT para a discrimina&#231;&#227;o de prov&#225;vel HP foram de 0,936 (IC 95%: 0,836 a 1,0) e 0,919 (IC 95%: 0,837 a 1,0), respectivamente. Entretanto, apenas 33,4% da estimativa ecocardiogr&#225;fica da PAPs e 55,1% da PAD foram precisas, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medi&#231;&#245;es obtidas pelo CCD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O ETT tem um alto poder discriminat&#243;rio como m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico de triagem para HP, apesar de apresentar discord&#226;ncias entre os valores absolutos de PAPs e PAD, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medi&#231;&#245;es por CCD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Confiabilidade dos Dados</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Acur&#225;cia do Ecocardiograma Transtor&#225;cico como M&#233;todo de Triagem na Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica da Investiga&#231;&#227;o da Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>Gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica e da press&#227;o atrial direita medida por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e cateterismo card&#237;aco direito.</attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220461-20461-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome ampla atualmente definida pela presen&#231;a de press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAPm) acima de 20 mmHg, medidas pelo cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito (CCD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A HP aumenta a p&#243;s-carga do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), causando hipertrofia da camada medial da art&#233;ria pulmonar, dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD com redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade, o que pode levar &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita e &#224; morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A HP em si &#233; um marcador de pior progn&#243;stico. A HP foi classificada em cinco grupos de acordo com os mecanismos patog&#234;nicos subjacentes: Grupo 1: Hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP); Grupo 2: HP devido a doen&#231;as card&#237;acas do lado esquerdo; Grupo 3: HP devido a doen&#231;as pulmonares e/ou hip&#243;xia; Grupo 4: HP devido a obstru&#231;&#245;es arteriais pulmonares; Grupo 5: HP com mecanismos indefinidos e/ou multifatoriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A HP &#233; classificada ainda como pr&#233;-capilar se a PAPm for &gt;20 mmHg, a press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar (POAP) for &#10877;15 mmHg e a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) for &gt;2 UW, incluindo os Grupos 1, 3, 4, e 5 da classifica&#231;&#227;o atual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recomenda-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) em todos os casos com suspeita cl&#237;nica de HP, j&#225; que ele tem um papel fundamental como m&#233;todo de triagem para o diagn&#243;stico de HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A velocidade m&#225;xima da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (VRT) e a press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica (PAPs) estimada - obtida pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Bernoulli modificada em que <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>PAPs</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:msup><mml:mi>VRT</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>press&#227;o</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>atrial</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>direita</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>PAD</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> &#8211; constituem par&#226;metros essenciais para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da triagem em probabilidade de HP baixa, intermedi&#225;ria ou alta, sendo as &#250;ltimas duas indica&#231;&#245;es para CCD confirmat&#243;rio, principalmente em casos com suspeita de HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, estudos realizados no contexto de protocolos de pesquisa demonstraram uma discord&#226;ncia significativa na medi&#231;&#227;o da PAPs pelo ETT (ETT/PAPs) em compara&#231;&#227;o com a obtida pelo CCD (CCD/PAPs), devido &#224; subestima&#231;&#227;o e &#224; superestima&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel, que pode causar atrasos no diagn&#243;stico e no controle cl&#237;nico da HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Fora do ambiente controlado de pesquisa, em que o ETT e o CCD s&#227;o realizados de forma cega e em sequ&#234;ncia, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica usual para o diagn&#243;stico da HP, a grandeza e a dire&#231;&#227;o dessa discord&#226;ncia n&#227;o foram relatadas. Nesse contexto, foram usadas avalia&#231;&#245;es observacionais e pragm&#225;ticas para determinar a precis&#227;o de m&#233;todos diferentes para avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da HP, com o objetivo de obter dados mais representativos em uma popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o selecionada de forma n&#227;o estrita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre ETT/PAPs e CCD/PAPs, ETT/PAD e press&#227;o atrial direita no CCD (CCD/PAD) dos pacientes que foram encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em um centro de refer&#234;ncia de HP no Brasil, na condi&#231;&#227;o de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria antes do CCD e do in&#237;cio de terapias medicamentosas espec&#237;ficas para HAP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo cadastrou pacientes consecutivos que haviam sido encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica no Departamento de Doen&#231;a Vascular Pulmonar do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (DVP-HC/UFMG), em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, de setembro de 2004 a abril de 2015.</p>
        <p>Os participantes que se qualificam eram os com 18 anos de idade ou mais, que tinham suspeita cl&#237;nica e laboratorial de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) do Grupo 1, ou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica (HPTEC) do Grupo 4, com probabilidade de HP alta ou intermedi&#225;ria de acordo com o ETT, e que passaram por CCD para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Um intervalo m&#225;ximo de at&#233; 6 meses entre as datas do ETT e o CCD foi aceit&#225;vel nesse contexto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de HP devido a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca do lado esquerdo (HP do Grupo 2), associada a doen&#231;as pulmonares e/ou hip&#243;xia (HP do Grupo 3) ou com mecanismos n&#227;o claros e/ou multifatoriais (HP do Grupo 5), n&#227;o se qualificaram para o estudo, j&#225; que o CCD n&#227;o &#233; formalmente indicado para o diagn&#243;stico desses grupos de HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da UFMG (ETIC n&#186; 1.057.219/2015), e todos os participantes que concordaram em participar assinaram o Termo de consentimento livre e informado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia e cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito</title>
        <p>O ETT e o CCD foram solicitados pelos m&#233;dicos assistentes no Centro de Refer&#234;ncia em HP, de acordo com o protocolo local e foram realizados regularmente conforme a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica da unidade de cardiologia do HC/UFMG.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo ETT incluiu as vari&#225;veis VRT, PAD e PAPs, sendo esta &#250;ltima estimada pela f&#243;rmula modificada da equa&#231;&#227;o de Bernoulli <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mfenced close=")" open="(" separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:math></inline-formula> . Outros par&#226;metros de ETT que sugeriam HP e medi&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD inclu&#237;ram a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) e a varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea do VD (FAC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A PAD foi estimada pela manobra inspirat&#243;ria conforme apresentado: 3 mmHg (0 a 5 mmHg) se o di&#226;metro da veia cava inferior (VCI) fosse menor que 2,1 cm e diminu&#237;sse mais de 50%; 15 mmHg (10 a 20 mmHg) se o di&#226;metro da VCI fosse maior que 2,1 cm e diminu&#237;sse menos de 50%. Quando os crit&#233;rios n&#227;o eram atendidos, foi usado um valor intermedi&#225;rio de 8 mmHg (5 a 10 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Outros par&#226;metros de ETT que sugeriram HP foram a presen&#231;a de pelo menos duas das tr&#234;s categorias de altera&#231;&#245;es: a) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ventr&#237;culos: raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro basal do ventr&#237;culo direito/ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt;1 e/ou achatamento do septo interventricular e raz&#227;o TAPSE/PAPs &lt;0,55 mm/mmHg, representando uma medi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva de acoplamento arterial pulmonar do VD; b) art&#233;ria pulmonar: tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o na art&#233;ria pulmonar &lt;105 ms, e/ou aumento da velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar &gt;2,2 m/s, e/ou aumento do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria pulmonar &gt;25 mm; c) VCI e &#225;trio direito: VCI maior que 2,1 cm associado &#224; sua redu&#231;&#227;o &lt;50% e/ou &#225;rea do &#225;trio direito &gt;18 cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O ETT foi classificado em tr&#234;s categorias de probabilidade pr&#233;-CCD de HP: a) alta probabilidade, se a VRT fosse superior a 3,4m/s ou entre 2,9 e 3,4m/s se estivesse associada a outros sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (como acima); probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria, se a VRT estivesse entre 2,9 e 3,4m/s sem outros sinais de ETT, ou se a VTR fosse igual ou inferior a 2,8m/s associada a pelo menos um sinal adicional de ETT sugestivo de HP; e baixa probabilidade se nenhuma dessas vari&#225;veis estivesse presente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Esses dados foram obtidos a partir do primeiro ETT realizado no DVP-HC/UFMG, utilizando equipamentos dispon&#237;veis comercialmente (iE33, Epiq 7, Philips Medical Systems e Aplio 300, Toshiba Ultrasound Systems) e seguindo diretrizes padronizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia foi realizada na pr&#225;tica de rotina por quatro ecocardi&#243;grafos diferentes que oferecem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e estimativa da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar. Todos os relat&#243;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos seguiram um protocolo padronizado para avaliar pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
