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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">SzfGxTHQnqYfpCD5tnjVQbQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220460</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Incid&#234;ncia e Estudo Morfol&#243;gico de Pontes Mioc&#225;rdicas no Estado do Cear&#225;: Um Estudo Cadav&#233;rico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0865-9374</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lucena</surname>
            <given-names>Jalles Dantas de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Hudson Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanders</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Victor Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Jonathan Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Collyer</surname>
            <given-names>Michelly Carneiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Cec&#237;lia de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Helson Freitas da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Cesar Campos</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Santa Maria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cajazeiras</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Santa Maria, Cajazeiras, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jalles Dantas Lucena &#8226; Centro Universit&#225;rio Santa Maria &#8211; Rodovia BR 230, Km 504, s/n. CEP 58900-000, Cajazeiras PB &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jallesdantas@gmail.com</email> , <email>jallesdantas@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220460</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> As pontes mioc&#225;rdicas (PM) s&#227;o anomalias anat&#244;micas com poss&#237;veis repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, e, portanto, seu entendimento merece aten&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Para determinar a preval&#234;ncia e caracterizar a PM em cora&#231;&#245;es humanos do estado do Cear&#225;. M&#233;todos: Foram usados cinquenta cora&#231;&#245;es de cad&#225;veres humanos adultos da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Brasil. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram dissecados para identificar PMs que passam sobre parte da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. O segmento da art&#233;ria (proximal, m&#233;dio e distal) com a ponte foi identificado. O di&#226;metro externo da art&#233;ria nos pontos proximal e distal da PM foi medido. O comprimento e a espessura da PM tamb&#233;m foram medidos com um calibre eletr&#244;nico. O &#237;ndice de massa muscular (IMM) da PM foi calculado como o produto do comprimento pela espessura expresso em mil&#237;metros. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A PM foi confirmada em 40% da amostra. Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o da amostra tinha apenas 1 PM. A PM foi encontrada mais frequentemente sobre o ramo interventricular anterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (59,25%, p = 0,02), e sua preval&#234;ncia em outros ramos foi muito mais baixa (22,23%). Os segmentos das art&#233;rias mais afetados foram o superior (44,44%) e o m&#233;dio (40,74%). O di&#226;metro m&#233;dio das art&#233;rias proximais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PM foi de 2,38 &#177; 0,97 mm (intervalo = 0,78 - 5,15 mm), e o di&#226;metro distal da PM foi de 1,71 &#177; 0,75 mm (intervalo = 0,42 - 3,58 mm). O comprimento foi medido como m&#233;dia = 8,55 &#177; 5,27 mm, e a espessura m&#233;dia foi de 0,89 &#177; 0,33 mm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A alta preval&#234;ncia de PM tem mais probabilidade de afetar o sistema da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda com IMM maior do que outros ramos afetados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Anatomia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ponte Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Anormalidades Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Incid&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A ponte mioc&#225;rdica (PM) &#233; uma anomalia arterial coron&#225;ria cong&#234;nita definida pelo envolvimento parcial de um ramo card&#237;aco arterial por fibras musculares mioc&#225;rdicas, formando uma ponte muscular sobre os vasos envolvidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A PM pode ser encontrada em qualquer art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica; entretanto, h&#225; uma preval&#234;ncia maior ao longo do curso do ramo interventricular anterior (RIA) da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (ACE) tamb&#233;m chamada de art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (ADAE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essa varia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica &#233; mais comum no segmento m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria descendente anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma meta-an&#225;lise recente demonstrou uma preval&#234;ncia m&#233;dia da PM de 19%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Entretanto, dados sobre a frequ&#234;ncia da PM geralmente s&#227;o bastante vari&#225;veis na literatura, dependendo dos m&#233;todos usados para seu diagn&#243;stico. Sobre isso, a preval&#234;ncia tende a ser mais alta ao se considerar diagn&#243;sticos post-mortem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Atualmente, o uso de novas t&#233;cnicas de exames complementares, tais como ultrassom intravascular e tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca, aumentou a sensibilidade para detec&#231;&#227;o da PM, e permitiu uma caracteriza&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica e funcional desses achados anat&#244;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a da PM &#233; clinicamente relevante devido &#224; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com sintomas de angina, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) ou mesmo morte s&#250;bita,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e tamb&#233;m &#233; um fator de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos de isquemia associados &#224; PM ainda s&#227;o controversos e mal entendidos devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es da an&#225;lise in vivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Depois de o diagn&#243;stico ser estabelecido, as medidas terap&#234;uticas s&#227;o essencialmente medicamentosas e tentam manter a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em valores basais, considerados abordagens de primeira linha.