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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XXFVY7qwsDZ9FRCjw4dYttm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000700304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220369</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sarcopenia: Marcadores Inflamat&#243;rios e Humorais em Pacientes Idosos com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1521-7929</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sangali</surname>
            <given-names>Tamirys Delazeri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3620-4334</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7017-0599</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;dina Caroline Ternus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perry</surname>
            <given-names>Ingrid Dalira Schweigert</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriela Corr&#234;a Souza &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, sala 660. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>ggabrielacsouza@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220369</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Sarcopenia &#233; altamente prevalente em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), e o envolvimento de biomarcadores em sua fisiopatologia &#233; sugerido, mas poucos estudos foram realizados em rela&#231;&#227;o a pacientes sarcop&#234;nicos com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e humorais e sarcopenia, bem como o impacto da sarcopenia na qualidade de vida e na capacidade funcional em pacientes mais velhos com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Neste estudo transversal, 90 pacientes ambulatoriais com IC, com idade &#8805;60 anos, foram avaliados quanto a sarcopenia (crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos EWGSOP2), inflama&#231;&#227;o (Prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade [PCR-as], Interleucina-6 [IL-6], fator de necrose tumoral alfa [TNF-&#945;]) e marcadores humorais (testosterona total e fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina tipo 1 [IGF-1]), atividade f&#237;sica (Question&#225;rio internacional de atividade f&#237;sica), qualidade de vida ( <italic>Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire</italic> &#8211; Question&#225;rio Minnesota sobre conviver com a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), e capacidade funcional (teste de caminhada de 6 minutos). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi p &lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os pacientes tinham uma m&#233;dia de idade de 69,4 &#177; 7,2 anos, 67,8% eram do sexo masculino, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) de 35,9 &#177; 11,9% e 22 (24,4%) eram sarcop&#234;nicos. Idade (73,1 &#177; 8,1 e 68,3 &#177; 6,5 anos; p= 0,006), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) (23,1 &#177; 2,8 e 28,2 &#177; 4,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; p &lt;0,001), e FEVE (29,9 &#177; 8,8 e 37,9 &#177; 12,1%; p= 0,005) eram diferentes nos grupos com e sem sarcopenia, respectivamente. Depois de normalizar em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, etnia, IMC, FEVE, e o uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina, a sarcopenia foi associada a n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL-6 mais altos e capacidade funcional pior.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em pacientes com IC, a sarcopenia foi associada aos n&#237;veis de IL-6 e &#224; capacidade funcional.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Sarcopenia, Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A sarcopenia, uma altera&#231;&#227;o muscular progressiva e generalizada da musculatura esquel&#233;tica, que est&#225; associada ao aumento da probabilidade de resultados adversos, tais como quedas, fraturas, incapacidade f&#237;sica e mortalidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> tem recebido cada vez mais aten&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) nos &#250;ltimos anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>J&#225; se reconhece que a sarcopenia tem uma import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; gravidade da IC e que as duas doen&#231;as podem interagir.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia da sarcopenia na IC pode variar de acordo com estudo. De acordo com uma meta-an&#225;lise recente, a preval&#234;ncia combinada da sarcopenia na IC foi de 34%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> mas ela pode chegar a 50% entre pacientes hospitalizados por piora da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ela tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a um progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> contribuindo para a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> mortalidade global e cardiovascular mais alta, e aumento das repeti&#231;&#245;es da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, bem como a perda da autonomia e uma qualidade de vida pior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A etiologia da sarcopenia &#233; complexa e multifatorial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> incluindo anormalidades end&#243;crinas e metab&#243;lica, e tem intera&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;ximas com a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de baixo grau em indiv&#237;duos idosos (inflammageing),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> redu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese e da regenera&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na, aumento da apoptose e lise de prote&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento de poss&#237;veis biomarcadores especificamente relacionados a rotas fisiopatol&#243;gicas diferentes, tais como a jun&#231;&#227;o neuromuscular, fatores de crescimento, o sistema end&#243;crino, renova&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas e rotas comportamentais e inflamat&#243;rias, poderia ajudar a esclarecer os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da sarcopenia na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A inclus&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o de sarcopenia na rotina cl&#237;nica &#233; essencial para o tratamento de pacientes com IC, j&#225; que a perda muscular nessa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais acelerada e acentuada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> especialmente em adultos mais velhos. Embora alguns biomarcadores tenham sido sugeridos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> esses aspectos ainda n&#227;o foram elucidados em pacientes com IC. Considerando que a IC compartilha caminhos fisiopatol&#243;gicos com a sarcopenia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e a possibilidade de usar esses biomarcadores nesses pacientes, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e humorais e sarcopenia, bem como o impacto da sarcopenia na qualidade de vida de na capacidade funcional em pacientes com IC mais velhos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>A amostra deste estudo transversal foi composta por idosos com IC de ambos os sexos (idade &#8805;60 anos), com pelo menos 3 meses de diagn&#243;stico de IC, classificados de acordo com a classe funcional da New York Heart Association e triados no ambulat&#243;rio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de um hospital terci&#225;rio do sul do Brasil, que foram recrutados consecutivamente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ) entre mar&#231;o de 2018 e novembro de 2019. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805;2,0 mg/dL, pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva, transplante card&#237;aco pr&#233;vio, IC descompensada, congest&#227;o e/ou edema perif&#233;rico avaliados em consulta m&#233;dica, hist&#243;ria de angina inst&#225;vel, tumores malignos ativos, infec&#231;&#227;o aguda, contraindica&#231;&#245;es para an&#225;lise de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (BIA) (como marca-passo ou cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel, pois no momento do planejamento do projeto ainda n&#227;o havia evid&#234;ncias que corroboravam o uso seguro de BIA nesses indiv&#237;duos) e dificuldade de realizar testes funcionais (cadeirantes, amputados ou portadores de sequelas motoras de acidente vascular cerebral anterior).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de recrutamento de pacientes. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220369-20369-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas</title>