        <p>O CCD foi realizado na Unidade Cardiovascular do HC-UFMG, por dois profissionais com extensa experi&#234;ncia em exames. O diagn&#243;stico de HAP (Grupo 1) foi confirmado se houvesse PAPm igual ou superior a 25 mmHg em repouso e press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar (POAP), press&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo ou press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo igual ou inferior a 15 mmHg (HP pr&#233;-capilar) e resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar de 3 unidades Woods ou mais, conforme definido pelas diretrizes internacionais vigentes &#224; &#233;poca dos exames.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com HAP tiveram que ter estudos negativos para tromboembolismo pulmonar cr&#244;nico (HP do Grupo 4 &#8211; uma cintilografia pulmonar de ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o normal ou de baixa probabilidade ou angiografia pulmonar por tomografia computadorizada (APTC) negativa) e para doen&#231;as card&#237;acas do lado esquerdo (HP do Grupo 2), doen&#231;as pulmonares ou hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica (HP do Grupo 3) e HP relacionada a outras condi&#231;&#245;es diversas (HP do Grupo 5). O diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica (HPTEC) do Grupo 4 foi estabelecido pela presen&#231;a de HP pr&#233;-capilar assim como para HAP, mas associada a cintilografia pulmonar de ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o de alta probabilidade ou uma APTC positiva. No CCD, a PAD, a PAPs, a PAPm e a POAP foram registradas ao final de uma expira&#231;&#227;o normal. O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC, L/min<sup>1</sup>) foi calculado com base no m&#233;todo indireto de Fick, que estima o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>, ml/min); o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco (IC, L&#183;min<sup>1</sup>&#183;m<sup>2</sup>) foi calculado como a raz&#227;o de DC para &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal. A RVP foi calculada pela seguinte f&#243;rmula: RVP = (PAPm-POAP)/DC. Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas com refer&#234;ncia ao n&#237;vel zero na linha tor&#225;cica m&#233;dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o de dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As estat&#237;sticas descritivas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem, m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o) ou mediana (intervalo interquartil), conforme indicado. As concord&#226;ncias entre ETT/PAPs e CCD/PAPs, e ETT/PAD e CCD/PAD, foram analisadas pelo m&#233;todo de Bland e Altman, juntamente com os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV) e de repeti&#231;&#227;o (CR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A estimativa do vi&#233;s (diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias nas medi&#231;&#245;es de ETT/PAPs e CCD/PAPs, e ETT/PAD e CCD/PAD), seu desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e o limite de concord&#226;ncia 95% de concord&#226;ncia foram calculados para a prepara&#231;&#227;o do gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Esse m&#233;todo avalia o erro de medi&#231;&#227;o, calculado dividindo o desvio padr&#227;o das diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias pela raiz quadrada de dois.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O CV &#233; uma medi&#231;&#227;o de dispers&#227;o que descreve a quantidade de variabilidade de dados relacionada &#224; m&#233;dia, que foi calculada usando a seguinte f&#243;rmula: CV = DP da diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia das medi&#231;&#245;es feitas pelo ETT e pelo CCD <italic>sobre</italic> a m&#233;dia das m&#233;dias dessas medi&#231;&#245;es multiplicada por 100.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O CR expressa a varia&#231;&#227;o esperada dos resultados para 95% das medi&#231;&#245;es repetidas, e &#233; calculado da seguinte maneira: CR= DP da diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia das medi&#231;&#245;es feitas pelo ETT e pelo CCD multiplicado por 1,96.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Diferen&#231;as de 5 mmHg na PAD e de 10 mmHg na PAPs entre o ETT e o CCD foram consideradas clinicamente aceit&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A curva de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foi constru&#237;da para determinar os valores mais precisos de PAPs e VRT associados ao diagn&#243;stico de HP pelo CCD na presente coorte e para verificar a precis&#227;o do valor de ETT/PAPs &gt;36 mmHg e de VRT &#8805; 2,80m/s, os valores de corte recomendados anteriormente pela literatura para fazer a triagem de pacientes com sintomas de HP pelo ETT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O poder da amostra foi calculado usando o teste t pareado para permitir a avalia&#231;&#227;o da concord&#226;ncia das medidas PAPs entre o ETT e o CCD, usando o pacote estat&#237;stico Minitab Release 14. Para um poder estat&#237;stico de 80% na estimativa da diferen&#231;a real nas medidas de PAPs entre o ETT e o CCD, considerando uma diferen&#231;a clinicamente aceit&#225;vel de 10mmHg e um n&#237;vel alfa de 0,05, estimou-se um tamanho amostral de 90 pacientes. Um p-valor abaixo de 0,05 foi considerado significativo para todas as outras an&#225;lises. O Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, vers&#227;o 18, foi utilizado para as an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Noventa e cinco pacientes foram admitidos consecutivamente no DVP-HC/UFMG e atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no per&#237;odo de estudo. Um paciente foi exclu&#237;do porque n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel recuperar as medi&#231;&#245;es de ETT/PAPs e ETT/PAD antes do CCD. Cinco pacientes n&#227;o tiveram diagn&#243;stico confirmado de HP pelo CCD. A coorte foi composta de participantes de meia-idade, cuja maioria era de mulheres nas classes funcionais II e III. Aproximadamente dois ter&#231;os da amostra era composta de pacientes com HAP, e os demais eram pacientes com HPTEC. Nenhum paciente estava em tratamento farmacol&#243;gico para a HAP no momento dos exames ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas de linha de base da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (n=95)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>Dados*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade, m&#233;dia &#177; DP, (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">47,6 &#177; 14,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Feminino, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">66 (69,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FC NYHA, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">8 (8,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">37 (38,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">40 (42,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">10 (10,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Preval&#234;ncia de HP</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem HP, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HP, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (94,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Intervalo entre medi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o invasivas e invasivas, mediana (IIQ), dias</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">104 (62-153)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HAP, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">56 (62,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Esquistossomose</td>
                <td align="center">19 (33,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">14 (25%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center">9 (16,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de tecido conjuntivo</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">4 (7,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HIV</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HPTEC &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">33 (37,1%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>*Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (IIQ: intervalo interquartil). HPTEC: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica; CF: classe funcional (New York Heart Association); HIV: v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana; HAP: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; HP: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os dados do ETT e do CCD est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; ETT e par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (n=95)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Exames</th>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis medidas</th>
                <th>Valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">ETT</td>
                <td>PAPs, m&#233;dia &#177; DP, mmHg*</td>
                <td align="center">79,9 &#177; 24,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD, m&#233;dia &#177; DP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 4,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VRT, m&#233;dia &#177; DP, m/s*</td>
                <td align="center">3,78 &#177; 0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TAPSE, mediana (IIQ), mm</td>