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O implante de stent sob a PM &#233;, basicamente, uma neglig&#234;ncia hoje em dia para uma variedade de complica&#231;&#245;es vitais agudas e de longo prazo, enquanto a descompress&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#233; discut&#237;vel e oferecida em poucos centros altamente especializados; portanto, n&#227;o &#233; vi&#225;vel para todos globalmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nessa perspectiva, &#233; necess&#225;rio investigar a preval&#234;ncia da PM nas popula&#231;&#245;es, por ser um achado relativamente comum e um importante fator de risco para patologias cardiovasculares com altas taxas de morbimortalidade, como arteriosclerose e IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a preval&#234;ncia da PM nos ramos das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em cora&#231;&#245;es dissecados no estado do Cear&#225; no nordeste do Brasil. Este trabalho tamb&#233;m se prop&#245;e a analisar o comprimento e a espessura das pontes, e se h&#225; uma diferen&#231;a no valor do &#237;ndice de massa muscular da PM localizada acima do RIA e as pontes localizadas acima de outros ramos das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram obtidos cinquenta cora&#231;&#245;es de cad&#225;veres humanos adultos, dentro da conveni&#234;ncia do Departamento de Anatomia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Brasil. O n&#250;mero de cora&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foi mais alto devido &#224; escassez de esp&#233;cimes dispon&#237;veis. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram preservados em glicerina at&#233; a an&#225;lise. Informa&#231;&#245;es, incluindo idade, g&#234;nero, etnia, hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico e causa da morte n&#227;o puderam ser obtidas devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de registros.</p>
      <p>Os esp&#233;cimes foram selecionados a partir de uma amostragem intencional n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios: cora&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a do tronco arterial principal e seus ramos preservados tecido adiposo subepic&#225;rdico, m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco preservado, garantindo a visualiza&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas de cada esp&#233;cime.</p>
      <p>O epic&#225;rdio e a gordura epic&#225;rdica foram dissecados com cuidado. A partir da&#237;, a origem e o trajeto das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e seus ramos importantes foram delineados com cuidado. Todos foram seguidos cuidadosamente para identificar qualquer PM passando sobre as art&#233;rias. Se a PM fosse detectada, o segmento da art&#233;ria (proximal, m&#233;dio e distal) com a ponte era identificado. O di&#226;metro externo da art&#233;ria nos pontos proximal e distal imediatos da PM foi medido. Em seguida, o comprimento e a espessura da PM tamb&#233;m foram medidos com a ajuda de um calibre eletr&#244;nico preciso (DIGIMESS&#174;, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) com precis&#227;o de 0,01 mm. O &#237;ndice de massa muscular da PM foi calculado como o produto do comprimento pela espessura expresso em mil&#237;metros.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados em planilha de Excel e analisados estatisticamente usando o GraphPad Prism, vers&#227;o 6.00, for Windows, California, EUA. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e foram analisadas como normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em tabelas, com a frequ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis estudadas. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis foram realizadas usando o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. Valores em p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. O estudo anat&#244;mico foi realizado ap&#243;s a autoriza&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Cear&#225;, Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de PM foi confirmada em 40% dos cora&#231;&#245;es (n=20). Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o da amostra (n=16, 32%) tinha apenas uma PM. nosso estudo tamb&#233;m encontrou 4% (n=2) com duas PM (em art&#233;rias diferentes) e 2% (n=1) com tr&#234;s PM (2 PM acima do RIA) e quatro PM (2 PM acima do RIA) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Incid&#234;ncia e Estudo Morfol&#243;gico de Pontes Mioc&#225;rdicas no Estado do Cear&#225;: Um Estudo Cadav&#233;rico</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Principais achados deste artigo. PM: ponte mioc&#225;rdica; RIA: ramo interventricular anterior; RIP: ramo interventricular posterior; RME: ramo marginal esquerdo.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220460-20460-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Vinte e sete PM foram identificadas na amostra, mais comumente encontradas acima do RIA (n=16, 59,25%). A frequ&#234;ncia de pontes acima de outros ramos foi bem menor, com 22,23% (n=6) acima do ramo interventricular posterior (RIP) e 14,82% (n=4) acima do ramo marginal esquerdo (RME) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o de pontes mioc&#225;rdicas (n=27) acima das art&#233;rias nos cora&#231;&#245;es (n=50)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vaso sangu&#237;neo</th>