        <p>Dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, comorbidades, tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, classe funcional da New York Heart Association, etiologia da IC e ecocardiograma bidimensional para obten&#231;&#227;o do valor da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) foram coletados dos prontu&#225;rios e verificados durante a anamnese e consulta cl&#237;nica do paciente.</p>
        <p>Foi usada uma balan&#231;a digital (Toledo&#174;, Ara&#231;atuba, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) para a pesagem dos pacientes, e um estadi&#244;metro vertical (Veeder-Root&#174; 2.0m, S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) foi usado para medir sua altura. O IMC foi calculado e classificado de acordo com os pontos de corte recomendados para adultos mais velhos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Para calcular a circunfer&#234;ncia muscular do bra&#231;o (CMB), foi utilizada uma fita m&#233;trica n&#227;o el&#225;stica (Cescorf Scientific, Cescorf, Brasil) para determinar a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. A espessura da dobra cut&#226;nea tricipital tamb&#233;m foi medida. A partir do 50&#186; percentil, a adequa&#231;&#227;o da CMB foi calculada e classificada de acordo com o estado nutricional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, com a perna dobrada em um &#226;ngulo de 90&#176; e os p&#233;s apoiados no ch&#227;o, a circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha da perna n&#227;o dominante foi medida no ponto mais largo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Valores &lt;31 cm foram considerados indicativos de massa muscular baixa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios e humorais</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as), fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina tipo 1 (IGF-1), e testosterona total foram determinados por protocolos hospitalares padr&#227;o: o valor da PCR-as foi determinado pela an&#225;lise de imunoturbidimetria, IGF-1, por quimioluminesc&#234;ncia, e testosterona total, por imunoensaio competitivo por eletroquimioluminesc&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise da interleucina-6 (IL-6) e do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;), amostras de sangue foram centrifugadas a 4 &#176;C, 2500 rpm por 15 minutos para extra&#231;&#227;o do soro e armazenadas a -80 &#176;C for para an&#225;lise posterior. Um kit de imunoensaio multiplex ProcartexPlex 2-plex Human Custom High-Sensitivity (Thermo Fisher Scientific&#174;, Vienna, &#193;ustria: n&#250;mero de cat&#225;logo PPXS-02-MXPRKP3) foi usado de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. As amostras passaram por um processo &#250;nico de descongelamento (para a presente an&#225;lise), e a parte n&#227;o utilizada foi descartada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da sarcopenia</title>
        <p>O riso de sarcopenia foi avaliado usando o question&#225;rio SARC-F.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> As categorias de sarcopenia prov&#225;vel, sarcopenia e sarcopenia grave foram definidas pelos crit&#233;rios EWGSOP2, em que a sarcopenia prov&#225;vel &#233; identificado pela presen&#231;a de baixa for&#231;a muscular; o diagn&#243;stico de sarcopenia &#233; confirmado pela presen&#231;a de baixa for&#231;a muscular e baixa quantidade ou qualidade de m&#250;sculos; e a sarcopenia grave &#233; identificada quando &#233; detectada a presen&#231;a de baixa for&#231;a muscular, baixa quantidade ou qualidade de m&#250;sculos e baixo desempenho f&#237;sico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>For&#231;a muscular</title>
        <p>A for&#231;a muscular foi avaliada pelo teste de for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e pelo teste de sentar e levantar cinco vezes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O teste de for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual foi realizado com um dinam&#244;metro mec&#226;nico Jamar&#174; (Sammons Preston Rolyan, Bolingbrook, IL, EUA), com o paciente sentado com apoio para as costas, sem apoio para o bra&#231;o, e com o cotovelo dobrado a 90&#176;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O teste foi repetido tr&#234;s vezes com a m&#227;o dominante e o valor mais alto das tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es foi usado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Os pontos de corte EWGSOP2 foram usados (baixa for&#231;a muscular: valores &lt;27 kgf para homens e &lt;16 kgf para mulheres).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O teste de sentar e levantar cinco vezes mede o tempo necess&#225;rio para um indiv&#237;duo levantar cinco vezes da posi&#231;&#227;o sentada sem usar os bra&#231;os. Os participantes foram instru&#237;dos a cruzar os bra&#231;os sobre o peito e se levantar da cadeira uma vez. Se eles realizassem o movimento com sucesso, eles eram instru&#237;dos a repetir a manobra cinco vezes em seguida o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel sem parar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O ponto de corte EWGSOP2 foi usado (baixa for&#231;a muscular: tempo de teste &gt;15 segundos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Massa muscular</title>
        <p>A massa muscular foi estimada usando-se uma equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Para obter dados de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica, foi usado um analisador de bioimped&#226;ncia Biodynamics BIA 450 (800mA, 50 kHz; Biodynamics Corporation, Seattle, Washington, EUA), seguindo protocolos padr&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Os valores EWGSOP2 foram usados para classificar a massa muscular (baixa massa muscular: massa muscular esquel&#233;tica apendicular (MMEA) abaixo de 20 kg para homens e abaixo de 15 kg para mulheres). Os valores da MMEA tamb&#233;m foram normalizados para a altura (MMEA/altura<sup>2</sup>), e a massa muscular baixa foi considerada &lt;7,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e &lt;5,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para homens e mulheres, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desempenho f&#237;sico</title>
        <p>O desempenho f&#237;sico foi avaliado pelo teste de velocidade de marcha de 6 metros. O paciente foi cronometrado enquanto andava em seu ritmo usual em um trajeto de 6 metros em uma linha reta marcada no ch&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O teste foi aplicado duas vezes. O tempo mais r&#225;pido dos dois foi usado e um ponto de corte de &#8804;0,8 m/s foi considerado baixo desempenho f&#237;sico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica</title>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica do paciente foi avaliado e classificado usando o Question&#225;rio internacional de atividade f&#237;sica - vers&#227;o curta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Capacidade funcional</title>
        <p>A capacidade funcional foi medida com o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos de acordo com um protocolo padronizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Uma dist&#226;ncia de menos de 300 metros foi caracterizada como mau desempenho para pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Qualidade de vida</title>