                <td align="center">16 (15-18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VD-FAC, mediana (IIQ), %</td>
                <td align="center">32 (24-38)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o TAPSE/PAPs, mediana (IIQ), mm/mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">0,28 (0,19-0,39)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">CCD</td>
                <td>PAPs, m&#233;dia &#177; DP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">87,6 &#177; 27,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAPm, m&#233;dia &#177; DP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">70,2 &#177; 14,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD, m&#233;dia &#177; DP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 &#177; 5,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>POAP, mediana (IIQ), mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">10,0 (9,2 - 12,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC, mediana (IIQ), L.min<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.m<sup>&#8722;2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,46 (1,71 - 3,36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RVP, m&#233;dia (IIQ), unidades Wood</td>
                <td align="center">6,6 (5,1 - 8,2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (IIQ: intervalo interquartil). IC: &#237;ndice card&#237;aco; PAPm: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia; POAP: press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; PAPs: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o atrial direita; CCD: cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito;VD-FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea do ventr&#237;culo direito; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide; VRT: velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. *Um paciente n&#227;o apresentava regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide e foi exclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise do ETT PAPs e VRT.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Um vi&#233;s estatisticamente significativo foi determinado entre as medi&#231;&#245;es de ETT/PAPs e CCD/PAPs, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Ilustra&#231;&#227;o central</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; concord&#226;ncia entre os par&#226;metros ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ), o erro de medi&#231;&#227;o foi de 15,5 mmHg, o CV foi de 26% e o CR foi de 42,9 mmHg.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica medida por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito. *LDI: limite de discord&#226;ncia inferior; PAPs: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica; CCD: cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito; ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico; LDS: limite de discord&#226;ncia superior.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220461-20461-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Acur&#225;cia do ETT, PAPs, e VRT na predi&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar*</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Valor</th>
                <th>Sensibilidade</th>
                <th>Especificidade</th>
                <th>VPP</th>
                <th>VPN</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="2">ETT/PAPs</td>
                <td align="center">48 mmHg<sup>1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">90,7%</td>
                <td align="center">100%</td>
                <td align="center">100%</td>
                <td align="center">28,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">36 mmHg<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">97,7%</td>
                <td align="center">2,1%</td>
                <td align="center">95%</td>
                <td align="center">4,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="2">VRT</td>
                <td align="center">3,08 m/s<sup>1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">90,7%</td>
                <td align="center">100%</td>
                <td align="center">100%</td>
                <td align="center">33,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2,80 m/s<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">95,3%</td>
                <td align="center">5,4%</td>
                <td align="center">95%</td>
                <td align="center">5,7%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>PAPs: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica; VRT: velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico; VPP: Valor preditivo positivo; VPN: Valor preditivo negativo. *PAPs medida pelo cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito como a refer&#234;ncia. Para o VRT, a refer&#234;ncia foi o achado da defini&#231;&#227;o de HP pelo CCD (consulte as defini&#231;&#245;es no texto). 1- Valores de ETT/PAPs e VRT encontrados na coorte. 2- Valores de ETT/PAPs e VRT definidos pela literatura.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Ilustra&#231;&#227;o central</xref> mostram a concord&#226;ncia entre o ETT/PAD e o CCD/PAD. Um vi&#233;s significativo foi encontrado entre as medi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman da press&#227;o atrial direita medida por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito. *LDI: limite de discord&#226;ncia inferior; PAD: press&#227;o atrial direita; CCD: cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito; ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico; LDS: limite de discord&#226;ncia superior.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220461-20461-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na presente coorte, quanto mais altos os valores de ETT/PAPs e VRT, mais alto o poder discriminat&#243;rio para o diagn&#243;stico de HP pelo CCD ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Por outro lado, os valores de PAPs e VRT anteriormente recomendados como pontos de corte da probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria de HAP pelo ETT apresentaram sensibilidades mais altas em detrimento de especificidades mais baixas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A AUC da PAPs e VRT mais precisas medidas por ETT para prever a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar na coorte. * AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; VPN: valor preditivo negativo; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; PAPs: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica; VRT: velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220461-20461-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Pela defini&#231;&#227;o de acur&#225;cia adotada para PAPs (varia&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 10mmHg) e PAD (varia&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 5mmHg) no ETT em compara&#231;&#227;o com as do CCD, as estimativas de PAD e PAPs foram ruins ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> ). O ETT subestimou os valores de PAPs em 41,5% versus 25,1% (-30,4&#177;10,2 versus 15,2&#177;8,9 mmHg; p=0,04) e superestimou os valores de PAD em 33,7% versus 11,2% (11,3&#177;4,8 versus -8,4&#177;3,7 mmHg; p=0,03) nos casos em que a diferen&#231;a estava acima da varia&#231;&#227;o aceit&#225;vel pr&#233;-definida. Ilustra&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o do ETT da PAPs e da PAD em um paciente com esquistossomose associada &#224; HAP e a diferen&#231;a dessas medi&#231;&#245;es no CCD s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Diferen&#231;as clinicamente aceit&#225;veis para PAPs e PAD entre o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e o cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito. PAPs: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o atrial direita. Diferen&#231;as de 5 mmHg na PAD e de 10 mmHg na PAPs entre o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e o cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito foram consideradas clinicamente aceit&#225;veis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220461-20461-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Discord&#226;ncia entre a press&#227;o arterial pulmonar e a press&#227;o atrial direita medida por meio de ETT e CCD em paciente com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar associada &#224; esquistossomose. VCI: veia cava inferior; SIV: septo interventricular; AD: &#225;trio direito; CCD: cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; PAPs: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica; ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220461-20461-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo de centro &#250;nico buscou avaliar a acur&#225;cia do ETT na triagem de HP em pacientes encaminhados a um centro de refer&#234;ncia de HP no contexto de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. O ETT desempenha um papel fundamental no cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico do diagn&#243;stico da HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Com dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, a probabilidade de HP pelo ETT direciona a investiga&#231;&#227;o para um dos cinco grupos atuais da doen&#231;a, que exigem outros procedimentos e terapias espec&#237;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Pacientes com probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria ou alta de HP pelo ETT e com suspeita de HAP (HP do Grupo 1) ou HPTEC (HP do Grupo 4) s&#227;o encaminhados primariamente para diagn&#243;stico invasivo por CCD, pois s&#227;o candidatos ao uso de modalidades terap&#234;uticas espec&#237;ficas, como tratamento farmacol&#243;gico para HAP ou tromboendarterectomia pulmonar combinada ou n&#227;o com angioplastia pulmonar e/ou terapia medicamentosa para HPTEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo demonstra que tanto a ETT/PAPs maior que 36 mmHg quanto a VRT igual ou superior a 2,80m/s apresentam alta sensibilidade na triagem de HP em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, o que &#233; um desempenho desej&#225;vel quando um teste &#233; usado para triar o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A amostra inclu&#237;da neste estudo compreendeu todos os pacientes encaminhados