                <th>Cora&#231;&#245;es com PM %</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de PM</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>RIA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">32,0</td>
                <td align="center">16 (59,25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>RIP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">12,0</td>
                <td align="center">6 (22,23)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>RME</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">4 (14,82)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>RVP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>27 (100,0)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>PM: ponte mioc&#225;rdica; RIA: ramo interventricular anterior; RIP: ramo interventricular posterior; RME: ramo marginal esquerdo; RVP: ramo ventricular posterior.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As pontes mioc&#225;rdicas estavam presentes principalmente nos segmentos superior (44,44%) e m&#233;dio (40,74%) das art&#233;rias ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref> ). O di&#226;metro m&#233;dio das art&#233;rias proximais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s pontes mioc&#225;rdicas foi de 2,38 &#177; 0,97 mm (intervalo = 0,78 - 5,15 mm), e o di&#226;metro distal em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s pontes mioc&#225;rdicas foi de 1,71 &#177; 0,75 mm (intervalo = 0,42 - 3,58 mm).</p>
      <p>O comprimento m&#233;dio das pontes mioc&#225;rdicas foi de 8,55 &#177; 5,27 mm (intervalo = 2,79 - 22,95 mm), enquanto a espessura m&#233;dia foi de 0,89 &#177; 0,33 mm (intervalo = 0,37-1,83 mm) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref> . Al&#233;m disso, o valor do &#237;ndice de massa muscular da ponte mioc&#225;rdica (IMMPM) variou de um m&#237;nimo de 1,70 mm a um m&#225;ximo de 28,69 mm e totalizou 8,19 &#177; 7,30 mm nas tr&#234;s art&#233;rias ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Aspectos morfol&#243;gicos de pontes mioc&#225;rdicas (N=27)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Comprimento (mm)</th>
                <th>Espessura (mm)</th>
                <th>IMMPM</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">8,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
                <td align="center">8,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desvio padr&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">5,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">7,30</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IMMPM: &#237;ndice de massa muscular da ponte mioc&#225;rdica (comprimento x espessura).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O maior comprimento m&#233;dio das pontes mioc&#225;rdicas foi localizado acima do RIA, que foi de 10,76 &#177; 5,69 mm (variando de um m&#237;nimo de 3,97 mm a um m&#225;ximo de 22,95 mm), e as duas pontes mais longas (19,92 mm e 22,95 mm, respectivamente) localizavam-se acima dessa art&#233;ria ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ). A maior espessura m&#233;dia ocorreu nas pontes localizadas acima do RIA, que totalizaram 1,0 &#177; 0,32 mm, com ampla faixa de m&#237;nimo de 0,54 mm a m&#225;ximo de 1,83 mm, que incluiu a ponte mais espessa e uma das duas pontes mais finas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma ponte mioc&#225;rdica (PM). PM: ponte mioc&#225;rdica; RIA: ramo interventricular anterior.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220460-20460-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Neste estudo, o IMMPM da PM tamb&#233;m apresentou o maior valor m&#233;dio nas pontes localizadas acima do RIA em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo das pontes localizadas em outros ramos (p=0,02) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Diferen&#231;as dos valores m&#233;dios do IMMPM entre pontes localizadas acima do RIA e as localizadas em outros ramos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th scope="col">N</th>
                <th scope="col">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th scope="col">DP</th>
                <th scope="col">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">IMMPM</td>
                <td align="center">RIA</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">11,18</td>
                <td align="center">8,18</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Outros ramos</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">3,83</td>
                <td align="center">1,75</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>N: n&#250;mero de observa&#231;&#245;es; RIA: ramo interventricular anterior; IMMPM: &#237;ndice de massa muscular da ponte mioc&#225;rdica; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo obteve uma preval&#234;ncia de PM (40%) semelhante a outro estudo realizado com popula&#231;&#227;o do nordeste do Brasil (40,4%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Entretanto, essa preval&#234;ncia foi mais alta do que a encontrada em outros estudos: 1,44%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> 3,9%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e 19%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> na literatura. Sabe-se que o diagn&#243;stico de PM depende do m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia m&#233;dia de 1,9% para angiografia (n = 2.141 de 110.203 casos avaliados), 18,9% para angiotomografia (CCTA) (n = 8.313 casos de 43.904 avaliados) e 32,9% para aut&#243;psias (n = 1.442 em 4.384 casos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Portanto, o valor obtido &#233; corroborado por estudos que observaram uma preval&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Essa ampla discrep&#226;ncia nos valores de preval&#234;ncia pode ser explicada pelos diferentes m&#233;todos utilizados para determinar o diagn&#243;stico de PM e pela amostra avaliada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Apesar do contraste na preval&#234;ncia da PM, exames de imagem, tais como angiografia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> ultrassom intravascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e CCTA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> s&#227;o usados para definir o diagn&#243;stico in vivo.</p>