        <p>A qualidade de vida foi avaliada usando a vers&#227;o validade em portugu&#234;s do <italic>Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A pontua&#231;&#227;o total variou entre 0 e 105 pontos, e as pontua&#231;&#245;es mais altas indicavam uma qualidade de vida mais baixa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi realizado usando o WinPEPI (Programs for Epidemiologists for Windows), vers&#227;o 11.43, com base nos estudos conduzidos por Onoue et al. (2016) e Harada et al. (2017).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Considerando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, um poder de 80%, uma preval&#234;ncia de sarcopenia estimada em 20% e um tamanho de efeito m&#237;nimo de 0,8 desvios padr&#227;o entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros de PCR, TNF-&#945;, IGF-1, e testosterona, chegou-se a um m&#237;nimo total de 90 pacientes.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP), ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para determinar a normalidade. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
        <p>Para comparar as m&#233;dias, foi aplicado o Teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Em caso de assimetria, o teste Mann-Whitney foi utilizado. Ao comparar as propor&#231;&#245;es, aplicou-se o qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher. No caso da signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, a an&#225;lise residual normalizada foi usada para localizar as associa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Para controlar fatores de confus&#227;o, as an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o de Poisson univariada e multivariada foram utilizadas. Vari&#225;veis com um p-valor &lt;0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi definido em 5% (p&lt;0,05), e as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no SPSS 21.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos noventa pacientes com IC, 67,8% do sexo masculino, com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 69,4 &#177; 7,2 anos. As classes funcionais I e II da New York Heart (77,8%) e a etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica (71,1%) predominaram, com uma FEVE m&#233;dia de 35,9 &#177; 11,9%. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, 94,4% dos pacientes foram tratados com betabloqueadores, e 93,3% foram tratados com inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA)/bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina (BRA) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e nutricionais, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, e qualidade de vida em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com ou sem sarcopenia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Todos os pacientes (n = 90)</th>
                <th>Sem sarcopenia (n = 68)</th>
                <th>Com sarcopenia (n = 22)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">61 (67,8)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (67,6)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (68,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">69,4 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">68,3 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">73,1 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Brancos</td>
                <td align="center">70 (77,8)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (73,5)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (90,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o brancos</td>
                <td align="center">20 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (26,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,139</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">26 (28,9)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (31,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,584</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">24 (26,7)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (19,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertensos</td>
                <td align="center">40 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (42,6)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (50,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35,9 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">37,9 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I e II</td>
                <td align="center">70 (77,8)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (80,9)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (68,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,244</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III e IV</td>
                <td align="center">20 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (31,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICFER</td>
                <td align="center">80 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (86,8)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (95,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,441</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICFEP</td>
                <td align="center">10 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">84 (93,3)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (98,5)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (77,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">85 (94,4)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (95,6)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (90,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,592</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digit&#225;licos</td>
                <td align="center">28 (31,1)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (36,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,728</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">83 (92,2)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (91,2)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (95,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">72,4 &#177; 14,5</td>
                <td align="center">76,9 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">58,6 &#177; 5,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">23,1 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o do IMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso baixo</td>
                <td align="center">13 (14,4)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (36,4)*</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eutr&#243;fico</td>
                <td align="center">31 (34,4)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (50,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">46 (51,1)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (63,2)*</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da CP</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt;31 cm</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;31 cm</td>
                <td align="center">87 (96,7)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (86,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da CMB</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desnutri&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">13 (14,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eutrofia</td>
                <td align="center">77 (85,6)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (95,6)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (54,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS</td>
                <td align="center">63 (70,0)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (73,5)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (59,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,309</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">33 (36,7)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (36,8)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (36,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">12 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">22 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (27,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,931</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade irregular A/B</td>
                <td align="center">56 (62,2)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (63,2)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (59,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">12 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Teste de caminhada de seis minutos</td>
                <td align="center">366,7 &#177; 88,9</td>
                <td align="center">383,1 &#177; 78,9</td>
                <td align="center">316,4 &#177; 100,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Qualidade de vida</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pontua&#231;&#227;o total no MLHFQ</td>