ao DVP-HC/UFMG que foram admitidos consecutivamente durante o per&#237;odo do estudo e foi composta de um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes com HAP (62,9%) do que com HPTEC (37,1%). Devido ao vi&#233;s de encaminhamento, o n&#250;mero de pacientes cujo CCD foi negativo para HP foi muito baixo (5,2%). Diferentemente de relat&#243;rios de pa&#237;ses do hemisf&#233;rio norte, o <italic>Schistosomiasis mansoni</italic> &#233; nossa etiologia de HAP mais prevalente devido &#224; endemicidade dessa infec&#231;&#227;o, especialmente em nossa regi&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> No entanto, a distribui&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de idade e sexo foi semelhante &#224; de relatos de pa&#237;ses do hemisf&#233;rio norte, demonstrando o impacto da doen&#231;a em indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade mesmo em contextos epidemiol&#243;gicos diversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, a maioria dos pacientes, na admiss&#227;o, estava nas classes funcionais II e IV (52,6%). Infelizmente, o atraso no diagn&#243;stico de HP &#233; um problema mundial que contribui para o agravamento da doen&#231;a para est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita e alto risco de morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e hemodin&#226;micas invasivas das press&#245;es da c&#226;mara direita do cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A acur&#225;cia do ETT no diagn&#243;stico de HP tem sido avaliada desde a d&#233;cada de 1980. O ETT atualmente &#233; um procedimento de custo relativamente baixo, amplamente dispon&#237;vel e n&#227;o invasivo. Yock e Popp relataram uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre ETT/PAPs e CCD/PAPs em 54 pacientes (r=0,93, SEE = 8 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No entanto, h&#225; alguma discuss&#227;o sobre a adequa&#231;&#227;o do uso de testes de correla&#231;&#227;o comuns quando dois m&#233;todos distintos avaliam a mesma vari&#225;vel dependente quantitativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O m&#233;todo de Bland-Altman &#233; considerado mais adequado para esse fim. Achados de Fisher et al. mostraram um vi&#233;s significativo do ETT na estimativa da PAPs (-0,6 mmHg; limite de concord&#226;ncia de 95%: -40,0 a 38,8 mmHg) em 65 pacientes submetidos a ETT e CCD de forma cega e com intervalo de uma hora entre os testes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Dois outros estudos tamb&#233;m relataram um vi&#233;s que variou de 2,2 a 8mmHg na estimativa da PAPs pelo ETT (limite de concord&#226;ncia de 95%: -34,2 a 38,6 mmHg e -28,4 a 44,4 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise dos dados do registro REVEAL mostrou baixa acur&#225;cia do ETT pr&#233;-CCD em 57,4% das estimativas de PAPs (&gt; 10 mmHg maior ou menor que a medida do CCD) e em 36,5% das estimativas de PAD (&gt;5 mmHg maior ou menor que PAD em CCD) em exames feitos com intervalo maior que o nosso, intervalo m&#225;ximo de 12 meses entre os exames.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Entretanto, outros autores demonstraram uma melhor concord&#226;ncia entre as medidas de PAPs, mas o n&#237;vel de concord&#226;ncia na diferen&#231;a da m&#233;dia foi maior, indicando apenas uma precis&#227;o moderada das medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Embora D&#8217;Alto M et al. n&#227;o tenham encontrado vi&#233;s significativo (-0,5 mmHg) entre ETT/PAPs e CCD/PAPs com amplos limites de concord&#226;ncia (-19 mmHg a 18 mmHg), ao contr&#225;rio de outros relatos, o CCD foi recomendado por outros motivos que n&#227;o HAP (HAP: 36%; hipertens&#227;o venosa pulmonar: 40%, doen&#231;a pulmonar HP: 16%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Um grande estudo retrospectivo (n=1.695) incluiu pacientes com intervalo m&#225;ximo de cinco dias entre ETT e CCD. As principais indica&#231;&#245;es foram cardiopatia esquerda (59%), valvopatia (27%) e HAP (6%). Eles encontraram uma m&#233;dia de PAPs de 45,3 &#177; 15,5 mmHg pelo ETT e 47,4 &#177; 16,4 mmHg pelo CCD, mostrando uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas de PAPs (r = 0,87; p&lt;0,0001) e PAD (r = 0,82; p&lt;0,0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Pela an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman, houve um vi&#233;s de -2 mmHg para PAPs (95% limite de concord&#226;ncia: -18,1 a 14,1 mmHg) e um vi&#233;s de 1 mmHg para PAD (95% de limite de concord&#226;ncia: 0,1 a 1,9 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Doutreleau et al. compararam ETT e CCD, que foram realizados sequencialmente em 106 pacientes com suspeita ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de HP (intervalo m&#233;dio de 16 min). A HP n&#227;o foi confirmada em 16,9% dos pacientes, 10,4% foram diagnosticados com HP p&#243;s-capilar e 72,7% com HP pr&#233;-capilar. As correla&#231;&#245;es foram fortes (para PAPs: r=0,84; para PAD: r=0,70), e a an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman mostrou um vi&#233;s significativo de 1,4 mmHg para PAPs (limite de concord&#226;ncia de 95%: -22,6 a 25,4 mmHg) e 1,9 mmHg para PAD (limite de concord&#226;ncia de 95%: -6,1 a 9,9 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Outros autores avaliaram pacientes consecutivos e recomendaram CCD (HAP e HPTEC: 40%; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: 42%), utilizando um intervalo maior de at&#233; tr&#234;s horas entre os testes, e relataram um vi&#233;s m&#237;nimo (vi&#233;s m&#233;dio= +2,4 mmHg) entre as medidas de ETT e PAPs invasiva, mas com um amplo limite de concord&#226;ncia (-20 a +25 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s metan&#225;lises e uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica avaliaram a precis&#227;o da estimativa da PAPs pelo ETT, mas, no geral, os resultados foram inconsistentes devido a uma significativa heterogeneidade entre os estudos quanto &#224; inclus&#227;o de participantes sem doen&#231;a e outros com cardiopatia esquerda e direita. Al&#233;m disso, a maioria dos estudos empregou os testes usuais de correla&#231;&#227;o, menos apropriados como medidas de concord&#226;ncia entre testes que medem a mesma vari&#225;vel quantitativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Diretrizes internacionais publicadas recentemente atualizaram a defini&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica de HP diminuindo o valor de PAPm de &#8805; 25 mmHg para &gt; 20 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esse ajuste foi baseado nos valores relatados anteriormente encontrados em indiv&#237;duos sem HP e no crescente corpo de evid&#234;ncias do impacto progn&#243;stico de eleva&#231;&#245;es leves de PAPm (entre 20 e 24 mmHg) em alguns subgrupos de HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Entretanto, o ETT continua a ser o m&#233;todo de triagem mais apropriado para o diagn&#243;stico de HP. Nesse novo cen&#225;rio, Gall et al. avaliaram uma grande amostra retrospectiva de pacientes com HP confirmada e descobriram que o gradiente de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide atende aos novos crit&#233;rios de defini&#231;&#227;o de HP e que diminuir o limite inferior da VRT n&#227;o melhora o rendimento da triagem do ETT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo brasileiro publicado que comparou as press&#245;es obtidas pelo ETT e pelo CCD em pacientes adultos com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de HAP e HPTEC no contexto da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. O presente estudo demonstrou o alto poder discriminat&#243;rio da ETT/PAPs e da VRT para o diagn&#243;stico de HP. De acordo com nossas defini&#231;&#245;es (diferen&#231;a de at&#233; 10 mmHg para PAPs e de at&#233; 5 mmHg para PAD), apenas 33,4% das estimativas de ETT/PAPs e 55,1% de ETT/PAD foram precisas, o que foi semelhante aos resultados encontrados por Fisher et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (PAPs: 52%), Rich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (PAPs: 49,4%), e an&#225;lise REVEAL<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (PAPs: 42,6% e PAD: 63,5%). Doutreleau et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> e Venkateshvaran et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> encontraram medidas um pouco mais confi&#225;veis de PAPs (68% e 62%, respectivamente) e PAD em 79% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dire&#231;&#227;o das discord&#226;ncias, o presente estudo mostrou que o ETT subestimou a PAPs e superestimou a PAD com maior frequ&#234;ncia (PAPs: 41,5% e 25,1%; PAD: 33,7% e 11,2%) e na magnitude das diferen&#231;as absolutas (PAPs: -30,4&#177;10,2 versus 15,2&#177;8,9 mmHg; PAD: 11,3&#177;4,8 versus -8,4&#177;3,7 mmHg), todas superiores &#224;s diferen&#231;as aceit&#225;veis pr&#233;-definidas de 10 mmHg e 5 mmHg, respectivamente. Fischer et al. observaram que os valores de PAPs foram mais subestimados do que superestimados (-30&#177;16 versus 19&#177;11 mmHg; p=0,03).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Rich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e Farber et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m encontraram dados semelhantes usando o registro REVEAL (PAPs: subestimada em 30% e 20,6% no ETT, e em 34,8% e 22,5%, respectivamente; PAD: superestimada em 26,3% versus 12,4%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esse cen&#225;rio ilustra a dificuldade de se determinar a gravidade da HP e de estratificar seu risco usando apenas o ETT.