      <p>Em quase metade dos casos, o diagn&#243;stico s&#243; &#233; poss&#237;vel por meio de aut&#243;psia, principalmente em altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas menores que 200 micr&#244;metros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Portanto, estudos post-mortem demonstram uma sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica maior do que os m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos indiretos (exames de imagem)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e um &#237;ndice mais baixo de falsos negativos, devido ao acesso visual, possibilidade de dissec&#231;&#227;o, manipula&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, e menor impacto da t&#233;cnica e experi&#234;ncia do avaliador. A PM &#233; uma anomalia cong&#234;nita com uma incid&#234;ncia relatada marcadamente vari&#225;vel na aut&#243;psia (4,7% &#8211; 86%), provavelmente relacionada a regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica. Esses dados foram coletados da aut&#243;psia realizada em 100 cora&#231;&#245;es com registros m&#233;dicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A PM &#233; um fator de risco de aterosclerose,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> especialmente em pacientes com diabetes mellitus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Essa rela&#231;&#227;o &#233; especialmente importante para considerar o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares mais graves, tais como o IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Entretanto, o diagn&#243;stico de PM apresenta um progn&#243;stico considerado bom, com varia&#231;&#245;es de 0 - 5% de mortalidade, sem IAM, em acompanhamentos de 2 - 5 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses exames complementares, como o ultrassom intravascular e a tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca, tem aumentado a sensibilidade para detec&#231;&#227;o de PM in vivo, bem como possibilitando melhores caracteriza&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais desses achados anat&#244;micos em pacientes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> permitindo diagn&#243;stico precoce, tratamento e melhor qualidade de vida, mesmo em pacientes sem sintomas cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O comprimento da PM variou de 2,79 a 22,95 mm, com m&#233;dia de 8,55 mm. Esse padr&#227;o foi mais baixo do que o encontrado na literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> com uma m&#233;dia de 19,3 mm em uma an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> &#201; sabido que o comprimento &#233; vari&#225;vel, mesmo quando se considera o m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> provavelmente devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es da t&#233;cnica. Para os m&#233;todos de angiografia e angiotomografia, foi relatado um comprimento m&#233;dio de 21,0 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A espessura m&#233;dia foi de 0,89 mm, maior que os 0,46 mm obtidos em um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e menor que os achados de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica (3,2 mm e 3 mm em aut&#243;psias e CCTA/angiografias, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O IMMPM foi quase 3x mais alto no tronco interventricular anterior da ACE do que em outros troncos coron&#225;rios. O IMMPM &#233; calculado pelo produto do comprimento da PM e a espessura do halo (profundidade). Quando separados, comprimento<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e espessura<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> est&#227;o relacionados &#224; sintomatologia cardiovascular do indiv&#237;duo; entretanto, comprimentos ou espessuras grandes apresentam um risco mais alto de express&#227;o de sintomas cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, no que diz respeito ao IMMPM, existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre altos escores e disfun&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, mas esse &#237;ndice pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o invasivas sobre o impacto das PM nos vasos afetados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Portanto, o RIA expressa um progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico pior.</p>
      <p>Os estudos demonstram que as PM que passam sobre o vaso sangu&#237;neo poderiam ter uma grande capacidade de contra&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, uma grande for&#231;a de compress&#227;o, que seria exercida na parede de um vaso sangu&#237;neo. Embora algumas PM possam ser assintom&#225;ticas, sua presen&#231;a geralmente causa doen&#231;as coron&#225;rias, seja por compress&#227;o direta do segmento ou por simula&#231;&#227;o de um desenvolvimento acelerado de aterosclerose no segmento proximal &#224; PM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desenho metodol&#243;gico, embora o tamanho da amostra do estudo atual seja relativamente pequeno, &#233; importante, j&#225; que apresenta informa&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis anteriormente na literatura. Entretanto, &#233; importante entender que a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de amostra e vi&#233;s de controle est&#225; presente devido &#224; impossibilidade de se obter informa&#231;&#245;es sobre essas caracter&#237;sticas como idade, g&#234;nero, etnia, hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico e causa da morte.</p>