                <td align="center">23 (10 - 44)</td>
                <td align="center">19,5 (10 - 42,25)</td>
                <td align="center">37,5 (19,5 - 57,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Os dados foram expressos como %, n (%), m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (P25-75). *Associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa pelo teste residual normalizado em 5% de signific&#226;ncia. IECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina inibidores; BRA: bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina; CMB: circunfer&#234;ncia do m&#250;sculo do bra&#231;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CP: circunfer&#234;ncia da panturrilha; IPAQ-s: Question&#225;rio internacional de atividade f&#237;sica - vers&#227;o curta; ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; ICFER: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; MLHFQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; NYHA: New York Heart Association; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Um risco de sarcopenia foi identificado em 35 (38,9%) pacientes, sarcopenia prov&#225;vel, em 39 (43,3%), sarcopenia, em 22 (24,4%), e sarcopenia grave em 4 (4,4%). Os valores m&#233;dios para massa muscular, for&#231;a muscular e desempenho f&#237;sico s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de caixa de crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para sarcopenia. (A) Massa muscular esquel&#233;tica apendicular em pacientes sem e com sarcopenia (21,44 kg (18,82 - 24,89) vs. 17,47 kg (14,29 - 18,66) (B) For&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual em pacientes sem e com sarcopenia (26,50 kg (21,25 - 32) vs. 15 kg (12,75 - 24), (C) Teste de sentar e levantar cinco vezes em pacientes sem e com sarcopenia (10 s (9,03 - 11,93) vs. 12,12 s (10,38 - 14,33), (D) teste de velocidade de marcha de 6 metros em pacientes sem e com sarcopenia (1,42 s (1,14 - 1,72) vs. 1,04 s (0,91 - 1,21).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220369-20369-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos marcadores humorais e inflamat&#243;rios, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nas m&#233;dias para os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as, IL-6, TNF-&#945;, IGF-1 ou testosterona total entre os grupos com e sem sarcopenia ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sarcopenia e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e humorais em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Sem sarcopenia (n = 68)</th>
                <th>Com sarcopenia (n = 22)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR-as (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3,23 (1,78 - 6,42)</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 (0,81 - 10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,467</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IGF-1 (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">143,3 (97,9 - 177,3)</td>
                <td align="center">111,5 (87,8 - 165,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Testosterona total (ng/ml)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">0,11 (0,04 - 0,19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02 (0,02 - 0,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,304</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">4,02 &#177; 1,49</td>
                <td align="center">4,16 &#177; 1,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,757</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-6 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,49 (0,85 - 2,32)</td>
                <td align="center">2,26 (0,92 - 3,78)</td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TNF-&#945; (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,62 (0,48 - 1,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 (0,47 - 1,22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,538</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e P25 - P75. IGF-1: fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina tipo 1; IL-6: interleucina-6; mg/L: miligramas por litro; ng/ml: nanogramas por mililitro; pg/mL: picogramas por mililitro; TNF-&#945;: fator de necrose tumoral alfa; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, a sarcopenia foi associada aos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL-6 (p &lt;0,001), assim como foram os resultados do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (p = 0,012) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Para controlar a multicolinearidade, dois modelos multivariados foram realizados, o modelo 1 contendo interleucina-6 e outras vari&#225;veis, e o modelo 2, contendo o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e outras vari&#225;veis. No modelo multivariado 1, ap&#243;s padroniza&#231;&#227;o para idade, IMC, etnia, FEVE e uso de IECA/BRA, a IL-6 permaneceu associada &#224; sarcopenia: para cada aumento de 1 pg/mL na IL-6, houve um aumento de 10% na preval&#234;ncia de sarcopenia. No modelo multivariado 2, ap&#243;s a normaliza&#231;&#227;o para idade, IMC, etnia, FEVE e uso de IECA/BRA, o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos tamb&#233;m se mostrou significativamente associado &#224; sarcopenia, o que demonstra que o baixo desempenho nesse teste leva a um aumento de 3 vezes na probabilidade de ter sarcopenia ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC e FEVE, para cada aumento de uma unidade, houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 22% e 4%, respectivamente, na preval&#234;ncia de sarcopenia no modelo 1. No modelo 2, apenas o IMC permaneceu estatisticamente significativo, enquanto o aumento de uma unidade resultou em uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 23% na preval&#234;ncia de sarcopenia.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise univariada e multivariada entre sarcopenia e biomarcadores, atividade f&#237;sica e capacidade funcional (regress&#227;o de Poisson com estimador de erro robusto), por meio de dois modelos multivariados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2">Univariada</th>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo 1</th>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo 2</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>RP (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>RP normalizado (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>RP normalizado (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (1,02 &#8211; 1,11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,98 &#8211; 1,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,255</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,98 &#8211; 1,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,292</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 (0,72 &#8211; 0,85)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,70 &#8211; 0,87)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 (0,70 &#8211; 0,84)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Brancos</td>
                <td align="center">2,86 (0,73 &#8211; 11,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,132</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o brancos</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,92 &#8211; 0,98)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,94 &#8211; 0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,94 &#8211; 1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">0,24 (0,14 &#8211; 0,42)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 (0,30 &#8211; 1,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,141</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,39 &#8211; 2,35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,919</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR-as (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,96 &#8211; 1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,751</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IGF-1 (mg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,98 - 1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,297</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Testosterona total (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (0,86 - 1,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,852</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-6 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,15 (1,07 - 1,24)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (1,02 - 1,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TNF-&#945; (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (0,67 - 1,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,752</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IPAQ-s</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 (0,27 - 4,36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,902</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade irregular B/A</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 (0,27 - 3,26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,908</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Teste de caminhada de seis minutos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desempenho normal</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desempenho baixo</td>