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo devem ser mencionadas. Primeiramente, o tempo decorrido entre o ETT e o CCD pode levantar algumas preocupa&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, devido ao desenho observacional e aos objetivos deste estudo, o ETT e o CCD n&#227;o puderam ser realizados em um intervalo curto. Al&#233;m disso, encontramos um intervalo m&#233;dio de 3,3 meses, o que &#233; aceit&#225;vel quando pacientes com suspeita de HP s&#227;o encaminhados por n&#227;o especialistas para avalia&#231;&#227;o em centros de refer&#234;ncia em HP no contexto da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em ambiente de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Relat&#243;rios do Reveal Registry - um registro hist&#243;rico de HP &#8211; analisaram esse t&#243;pico em intervalos ainda maiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em segundo lugar, pode-se esperar alguma variabilidade entre os examinadores, uma vez que o ETT que levantou a suspeita de HP foi realizado por examinadores diferentes. No entanto, todos os exames foram realizados na mesma unidade cardiol&#243;gica do HC/UFMG e agendados regularmente no &#226;mbito do atendimento m&#233;dico habitual. Por outro lado, este estudo teve o prop&#243;sito de avaliar a consist&#234;ncia do ETT como triagem para HP fora do ambiente controlado de pesquisa. Nesse sentido, esper&#225;vamos discord&#226;ncias ainda maiores do que as relatadas na literatura. Isto posto, consideramos os presentes resultados altamente consistentes, pois reproduzem relatos anteriores e refletem, ao menos em parte, limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes aos m&#233;todos, independentemente dos contextos geogr&#225;ficos em que s&#227;o realizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o ETT desempenha um papel fundamental na avalia&#231;&#227;o de triagem de doentes com suspeita de HP e tem um alto poder discriminat&#243;rio mesmo no contexto da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica habitual. As discord&#226;ncias entre as medidas de PAPs e PAD refor&#231;am o ETT como uma ferramenta de triagem v&#225;lida e a necessidade de realizar CCD no contexto em que se recomenda um diagn&#243;stico definitivo de HP.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Camila Farnese Rezende pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de do Adulto.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Accuracy of Transthoracic Echocardiogram as a Screening Method in the Clinical Practice of Pulmonary Hypertension Investigation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Farnese</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mancuzo</surname>
            <given-names>Eliane Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1779-0443</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Amorim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de do Adulto, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ricardo Amorim Corr&#234;a &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de do Adulto &#8211; Av. Alfredo Balena, 190. Sala 503. Postal Code 30130-100, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: racorrea9@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) plays a screening role in the diagnostic algorithm of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Studies have shown a significant disagreement between TTE measurements of the systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) and right atrial pressure (RAP) and those obtained by right heart catheterization (RHC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To compare TTE measurements of sPAP and RAP with those obtained by RHC in patients being investigated for PH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Patients referred to a PH reference center with a high or intermediate TTE probability of PH upon admission were submitted to RHC. The agreement between sPAP and RAP from both procedures was assessed through the Bland-Altman test. Differences of up to 10 mmHg for sPAP and 5 mmHg for RAP were considered within the variability of the test. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to determine the most accurate sPAP and Tricuspid regurgitation maximal velocity (TRV)values associated with the diagnosis of PH by RHC. The adopted level of statistical significance was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Ninety-five patients were included. The Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias of 8.03 mmHg (95% CI:-34.9-50.9) for sPAP and -3.30 mmHg (95% CI:-15.9-9.3) for RAP. AUC for sPAP and TRV measured by TTE for discrimination of probable PH were 0.936 (95% CI: 0.836-1.0) and 0.919 (95% CI: 0.837-1.0), respectively. However, only 33.4% of the echocardiographic estimate of sPAP and 55.1% of RAP were accurate, as compared to the measurements obtained by RHC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>TTE has a high discriminatory power as a screening diagnostic method for PH despite presenting disagreements between sPAP and RAP absolute values when compared to RHC measurements.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Data Accuracy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a broad syndrome currently defined by the presence of a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) higher than 20 mmHg, established through right heart catheterization (RHC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> PH increases the afterload of the right ventricle (RV), resulting in hypertrophy of the pulmonary artery medial layer, RV dilation with reduction in contractility, which can ultimately lead to right-sided heart failure and death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> PH <italic>per</italic> se is a marker of worse prognosis. PH has been classified into five groups according to the underlying pathogenic mechanisms: Group 1 &#8211; Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); Group 2: PH due to left heart diseases; Group 3: PH due to lung diseases and/or hypoxia; Group 4: PH due to pulmonary artery obstructions; Group 5: PH with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> PH is further classified as pre-capillary if mPAP is &gt;20mmHg, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) is &#10877;15 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is &gt;2 WU, encompassing Groups 1, 3, 4, and 5 of the current classification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) is indicated in all clinically suspected cases of PH and has a critical role as a screening method for PH diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Tricuspid regurgitation maximal velocity (TRV) and estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) - obtained through the modified Bernoulli equation where <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>sPAP</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:msup><mml:mi>TRV</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>right</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>atrial</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>pressure</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>RAP</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> - constitute essential parameters for the screening classification as low, intermediate, or high degree of PH probability, the last two being indications for a confirmatory RHC, mostly in suspected cases of PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, studies made in the context of research protocols have shown a significant disagreement between the TTE measurement of the sPAP (TTE/sPAP) as compared to that obtained by RHC (RHC/sPAP), due to both underestimation and overestimation of this variable, which may lead to delays in PH diagnosis and clinical management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Outside the controlled research environment, in which TTE and RHC are performed blindly and sequentially, in the usual clinical practice of PH diagnosis, the magnitude and direction of such disagreement have not been reported. In this context, observational and pragmatic assessments have been used to evaluate the accuracy of different methods for PH diagnostic evaluation, aiming to achieve more representative data in a non-strictly selected population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The purpose of the present study was to assess the agreement between initial TTE/sPAP and RHC/sPAP, TTE/RAP, and RHC right atrial pressure (RHC/RAP) of patients who were referred for diagnostic evaluation at a public PH referral center in Brazil, under the condition of daily clinical practice before RHC and the start of specific PAH drug therapies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This study enrolled consecutive patients who had been referred for diagnostic evaluation at the Pulmonary Vascular Disease Department of the Clinical Hospital (Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas) of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (DVP-HC/UFMG, in Portuguese), in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, from September 2004 to April 2015.</p>
          <p>Eligible participants were those who were 18 years of age or older, who had a clinical and laboratory suspicion of Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) or Group 4 chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), who had a high or intermediate PH probability according to TTE, and who underwent RHC to confirm diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A maximum 6-month interval between the dates of TTE and the RHC was acceptable in this context.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Patients with a diagnosis of PH due to left heart disease (PH-Group 2), associated with pulmonary diseases and/or hypoxia (PH-Group 3) or with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms (PH-Group 5), were deemed ineligible, since RHC is not formally indicated for the diagnosis of these PH groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>This study was approved by the UFMG Ethics Committee (ETIC no. 1.057.219/2015), and all participants who agreed to participate signed the Free and Informed Consent Form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography and right heart catheterization</title>
          <p>TTE and RHC examinations were requested by the attending physicians at the PH Reference Center in accordance with the local protocol and were performed on a regular basis of clinical practice at the cardiology unit of HC/UFMG.</p>