      <p>A ADAE, em seu tronco interventricular anterior (32%), ramo da ACE, foi o local mais afetado. Isso foi corroborado por um estudo brasileiro<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e parcialmente por uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, demonstrando que a art&#233;ria interventricular anterior esquerda foi a mais afetada, mas com uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta (79,3%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os valores do ramo marginal esquerdo (8%) e do tronco ventricular posterior (2%) foram semelhantes (8,8% e 2,3%, respectivamente) aos encontrados na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia do sistema coronariano direito (12% no RIP ou art&#233;ria descendente posterior direita) foi muito superior &#224; dos achados anteriores (3,7%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo revelou um perfil de alta preval&#234;ncia de PM, com alta probabilidade de estar presente no sistema coronariano esquerdo com &#237;ndice de massa muscular maior que o encontrado em outros ramos acometidos, al&#233;m de pior progn&#243;stico. Portanto, para os cl&#237;nicos, este estudo enfatiza a import&#226;ncia e a necessidade de uma investiga&#231;&#227;o precoce da PM, mesmo em pacientes saud&#225;veis sem sintomas de angina. Tamb&#233;m preconiza a preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares importantes necess&#225;rios para obter um melhor progn&#243;stico e qualidade de vida para os pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Incidence and Morphological Study of Myocardial Bridge in the State of Cear&#225;: A Cadaveric Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0865-9374</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lucena</surname>
            <given-names>Jalles Dantas de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Hudson Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanders</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Victor Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Jonathan Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Collyer</surname>
            <given-names>Michelly Carneiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Cec&#237;lia de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Helson Freitas da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Cesar Campos</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Santa Maria, Cajazeiras, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Jalles Dantas Lucena &#8226; Centro Universit&#225;rio Santa Maria &#8211; Rodovia BR 230, Km 504, s/n. Postal Code 58900-000, Cajazeiras PB &#8211; Brasil E-mail: jallesdantas@gmail.com, jallesdantas@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Myocardial bridges (MB) are anatomical anomalies with possible clinical repercussions; hence, their understanding deserves attention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To determinate the prevalence and characterize MB in human hearts from the state of Cear&#225;. Methods: Fifty hearts of adult human cadavers from the Medicine School of Federal University of Cear&#225;, Brazil. The hearts were dissected to identify MBs that pass over part of the coronary artery. The segment of the artery (proximal, middle, and distal) with a bridge was identified. The external diameter of the artery at the proximal and distal points of the MB was measured. The length and thickness of the MB were also measured with an electronic caliper. The muscle index (MMI) of the MB was calculated as the product of length and thickness expressed in millimeters. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>MB was confirmed in 40% of sample. Approximately one third of the sample had only 1 MB. MB was most frequently found over the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery (59.25%, p=0.02), and its prevalence in other branches was much lower (22.23%). The most affected segments of arteries were the superior (44.44%) and medium (40.74%). The mean diameter of arteries proximal to the MB was 2.38&#177;0.97mm (range=0.78-5.15mm), and the diameter distal to the MB was 1.71&#177;0.75mm (range=0.42-3.58mm). The length was measured as mean=8.55&#177;5.27mm, while the mean thickness was 0.89&#177;0.33mm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>A high prevalence of MB is more likely to affect the left coronary artery system with larger MMI than other affected branches.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Anatomy</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Bridging</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>Incidence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Myocardial bridge (MB) is a congenital coronary artery anomaly defined by the partial involvement of an arterial heart branch by myocardial muscle fibers, forming a muscle bridge over the involved vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> MB can be found in any epicardial coronary artery; however, there is a greater prevalence along the course of the anterior interventricular branch (AIB) of the left coronary artery (LCA), also called left anterior descending coronary (LAD), in clinical studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This anatomical variation is more common in the middle segment of the anterior descending coronary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A recent meta-analysis study showed a mean MB prevalence of around 19%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, data on the frequency of MB are usually quite variable in the literature, depending on the methods used for their diagnosis. About this, the prevalence tends to be higher when considering