                <td align="center">2,97 (1,27 - 6,96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3,06 (1,50 &#8211; 6,26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina inibidores; BRA: bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IGF-1: fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina tipo 1; IL-6: interleucina-6; IPAQ-s: Question&#225;rio internacional de atividade f&#237;sica - vers&#227;o curta; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; TNF-&#945;: fator de necrose tumoral alfa; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; RP: raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia. Modelo 1: idade, IMC, FEVE, IECA/BRA, e interleucina-6; Modelo 2: idade, IMC, FEVE, IECA/BRA, e teste de caminhada de 6 minutos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais achados deste estudo referem-se &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre sarcopenia e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL-6, bem como com a capacidade funcional em pacientes idosos com IC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Sarcopenia: Marcadores Inflamat&#243;rios e Humorais em Pacientes Idosos com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Resumo dos resultados principais.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220369-20369-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A sarcopenia, al&#233;m de altamente prevalente, foi associada a n&#237;veis mais elevados de interleucina-6 e diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia da sarcopenia foi mais pr&#243;xima da identificada nos pacientes ambulatoriais do estudo SICA-HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> mas foi mais alta do que a identificada nos resultados de Canteri et al. (2019).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> M&#233;todos diferentes de avalia&#231;&#227;o de MMEA, bem como n&#237;veis diferentes de atividade f&#237;sica, podem ter afetado essa diferen&#231;a. O presente estudo reitera a associa&#231;&#227;o entre sarcopenia e idade em pacientes com IC encontrada em outros estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> bem como a associa&#231;&#227;o entre sarcopenia e valores de FEVE mais baixos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sabe-se que a IC pode induzir a sarcopenia por caminhos fisiopatol&#243;gicos comuns em que um influencia o outro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um processo central na IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> considerando que pacientes com IC geralmente t&#234;m n&#237;veis baixos de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica cr&#244;nica, que pode ter um efeito cont&#237;nuo nos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Altos n&#237;veis de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, tais como TNF-&#945;, PCR-ase e IL-6, est&#227;o relacionados a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa muscular e da for&#231;a,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> que sugere que a inflama&#231;&#227;o, que tamb&#233;m est&#225; envolvida na patog&#234;nese da sarcopenia, representa um elo essencial entre essas duas doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A IL-6, um dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios relacionados &#224; sarcopenia no presente estudo, j&#225; demonstrou estar associado a for&#231;a e fun&#231;&#227;o muscular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> al&#233;m de j&#225; ter demonstrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o com o progn&#243;stico dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Em doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas em adultos idosos, a IL-6 parece estar profundamente implicada na fisiopatologia da capacidade funcional reduzida, que leva &#224; hip&#243;tese de que sua desregula&#231;&#227;o possa ser o primeiro passo no desenvolvimento da sarcopenia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945; e IL-6 aumentados ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da sarcopenia em adultos idosos residentes na comunidade corroboram essa hip&#243;tese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Entretanto, isso ainda &#233; controverso na literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> e, considerando o desenho transversal do presente estudo, somente hip&#243;teses sobre o papel causal da IL-6 na sarcopenia em pacientes com IC podem ser especuladas.</p>
      <p>O papel dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios tamb&#233;m pode estar relacionado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios anab&#243;licos descritos na sarcopenia. Neste estudo, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IGF-1 mais baixos n&#227;o foram observados em pacientes sarcop&#234;nicos, apesar da associa&#231;&#227;o com a IL-6. Um dos mecanismos pelos quais a IL-6 est&#225; ligada &#224; sarcopenia &#233; a interfer&#234;ncia direta na transdu&#231;&#227;o de sinal da insulina e inibi&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o e da atividade biol&#243;gica do IGF-1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> No presente estudo, nenhum dos marcadores do sistema end&#243;crino foi associado &#224; sarcopenia, o que pode sugerir que, devido a patologias comuns, os efeitos espec&#237;ficos da sarcopenia sobre os horm&#244;nios anab&#243;licos podem n&#227;o ser percebidos. Outra poss&#237;vel raz&#227;o pode ser que o IGF-1 e a testosterona terem sido considerados apenas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em nosso estudo, enquanto a presen&#231;a de defici&#234;ncia de testosterona e/ou s&#237;ndrome de baixo IGF-1 n&#227;o foi investigada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m das diferen&#231;as significativas nos valores m&#233;dios dos componentes individuais da sarcopenia entre pacientes com e sem sarcopenia, o grupo com sarcopenia tamb&#233;m teve pior desempenho no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, um par&#226;metro de capacidade de exerc&#237;cio bem estabelecido com valor progn&#243;stico para mortalidade em pacientes com IC est&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A literatura relata que d&#233;ficits em massa muscular, for&#231;a e capacidade de exerc&#237;cio contribuem para reduzir a qualidade de vida de pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No presente estudo, a capacidade funcional foi associada &#224; sarcopenia, o que indica um efeito sin&#233;rgico prov&#225;vel entre as duas doen&#231;as e seu efeito na capacidade funcional.</p>