          <p>TTE evaluation included the variables peaks of TRV, RAP, and sPAP, the third being estimated by the modified form of Bernoulli&#8217;s equation <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mfenced close=")" open="(" separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:math></inline-formula> . Other TTE parameters suggestive of PH and measures of RV function include the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and RV fractional area change (FAC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> RAP was estimated through the inspiratory maneuver as follows: 3mmHg (0-5mmHg) if the diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) was smaller than 2.1cm and collapsed more than 50%; 15mmHg (10 &#8211; 20mmHg) if the diameter of the IVC was larger than 2.1cm with a collapse of less than 50%. An intermediate value of 8mmHg (5-10mmHg) was used when these criteria were not met.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Other TTE parameters suggestive of PH were the presence of at least two of the three categories of alterations: a) regarding the ventricles: right ventricle/left ventricle basal diameter ratio&gt;1 and/or flattening of the interventricular septum and TAPSE/sPAP ratio &lt;0.55mm/mmHg, representing a non-invasive measure of RV-pulmonary artery coupling; b) the pulmonary artery: acceleration time in the pulmonary artery &lt;105ms, and/or increased pulmonary regurgitation velocity &gt;2.2m/s, and/or increased diameter of pulmonary artery &gt;25mm); c) IVC and right atrium: IVC larger than 2.1cm associated with its collapse of &lt;50% and/or area of the right atrium &gt;18 cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>TTE was classified into three categories of pre-RHC probability of PH: a) <italic>high probability</italic> , if the TRV was superior to 3.4m/s or between 2.9 and 3.4m/s if associated with other echocardiographic signs (as above); <italic>intermediate probability</italic> , if TRV was between 2.9 and 3.4m/s with no other signs of TTE, or if TRV was equal or below 2.8m/s associated with at least one additional TTE sign suggestive of PH; and <italic>low probability</italic> if none of these variables were present.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> These data were obtained from the first TTE performed in the DVP-HC/UFMG, using commercially available equipment (iE33, Epiq 7, Philips Medical Systems, and Aplio 300, Toshiba Ultrasound Systems) and using standardized guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Ecocardiography was performed in routine practice by four different echocardiographers who provide a comprehensive evaluation of RV function and estimation of pulmonary artery pressure. All echocardiographic reports followed a standardized protocol to evaluate patients with pulmonary hypertension.</p>
          <p>RHC was performed at the <italic>Cardiovascular Unit of HC-UFMG,</italic> by two professionals with extensive exam experience. Diagnosis of PAH (Group 1) was confirmed if there was an mPAP equal to or higher than 25mmHg at rest and a pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), left atrium pressure, or left ventricle end-diastolic pressure equal to or less than 15 mmHg (pre-capillary PH) and a pulmonary vascular resistance of 3 Woods Units or more, as defined by the international guidelines in effect at the time of the examinations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Additionally, PAH patients had to have negative studies for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism (PH Group 4 &#8211; a normal or low probability ventilation/perfusion lung scintigraphy or a negative computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)) and for left-side heart diseases (PH Group 2), lung diseases, or chronic hypoxia (PH Group 3), and PH related to other miscellaneous conditions (PH Group 5). Diagnosis of Group 4 chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) was established in the presence of a pre-capillary PH (as for PAH) but associated with a high probability ventilation/perfusion lung scintigraphy or a positive CTPA. In the RHC, the RAP, sPAP, mPAP, and PAWP were recorded at the end of a normal expiration. Cardiac output (CO, L/min<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> ) was calculated based on the indirect Fick method, which estimates the oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>, ml/min); the cardiac index (CI, L&#183;min<sup>1</sup>&#183;m<sup>2</sup>) was calculated as the ratio of CO to the body surface area. PVR was calculated through the following formula: PVR = (mPAP-PAWP)/CO. All measurements were obtained with reference to the zero level at the mid-thoracic line.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data distribution was verified through the Shapiro-Wilk test. Descriptive statistics were presented as frequency and percentage, mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range), as indicated. The agreements between TTE/sPAP and RHC/sPAP, and TTE/RAP and RHC/RAP, were analyzed using the Bland and Altman method, together with the coefficients of variation (CV) and repetition (CR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The estimation of bias (average differences in the measurements of TTE/sPAP and RHC/sPAP, and TTE/RAP and RHC/RAP), its standard deviation (SD) and the 95% limit of agreement were calculated for preparation of the Bland-Altman plot.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This method evaluates the measurement error, calculated by dividing the standard deviation of the average differences by the square root of two.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The CV is a dispersion measurement that describes the amount of data variability related to the mean, which was calculated using the formula: CV= SD of the average difference of the measurements made by TTE and by RHC <italic>over</italic> the mean of the averages of these measurements multiplied by 100.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The CR express the expected variation of the results for 95% of the repeated measurements, and it is calculated as follows: CR= SD of the average difference of the measurements made by TTE and by RHC multiplied by 1.96.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Differences of 5mmHg for RAP and 10mmHg for sPAP between the TTE and RHC were considered as clinically acceptable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to determine the most accurate sPAP and TRV values associated with the diagnosis of PH by RHC in the present cohort and to verify the accuracy of TTE/sPAP value &gt; 36mmHg and TRV &#8805; 2.80m/s, the formerly recommended cut-off values by the literature to screen symptomatic patients for PH by TTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The sample power was calculated using the paired t-test to allow for the evaluation of the agreement of the sPAP measurements between the TTE and the RHC, using the Minitab Release 14 statistical package. For 80% statistical power in the estimate of the actual difference in the sPAP measurements between the TTE and the RHC, assuming a clinically acceptable difference of 10mmHg and an <italic>alpha</italic> level of 0.05, a sample size of 90 patients was estimated. A p-value of lower than 0.05 was considered significant for all other analyses. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 18, was used for analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Ninety-five patients were consecutively admitted in the DVP-HC/UFMG and met the inclusion criteria in the study period. One patient was excluded because it was not possible to retrieve the TTE/sPAP and TTE/RAP measurements preceding the RHC. Five patients had no confirmed diagnosis of PH by RHC. The cohort consisted of middle-aged participants, most of whom were female and in functional class II and III. Approximately two-thirds of the sample consisted of PAH, and the remaining patients had CTEPH. No patient was on PAH drug therapy at the time of the examinations ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population (n=95)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>Data*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, mean &#177; SD, (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">47.6 &#177; 14.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Female, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">66 (69.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FC NYHA, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (38.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (42.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (10.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PH prevalence</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No PH, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PH, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (94.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Interval between noninvasive and invasive measurement, median (IQR), days</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">104 (62-153)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAH, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">56 (62.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Schistosomiasis</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (33.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idiopathic</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (25%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Congenital heart disease</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (16.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Connective tissue disease</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Portopulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HIV</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CTEPH &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">33 (37.1%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>*Data are given as mean&#177;SD or median (IQR: interquartile range).CTEPH: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; FC: functional class (New York Heart Association); HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension;PH: pulmonary hypertension.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Data from the TTE and RHC are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; TTE and hemodynamic parameters of the study population (n=95)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Exams</th>
                  <th align="left">Measured variables</th>
                  <th>Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">TTE</td>
                  <td>sPAP, mean &#177; SD, mmHg*</td>