post-mortem diagnoses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Currently, the use of new complementary exam techniques, such as intravascular ultrasound and cardiac computed tomography, has increased the sensitivity for MB detection, and has enabled a better morphological and functional characterization of these anatomical findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The presence of MB is clinically relevant due to its association with anginal symptoms, myocardial ischemia, left-ventricular dysfunction, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or even sudden death,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and is also an important risk factor for coronary artery disease in various clinical situations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemia associated with MB are still controversial and poorly understood due to the limitations of <italic>in vivo</italic> analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Once the diagnosis is established, the therapeutic measures are essentially drug-based and seek to maintain the heart rate at baseline values, which are considered first-line approaches.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Stent implantation under the MB is, basically, a malpractice nowadays for a myriad of acute and long-term vital complications, while surgical decompression is debatable and offered in limited high-skilled centers; therefore, it is not feasible for all worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In this perspective, it is necessary to investigate the prevalence of MB in populations, as it is a relatively common finding and an important risk factor for cardiovascular pathologies with high rates of morbidity and mortality, such as arteriosclerosis and AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Thus, this work aims to study the prevalence of MB in the branches of coronary arteries in dissected hearts in the state of Cear&#225; in northeastern Brazil. Also analyze the length and thickness of the bridges, and whether there is a difference in the value of the muscle index of the MB located above the AIB and those bridges located above other branches of the coronary arteries.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and methods</title>
        <p>Fifty hearts of adult human cadavers were obtained for convenience from the Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear&#225;, Cear&#225;, Brazil. The number of hearts was not higher due to the scarcity of available specimens. The hearts were preserved in glycerin until analysis. Information, including age, gender, ethnicity, medical history, and cause of death could not be acquired due to the absence of records.</p>
        <p>The specimens were selected from an intentional non-probabilistic sampling according to the following criteria: heart with the presence of the main arterial trunk and its branches preserved in subepicardial fatty tissue, preserved cardiac muscle, ensuring the visualization of the morphological characteristics of each specimen.</p>
        <p>The epicardium and epicardial fat were carefully dissected. Thereafter, the origin and the course of the coronary arteries and their important branches were carefully delineated. All were followed carefully to see any bridging myocardium running over the arteries. If MB were detected, the segment of the artery (proximal, middle, and distal) with bridge was identified. The external diameter of the artery at the immediate proximal and distal points of the MB was measured. Subsequently, the length and thickness of the MB were also measured with the aid of a precise electronic caliper (DIGIMESS&#174;, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) of 0.01 mm accuracy. The muscle index of MB was calculated as the product of length and thickness expressed in millimeters.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The data were collected in excel software sheets and analyzed statistically using GraphPad Prism, version 6.00, for Windows, California USA. Continuous variables were described through mean and standard deviation (SD) and were analyzed as normality by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The categorical variables were presented in tables, with the frequency of the studied variables. Comparisons between variables were performed using the unpaired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> -test. Values at p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. This anatomical study was performed after the agreement of the ethical committee of the S <underline>chool</underline> of Medicine, Federal University of Cear&#225;, Cear&#225;, Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The presence of a MB was confirmed in 40% of the hearts (n=20). Approximately one third of the sample (n=16, 32%) had only one MB. our study also found 4% (n=2) with two MBs (in different arteries) and 2% (n=1) with three MBs (2 MBs above the AIB) and four MBs (2 MBs above AIB) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Incidence and Morphological Study of Myocardial Bridge in the State of Cear&#225;: A Cadaveric Study</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Main findings in this article. MB: myocardial bridge; AIB: anterior interventricular branch; PIB: posterior interventricular branch; LMB: left marginal branch.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220460-20460-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Twenty-seven MBs were identified in the sample, which were most commonly found above the AIB (n=16, 59.25%). Frequency of bridges above other branches was much lower, with 22.23% (n=6) above the posterior interventricular branch (PIB) and 14.82% (n=4) above the left marginal branch (LMB) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of Myocardial Bridges (n=27) above the arteries in the hearts (n=50)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Blood vessel</th>