      <p>Outro problema importante a ser considerado em estudos relacionados &#224; sarcopenia em pacientes com IC &#233; o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. Alguns medicamentos padr&#227;o para IC demonstraram benef&#237;cios potenciais contra a perda muscular. No presente estudo, a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos (acima de 90%) tinham tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado na an&#225;lise geral, o que pode ter afetado a preval&#234;ncia da sarcopenia na amostra.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da sarcopenia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o e a implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas voltadas para a recupera&#231;&#227;o da massa e fun&#231;&#227;o muscular podem contribuir para um melhor manejo cl&#237;nico desses indiv&#237;duos, a fim de prevenir desfechos negativos &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo reside no fato de que pacientes com cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis/terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos devido a algumas restri&#231;&#245;es no uso de BIA, o que, hipoteticamente, poderia ter afetado a aus&#234;ncia de maiores associa&#231;&#245;es com os biomarcadores estudados. Al&#233;m disso, a natureza transversal do estudo limita conclus&#245;es sobre causalidade, embora os resultados da an&#225;lise multivariada, que foram normalizados para fatores importantes como idade, IMC, etnia, FEVE e uso de IECA/BRA, reforcem a ideia de que a IL-6 possa servir como um marcador de sarcopenia nesses pacientes. Outro aspecto &#233; o n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes com sarcopenia neste estudo. Outro aspecto positivo do estudo foi a inclus&#227;o de v&#225;rios par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios e hormonais, j&#225; que a natureza multifatorial da etiologia da sarcopenia na IC e a complexa intera&#231;&#227;o entre as duas condi&#231;&#245;es provavelmente requerem uma abordagem multidimensional. Este estudo tamb&#233;m apresenta uma avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa e extensa sobre a sarcopenia em pacientes com IC, o que pode ajudar na detec&#231;&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o precoce dessa doen&#231;a e orientar as principais abordagens terap&#234;uticas.</p>
        <p>Diante dos achados identificados neste estudo, fica clara a import&#226;ncia de incluir a avalia&#231;&#227;o da sarcopenia na rotina cl&#237;nica dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que a sarcopenia est&#225; diretamente relacionada ao progn&#243;stico e ao avan&#231;o da IC e torna-se fundamental para o manejo desses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a sarcopenia e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e humorais, qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional em pacientes idosos com IC. Assim, acreditamos que nossos resultados podem contribuir significativamente para um melhor entendimento dessa complexa rela&#231;&#227;o, podendo oferecer uma base preliminar para preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da sarcopenia em pacientes com IC.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em suma, este estudo demonstrou que a sarcopenia &#233; altamente prevalente e est&#225; associada a n&#237;veis mais elevados de IL-6 e redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional (de acordo com o teste da caminhada de 6 minutos) em pacientes idosos com IC. Os resultados sugerem que pelo menos um dos par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios estudados pode estar relacionado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a e da massa muscular em pacientes idosos com IC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer ao Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa e Eventos do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) pelo financiamento para a realiza&#231;&#227;o desta pesquisa.</p>
    </ack>
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          <source>Intern Emerg Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>661</fpage>
          <lpage>671</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11739-018-1844-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Tamirys Delazeri Sangali pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 81019917.1.0000.5327. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa e Eventos do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sarcopenia: Inflammatory and Humoral Markers in Older Heart Failure Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1521-7929</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sangali</surname>
            <given-names>Tamirys Delazeri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3620-4334</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7017-0599</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;dina Caroline Ternus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perry</surname>
            <given-names>Ingrid Dalira Schweigert</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Gabriela Corr&#234;a Souza &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Room 660, Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: ggabrielacsouza@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in heart failure (HF) patients, and the involvement of biomarkers in its pathophysiology is suggested, but little has been studied concerning HF sarcopenic patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association between inflammatory and humoral markers with sarcopenia, as well as the impact of sarcopenia on quality of life and functional capacity in older HF patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>In this cross-sectional study, 90 outpatient HF patients, aged &#8805; 60 years, were evaluated for sarcopenia (EWGSOP2 diagnostic criteria), inflammation (high-sensitive C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], Interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-&#945;]) and humoral markers (total testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1]), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), quality of life (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire), and functional capacity (6-minute walk test). The adopted level of significance was p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Patients had a mean age of 69.4 &#177; 7.2 years, 67.8% were male, with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35.9 &#177; 11.9% and 22 (24.4%) were sarcopenic. Age (73.1 &#177; 8.1 and 68.3 &#177; 6.5 years; p= 0.006), body mass index (BMI) (23.1 &#177; 2.8 and 28.2 &#177; 4.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; p &lt;0.001), and LVEF (29.9 &#177; 8.8 and 37.9 &#177; 12.1%; p= 0.005) were different between groups with and without sarcopenia, respectively. After adjusting for age, ethnicity, BMI, LVEF, and the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, sarcopenia was associated with higher serum levels of IL-6 and worse functional capacity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>In HF patients, sarcopenia was associated with IL-6 levels and functional capacity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sarcopenia</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Sarcopenia, a progressive and widespread muscle disorder of the skeletal musculature, which is associated with an increased likelihood of adverse outcomes, such as falls, fractures, physical disability, and mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> has received increasing attention in patients with heart failure (HF) in recent years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is recognized that sarcopenia has a clinical importance regarding HF severity and both conditions can interact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Prevalence of sarcopenia in HF can vary according to the study. According to a recent meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of sarcopenia in HF was 34%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> but it can be as high as 50% among patients admitted to worsening HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> It is also associated with an unfavorable prognosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> contributing to reduced exercise capacity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> higher cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, and increased hospital readmissions, as well as the loss of autonomy and a lower quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The etiology of sarcopenia is complex and multifactorial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> including endocrine and metabolic abnormalities, and has close interactions with low-grade systemic inflammation in elderly individuals (inflammageing),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> reduced