                  <td align="center">79.9 &#177; 24.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RAP, mean &#177; SD, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 4.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TRV, mean &#177; SD, m/s*</td>
                  <td align="center">3.78 &#177; 0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE, median (IQR), mm</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (15-18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV-FAC, median (IQR), %</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (24-38)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE/sPAP ratio, median (IQR), mm/mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28 (0.19-0.39)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">RHC</td>
                  <td>sPAP, mean &#177; SD, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">87.6 &#177; 27.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>mPAP, mean &#177; SD, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">70.2 &#177; 14.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RAP, mean &#177; SD, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">9.6 &#177; 5.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAWP, median (IQR), mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0 (9.2 - 12.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CI, median (IQR), L.min<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.m<sup>&#8722;2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.46 (1.71 - 3.36)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVR, median (IQR), Wood units</td>
                  <td align="center">6.6 (5.1 - 8.2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Data are given as mean&#177;SD or median (IQR: interquartile range). CI: cardiac index; mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; PAWP: pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; sPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; RAP: right atrial pressure; RHC: right heart catheterization; RV-FAC: right ventricle fractional area change; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram. *One patient did not have tricuspid regurgitation and was excluded in the analysis of TTE sPAP and TRV.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A statistically significant <italic>bias</italic> was verified between TTE/sPAP and RHC/sPAP measurements, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> . Regarding the agreement between the parameters ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ), the measurement error was of 15.5mmHg, the CV was of 26%, and the CR was of 42.9mmHg.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Bland-Altman plot of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure measured by transthoracic echocardiogram and right heart catheterization. LLA: lower limit of agreement; sPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; RHC: right heart catheterization; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram; ULA: upper limit of agreement.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220461-20461-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Accuracy of Transthoracic Echocardiogram as a Screening Method in the Clinical Practice of Pulmonary Hypertension Investigation</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Bland-Altman plot of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure and of right atrial pressure measured by transthoracic echocardiogram and right heart catheterization.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220461-20461-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Accuracy of TTE, sPAP, and TRV to predict pulmonary hypertension*</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Value</th>
                  <th>Sensitivity</th>
                  <th>Specificity</th>
                  <th>PPV</th>
                  <th>NPV</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="1" rowspan="2">TTE/sPAP</td>
                  <td align="center">48 mmHg<sup>1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">90.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                  <td align="center">28.6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">36 mmHg<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">97.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1%</td>
                  <td align="center">95%</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="1" rowspan="2">TRV</td>
                  <td align="center">3,08 m/s<sup>1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">90.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                  <td align="center">33.3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2,80 m/s<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">95.3%</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4%</td>
                  <td align="center">95%</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>sPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram; PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value. *sPAP measured by right heart catheterization as the reference. For TRV, the reference was the finding of the RHC definition of PH (see the text for definitions). 1- TTE/sPAP and TRV values found in the cohort. 2- TTE/sPAP and TRV values formerly defined in the literature.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> show the agreement between the TTE/RAP and RHC/RAP. A significant bias was found between the measurements.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Bland-Altman plot of right atrial pressure measured by transthoracic echocardiogram and right heart catheterization. LLA: lower limit of agreement; RAP: right atrial pressure; RHC: right heart catheterization; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram; ULA: upper limit of agreement.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220461-20461-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the present cohort, the higher the values of TTE/sPAP and TRV the greater the discriminatory power for the RHC diagnosis of PH ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). Conversely, the formerly recommended sPAP and TRV values as the cut-off points of intermediate TTE probability of PAH had higher sensitivities at the expense of lower specificities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The AUC of the most accurate sPAP and TRV as measured by TTE to predict pulmonary hypertension in the cohort. AUC: area under the curve; NPV: negative predictive value; PPV: positive predictive value; sPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220461-20461-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>By the adopted definition of accuracy for sPAP (variation up to 10mmHg) and RAP (variation up to 5mmHg) in TTE as compared to those of RHC, the estimates of RAP and sPAP were poor ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> ). TTE underestimated the sPAP values by 41.5% <italic>versus</italic> 25.1% (-30.4&#177;10.2 <italic>versus</italic> 15.2&#177;8.9mmHg; p=0.04) and overestimated the RAP values by 33.7% <italic>versus</italic> 11.2% (11.3&#177;4.8 <italic>versus</italic> -8.4&#177;3.7mmHg; p=0.03) in cases in which a difference was above the pre-defined acceptable variation. An illustration of TTE evaluation of estimated sPAP and RAP in a patient with Schistosomiasis associated with PAH and the difference of these measurements in the RHC are provided in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Differences clinically acceptable for sPAP and RAP between the transthoracic echocardiogram and right heart catheterization. sPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; RAP: right atrial pressure. *Differences of 5mmHg for RAP and 10mmHg for sPAP between the transthoracic echocardiogram and the right heart catheterization were considered to be clinically acceptable.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220461-20461-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Disagreement between systolic pulmonary artery pressure and right atrial pressure measured through TTE and RHC in a patient with Schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension. IVC: inferior vena cava; IVS: interventricular septum; RA: right atrium; RHC: right heart catheterization; RV: right ventricle; sPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220461-20461-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present single-center study sought to evaluate the accuracy of TTE in the screening of PH in patients referred to a PH reference center in the context of daily clinical practice. TTE plays a pivotal role in the clinical scenario of the diagnosis of PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> With clinical and laboratory data, TTE probability of PH directs the investigation to one of the current five groups of the disease, which requires other specific procedures and therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Patients who have an intermediate or high TTE probability of PH and are presumed to have PAH (PH Group 1) or CTEPH (PH Group4) are primarily referred for invasive diagnosis through RHC as they are candidates for using specific therapeutic modalities, such as PAH drug therapy or combined pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, and/or pulmonary angioplasty, and/or drug CTEPH therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study demonstrates that both TTE/sPAP of more than 36 mmHg and TRV of 2.80m/s or more have high sensitivities in the screening of PH in symptomatic patients, which is a desirable performance when a test is used to screen the diagnosis of severe diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The sample enrolled in this study encompassed all patients referred to the DVP-HC/UFMG that were consecutively admitted during the study period and consisted of a larger number of PAH (62.9%) than those with CTEPH (37.1%). Due to referral <italic>bias</italic> , the number of patients whose RHC was negative for PH was very small (5.2%). Unlike reports from northern countries, <italic>Schistosomiasis mansoni</italic> is our most prevalent PAH etiology due to the endemicity of this infection, particularly in our region.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> However, the average age and sex distribution were similar to reports from countries in the northern hemisphere, demonstrating the impact of the disease in middle-aged individuals even in diverse epidemiological contexts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Likewise, most of the patients, upon admission, were in FC III and IV (52.6%). Unfortunately, the delay in PH diagnosis is a global issue that contributes to the worsening of the disease to advanced stages, including right heart failure and a high risk of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison between echocardiographic and invasive hemodynamic measurements of right heart chamber pressures</title>