                  <th>Hearts with MB %</th>
                  <th>Number of MB</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AIB</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">32.0</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (59.25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PIB</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12.0</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (22.23)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LMB</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (14.82)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PVB</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>27 (100.0)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>MB: myocardial bridge; AIB: anterior interventricular branch; PIB: posterior interventricular branch; LMB: left marginal branch; PVB: posterior ventricular branch.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The MBs were present mainly in the superior (44.44%) and medium (40.74%) segments of the arteries ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> ). The mean diameter of arteries proximal to the MBs was 2.38&#177;0.97 mm (range= 0.78-5.15 mm) and the diameter distal to the MBs was 1.71&#177;0.75 mm (range = 0.42-3.58 mm).</p>
        <p>The mean length of MBs amounted to 8.55&#177;5.27 mm (range= 2.79-22.95 mm), while the mean thickness was 0.89&#177;0.33 mm (range= 0.37-1.83 mm) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> . Furthermore, the value of the Myocardial Bridge Muscle Index (MBMMI) ranged from a minimum of 1.70 mm to a maximum of 28.69 mm and amounted to 8.19&#177;7.30 mm in the three arteries ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Morphological aspects of myocardial bridges (N=27)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Length (mm)</th>
                  <th>Thickness (mm)</th>
                  <th>MBMMI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean</td>
                  <td align="center">8.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89</td>
                  <td align="center">8.19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Std. deviation</td>
                  <td align="center">5.27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">7.30</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>MBMMI: Myocardial Bridge Muscle Index (length x thickness).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The greatest mean length of the MBs was located above the AIB, which amounted to 10.76&#177;5.69 mm (ranging from a minimum of 3.97 mm to a maximum of 22.95 mm), and the two longest bridges (19.92 mm and 22.95 mm, respectively) were located above that artery ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ). The greatest average thickness occurred in the bridges located above the AIB, which amounted to 1.0&#177;0.32 mm, with the broad range from a minimum of 0.54 mm to a maximum of 1.83 mm, which included the thickest bridge and one from the two thinnest bridges ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Identification of a myocardial bridge. MB: myocardial bridge; AIB: anterior interventricular branch.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220460-20460-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In this study, the MBMMI of the MB also showed the highest mean value in bridges located above the AIB as compared to the group of bridges located on other branches (p=0.02) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Difference of the mean values of the MI between bridges located above the AIB and those located on other branches</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th scope="col">N</th>
                  <th scope="col">Mean</th>
                  <th scope="col">SD</th>
                  <th scope="col">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">MI</td>
                  <td>AIB</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">11.18</td>
                  <td align="center">8.18</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Other branches</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">3.83</td>
                  <td align="center">1.75</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>N: number of observations; AIB: anterior interventricular branch; MI: muscle index of the myocardial bridge; SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The current study obtained a prevalence of MBs (40%) similar to another study conducted with a population in northeastern Brazil (40.4%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, this prevalence was higher than other studies: 1.44%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> 3.9%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and 19%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> reported in the literature. It is well-known that the diagnosis of MB depends on the method of assessment. A systematic review found a mean prevalence of 1.9% for angiography (n=2.141 out of 110.203 cases evaluated), 18.9% for angiotomography (CCTA) (n=8.313 cases out of 43.904 evaluated), and 32.9% for autopsies (n=1442 in 4.384 cases).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Therefore, the obtained value is corroborated by studies that observed a prevalence of approximately 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> This broad discrepancy in prevalence values can be explained by the different methods used to determine the diagnosis of MB and the evaluated sample.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Despite the contrast in the prevalence of MB, imaging tests, such as angiography,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> intravascular ultrasound,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and CCTA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> are used to define the <italic>in vivo</italic> diagnosis.</p>