protein synthesis and regeneration, increased apoptosis, and lysis of protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In this context, the development of potential biomarkers specifically related to different pathophysiological routes, such as the neuromuscular junction, growth factors, the endocrine system, protein turnover, and behavioral and inflammatory routes, could help clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of sarcopenia in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Including sarcopenia assessment in the clinical routine is crucial for the management of HF patients, since muscle loss in this population is more accelerated and accentuated,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> especially in older adults. Although some biomarkers have been suggested,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> these aspects have not yet been elucidated in HF patients. Given that HF shares common pathophysiological pathways with sarcopenia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and the possibility of using such biomarkers in these patients, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between inflammatory and humoral markers with sarcopenia, as well as the impact of sarcopenia on the quality of life and functional capacity in older HF patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of older HF patients of both sexes (aged &#8805;60 years), with at least 3 months of HF diagnosis, classified according to New York Heart Association&#8217;s functional class and screened at the Heart Failure Outpatient Clinic from a tertiary hospital in southern Brazil, who were recruited consecutively ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ) between March 2018 and November 2019. The exclusion criteria were serum creatinine &#8805;2.0 mg/dL, subjects on renal replacement therapy, previous heart transplantation, decompensated HF, congestion and/or peripheral edema evaluated in a medical consultation, a history of uns. angina, active malignant tumors, acute infection, contraindications for electrical bioimpedance analysis (BIA) (such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, since at the time of project planning there was still no evidence to support the safe use of BIA in these subjects), and difficulty performing functional tests (wheelchair patients, amputees or those with motor sequelae from a previous stroke).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patient recruitment flowchart. BMI: body mass index.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220369-20369-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sociodemographic, clinical, and anthropometric characteristics</title>
          <p>Sociodemographic data, comorbidities, pharmacological treatment, New York Heart Association&#8217;s functional class, HF etiology, and two-dimensional echocardiography to obtain the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) value were collected from the medical records and checked during the patient&#8217;s anamnesis and clinical consultation.</p>
          <p>A digital scale (Toledo&#174;, Ara&#231;atuba, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) was used to measure the patients&#8217; weight, and a vertical stadiometer (Veeder-Root&#174; 2.0m, S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) was used to measure their height. BMI was calculated and classified according to cutoff points recommended for older adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> To calculate the arm muscle circumference (AMC), a non-stretch tape measure (Cescorf Scientific, Cescorf, Brazil) was used to determine the arm circumference; tricipital skinfold thickness was also measured. Beginning with the 50th percentile, AMC adequacy was calculated and classified according to nutritional status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Additionally, with the patient in a sitting position, having the leg bent at a 90&#186; angle and feet flat on the floor, the calf circumference of the non-dominant leg was measured at the widest point.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Values &lt;31 cm were considered indicative of low muscle mass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inflammatory and humoral parameters</title>
          <p>Serum levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and total testosterone were determined from standard hospital protocols: the value for hs-CRP was determined by immunoturbidimetry analysis, IGF-1 by chemiluminescence, and total testosterone by competitive electrochemiluminescence.</p>
          <p>For Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) analysis, blood samples were centrifuged at 4&#176;C, 2500 rpm for 15 minutes for serum extraction and stored at -80&#176;C for further analysis. A ProcartexPlex 2-plex Human Custom High-Sensitivity multiplex immunoassay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific&#174;, Vienna, Austria: catalog number PPXS-02-MXPRKP3) was used according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. The samples went through a single defrosting process (for the present analysis), and the unused portion was discarded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Classification of sarcopenia</title>
          <p>The risk of sarcopenia was assessed using the SARC-F questionnaire.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Probable sarcopenia, sarcopenia, and severe sarcopenia were defined according to EWGSOP2 criteria, where probable sarcopenia is identified by the presence of low muscle strength; the diagnosis of sarcopenia is confirmed by the presence of low muscle strength and low muscle quantity or quality; and severe sarcopenia is identified when low muscle strength, low muscle quantity or quality, and low physical performance are detected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Muscle strength</title>
          <p>Muscle strength was assessed through handgrip strength<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Handgrip strength was measured using a Jamar&#174; mechanical dynamometer (Sammons Preston Rolyan, Bolingbrook, IL, USA) while the patient was seated with back support, without arm support, and with the elbow flexed at 90&#186;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The test was repeated three times with the dominant hand, and the highest value of the three measurements was used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> EWGSOP2 cutoff points were used (low muscle strength: values &lt;27 kgf for men and &lt;16 kgf for women).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test measures the amount of time it takes for an individual to stand up five times from a sitting position without using their arms. The participants were asked to fold their arms over their chest and rise from the chair once. If they performed the movement successfully, they were instructed to repeat the maneuver five times in a row as quickly as possible without stopping.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The EWGSOP2 cutoff point was used (low muscle strength: test run time &gt;15 seconds).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Muscle mass</title>
          <p>Muscle mass was estimated using a predictive equation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> To obtain electrical bioimpedance data, a Biodynamics BIA 450 Bioimpedance Analyzer (800mA, 50 kHz; Biodynamics Corporation, Seattle, Washington, USA) was used, following standard protocols.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> EWGSOP2 values were used to classify muscle mass (low muscle mass: Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass (ASMM) below 20 kg for men and below 15 kg for women). ASMM values were also adjusted for height (ASMM/height<sup>2</sup>), and low muscle mass was considered &lt;7.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>and &lt;5.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>for men and women, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Physical performance</title>