          <p>The accuracy of the TTE in providing the diagnosis of PH has been evaluated since the 1980&#8217;s. TTE is currently a relatively low cost, largely available, and non-invasive procedure. Yock and Popp reported a good correlation between TTE/sPAP and RHC/sPAP in 54 patients (r=0.93, SEE = 8mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
          <p>However, there is some discussion about the appropriateness of using common correlation tests when two distinct methods evaluate the same quantitative dependent variable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The Bland-Altman method is considered more appropriate for this purpose. Findings from Fisher et al. showed a significant <italic>bias</italic> of the TTE in sPAP estimation (-0.6mmHg; 95% limit of agreement: -40.0 to 38.8mmHg) in 65 patients who underwent TTE and RHC in a blinded design and with a one-hour interval between the tests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Two other studies also reported a <italic>bias</italic> that ranged from 2.2 to 8mmHg in the TTE estimation of sPAP (95% limit of agreement: -34.2 to 38.6mmHg and -28.4 to 44.4mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The analysis of the REVEAL registry data showed a low accuracy of the pre-RHC TTE in 57.4% of sPAP estimates (&gt; 10mmHg higher or lower than the RHC measure) and in 36.5% of RAP estimates (&gt;5mmHg higher or lower than RAP in RHC) in examinations made within a larger interval than ours, a maximum 12-month interval between the exams.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>However, other authors have demonstrated a better agreement between measurements of sPAP, but the level of agreement in the difference in the mean was larger, indicating only a moderate precision of the echocardiographic measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Although D&#8217;Alto M et al. found no significant bias (-0,5mmHg) between TTE/sPAP and RHC/sPAP with broad limits of agreement (-19mmHg to 18mmHg), in contrast to other reports, RHC was recommended for reasons other than PAH (PAH: 36%; pulmonary venous hypertension: 40%; lung disease PH:16%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A large retrospective study (n=1695) enrolled patients who had a maximum of five days of interval between TTE and RHC. The main indications were left heart disease (59%), valve disease (27%), and PAH (6%). They found a mean sPAP of 45.3 &#177; 15.5mmHg by TTE and 47.4 &#177; 16.4mmHg by RHC, showing a strong correlation between measurements of sPAP(r = 0.87; p&lt;0.0001) and RAP (r = 0.82; p&lt;0.0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Through the Bland-Altman analysis, there were a -2mmHg <italic>bias</italic> for sPAP (95% limit of agreement: -18.1 to 14.1mmHg) and a 1mmHg <italic>bias</italic> for RAP (95% limit of agreement: 0.1 to 1.9mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Doutreleau et al. compared TTE and RHC, which were sequentially performed in 106 patients with suspected or confirmed PH (mean delay, 16 min). PH was not confirmed in 16.9% of the patients, 10.4% were diagnosed with post-capillary PH, and 72.7% with pre-capillary PH. The correlations were strong (for sPAP: r=0.84; for RAP: r=0.70), and the Bland-Altman analysis showed a significant <italic>bias</italic> of 1.4mmHg for sPAP (95% limit of agreement: -22.6 to 25.4mmHg) and 1.9mmHg for RAP (95% limnit of agreement: -6.1 to 9.9mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Other authors evaluated consecutive patients and recommended RHC (PAH and CTEPH: 40%; heart failure: 42%), using a larger interval of up to three hours between the tests, and reported a minimal <italic>bias</italic> (mean bias = +2.4mmHg) between the TTE and invasive sPAP measures but with a broad limit of agreement (-20 to +25mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Three meta-analysis and one systematic review evaluated the accuracy of the estimation of sPAP by TTE, but, overall, the results were inconsistent due to a significant heterogeneity among the studies regarding the inclusion of participants without disease and others with left and right heart disease. Moreover, most studies employed the usual correlation tests, which are less appropriate as agreement measurements between tests that measure the same quantitative variable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Recently published international guidelines have updated the hemodynamic definition of PH by lowering the mPAP value from &#8805; 25 mmHg to &gt; 20 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This adjustment was based on the previously reported values found in non-PH individuals and on the increasing body of evidence of the prognostic impact of even mild elevations of mPAP (between 20 and 24 mmHg) in some PAH subgroups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nevertheless, TTE remains the most appropriate screening method for PH diagnosis. In this new scenario, Gall and colleagues evaluated a large retrospective sample of PH-confirmed patients and found that the tricuspid regurgitation gradient meets the new definition PH criteria and that decreasing the lower limit of TRV does not improve the screening yield of TTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
          <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Brazilian published study that compared TTE and RHC pressures in adult patients with a suspected diagnosis of PAH and CTEPH in the context of daily clinical practice. The present study showed a high discriminatory power of the TTE/sPAP and TRV for the diagnosis of PH. According to our definitions (difference of 10mmHg for sPAP and 5mmHg for RAP), only 33.4% of the TTE/sPAP and 55.1% of TTE/RAP estimations were accurate, which was similar to the results found by Fisher et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (sPAP: 52%), Rich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (sPAP: 49.4%), and REVEAL analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (sPAP: 42.6% and RAP: 63.5%). Doutreleau et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> and Venkateshvaran et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> found somewhat more reliable measurements of sPAP (68% and 62%, respectively) and RAP in 79% of the patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Regarding the direction of the disagreements, the present study showed that TTE underestimated the sPAP and overestimated the RAP with higher frequency (sPAP: 41.5% and 25.1%; RAP: 33.7% and 11.2%) and in the magnitude of the absolute differences (sPAP:-30.4&#177;10.2 versus 15.2&#177;8.9mmHg; RAP:11.3&#177;4.8 versus -8.4&#177;3.7mmHg), all higher than the pre-defined acceptable differences of 10mmHg and 5mmHg, respectively. Fisher et al. found that sPAP values were more underestimated than overestimated (-30&#177;16 versus19&#177;11mmHg; p=0.03).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Rich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and Faber et al<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> also found similar data using the REVEAL registry (sPAP: underestimated in 30% and 20.6% in the TTE, and in 34.8% and 22.5%, respectively; RAP: overestimated in 26.3% versus 12.4%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This scenario illustrates how difficult it is to ascertain the severity of PH and to stratify its risk using only TTE.</p>
          <p>Some limitations of this study should be mentioned. First, the time elapsed between TTE and RHC may raise some concern. However, due to the observational design and the objectives of this study, TTE and RHC could not be performed in a short interval period. Moreover, we found a 3.3-month average interval, which is acceptable when suspected PH patients are referred by non-specialists for evaluations at PH reference centers within the context of clinical practice in a public health environment. Reports from the Reveal Registry - a landmark PH registry &#8211; analyzed this issue in even more larger intervals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Second, some variability between examiners might be expected, since the TTE that raised the suspicion of PH was performed by different examiners. However, all of tests were performed in the same cardiologic unit of HC/UFMG and were regularly scheduled in the context of usual medical care. Conversely, this study had the very purpose of evaluating the consistency of the TTE as a screening for PH out of the controlled research environment. In in this sense, we expected even larger disagreements than those reported in the literature. In this regard, we consider the present results to be highly consistent, since they reproduce previous reports and reflect, at least in part, inherent limitations of the methods, regardless of the geographic contexts in which they are performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, TTE plays a key role in the screening evaluation of PH-suspected patients and has a high discriminatory power even in the context of usual clinical practice. The disagreements between sPAP and RAP measurements reinforce TTE as a valid screening tool and the need to perform RHC in the context in which a definitive PH diagnosis is recommended.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Camila Farnese Rezende, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de do Adulto.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais under the protocol number CAAE: 43743415.7.0000.5149. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