        <p>In nearly half of the cases, the diagnosis is only possible by means of an autopsy, mainly in morphological alterations smaller than 200 micrometers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Therefore, post-mortem studies show a greater diagnostic sensitivity than do indirect diagnostic methods (imaging tests)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and a lower rate of false negatives, due to visual access, possibility dissection, physical manipulation, and less impact of the technique and experience of the evaluator. The MB is a congenital anomaly with a markedly variable reported incidence on autopsy (4.7%&#8211;86%), likely related to geographic regions. This data was collected from the autopsy study performed on 100 hearts with medical records.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>MB is a risk factor for atherosclerosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> especially in patients with diabetes mellitus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This relationship is particularly important to consider the risk of more severe cardiovascular diseases, such as AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, the diagnosis of MB presents a prognosis considered good, with variations of 0-5% of mortality, without AMI, in follow-ups of 2-5 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> It is noteworthy that the use of these complementary tests, such as intravascular ultrasound and cardiac computed tomography, has increased the sensitivity for detecting MB <italic>in vivo</italic> , as well as enabled better morphological and functional characterizations of these anatomical findings in patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> allowing for early diagnosis, treatment, and a better quality of life, even in patients without cardiovascular symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The MB length ranged from 2.79 to 22.95 mm, with an average of 8.55 mm. This pattern was lower than in the literature,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> with a mean of 19.3 mm in a systematic review.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> It is well-known that the length is variable, even when considering the evaluation method,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> most likely due to the limitations of the technique. For the methods of angiography and angiotomography, a mean length of 21.0 mm was reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The average thickness was 0.89 mm, which was greater than the 0.46 mm obtained in one study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and less than the findings of one systematic review (3.2 mm and 3 mm in autopsies and CCTA/angiographies, respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The MBMMI was almost 3x higher in the anterior interventricular trunk of the LCA than in other coronary trunks. The MBMMI is calculated by the product of the MB length and halo thickness (depth). When set apart, length<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and thickness<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> are related to the individual&#8217;s cardiovascular symptomatology, while high length or thickness present a greater risk of expressing cardiovascular symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Furthermore, concerning MBMMI, there is a relationship between high scores and hemodynamic dysfunction, but this index may provide non-invasive insight into the impact of MBs on affected vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Therefore, AIB expresses a worse clinical prognosis.</p>
        <p>Studies show that MBs that pass over the blood vessel could have a great contractive power and, consequently, a great compressive force, which would be exerted on the wall of a crossed blood vessel. Although some MBs can be asymptomatic, their presence often causes coronary disease, either through direct compression of the segment or through stimulation and accelerated development of atherosclerosis in the segment proximal to the MB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the methodological design, although the sample size of the current study is relatively small, it is important, as it presents information that was previously unavailable in the literature. However, it is important to understand that the sample characterization and control bias is present due to the impossibility of obtaining information on such characteristics as age, gender, ethnicity, clinical history, and cause of death.</p>
        <p>The Left Anterior Descending Artery in its anterior interventricular trunk (32%), branch of the LCA, was the most affected location. This was corroborated by a Brazilian study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and partially by a systematic review, showing that the left anterior interventricular artery was the most affected, but with a higher prevalence (79.3%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The LMB (8%) and posterior ventricular trunk (2%) were similar (8.8% and 2.3%, respectively) to the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The prevalence of the right coronary system (12% in the PIB or right posterior descending artery) was much higher than previous findings (3.7%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present study revealed a profile for the high prevalence of MB, with a high probability of being present in the left coronary artery system with a larger MMI than that found in other affected branches, as well as a worse prognosis. Therefore, for clinicians, this study emphasizes the importance and need for an early investigation of MB, even in healthy patients without anginal symptoms. It also calls for the prevention of important cardiovascular events needed to obtain a better prognosis and quality of life for patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