          <p>Physical performance was evaluated with the 6-Meter Walk Test. The patient was timed while walking in his or her usual gait on a 6-meter course along a straight line marked on the floor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The test was applied twice. The fastest time of the two tests was used, and a cutoff point &#8804;0.8 m/s was considered low physical performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Physical activity level</title>
          <p>The patients&#8217; physical activity level was assessed and classified using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short version.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Functional capacity</title>
          <p>Functional capacity was measured with the 6-minute walk test according to a standardized protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A distance of less than 300 meters was characterized as poor performance for HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality of life</title>
          <p>Quality of life was evaluated using the validated Portuguese version of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The total score ranged from 0 to 105 points, with higher scores indicating a lower quality of life.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical approval</title>
          <p>This study was approved by the institution&#8217;s Research Ethics Committee (81019917.1.0000.5327) on 03/07/2018, and followed the Declaration of Helsinki principles for research in human beings, with all participants providing written informed consent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The sample size calculation was performed using the WinPEPI (Programs for Epidemiologists for Windows), version 11.43, and based on the study by Onoue et al. (2016) and Harada et al. (2017).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Considering a significance level of 5%, a power of 80%, a prevalence of sarcopenia estimated at 20% and a minimum effect size of 0.8 standard deviations between groups regarding the parameters of CRP, TNF-&#945;, IGF-1, and testosterone, a minimum total of 90 patients was obtained.</p>
          <p>Quantitative variables were described as mean and standard deviation (SD), or median and interquartile range, according to data normality. To evaluate normality, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used. Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
          <p>To compare means, the Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> -test for independent samples was applied. In case of asymmetry, the Mann-Whitney test was used. When comparing proportions, the Pearson chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s exact tests were applied. In the case of statistical significance, the adjusted residual analysis was used to locate the associations.</p>
          <p>To control confounding factors, univariate and multivariate Poisson regression analysis was used. Variables with a p-value &lt;0.10 in the univariate analysis were entered in the multivariate model. The significance level was set at 5% (p&lt;0.05), and the analyses were performed in SPSS 21.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Ninety HF patients were included, 67.8% male, with a mean age of 69.4 &#177; 7.2 years. New York Heart Association functional classes I and II (77.8%) and non-ischemic etiology (71.1%) predominated, with a mean LVEF of 35.9 &#177; 11.9%. In relation to pharmacological treatment, 94.4% of patients were treated with beta-blockers and 93.3% were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic, clinical, nutritional characteristics, physical activity level, and quality of life in heart failure patients with and without sarcopenia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>All patients (n = 90)</th>
                  <th>Without sarcopenia (n =68)</th>
                  <th>With sarcopenia (n = 22)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (67.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (67.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (68.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">69.4 &#177; 7.2</td>
                  <td align="center">68.3 &#177; 6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">73.1 &#177; 8.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Race</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (77.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (73.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (90.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not white</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (26.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.139</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Heart Failure Etiology</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (28.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (27.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (31.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.584</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-ischemic</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (26.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (29.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (19.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertensive</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (44.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (42.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (50.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35.9 &#177; 11.9</td>
                  <td align="center">37.9 &#177; 12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 8.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NYHA Classification</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I and II</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (77.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (80.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (68.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.244</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III and IV</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (19.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (31.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HFrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (88.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (86.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (95.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.441</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HFpEF</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (13.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medications</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI/ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (93.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (98.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (77.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (94.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (95.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (90.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.592</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digitalis</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (31.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (29.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (36.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.728</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretics</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (92.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (91.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (95.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">72.4 &#177; 14.5</td>
                  <td align="center">76.9 &#177; 13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">58.6 &#177; 5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">23.1 &#177; 2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI Classification</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low weight</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (14.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (36.4)*</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eutrophic</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (34.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (29.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (50.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (51.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (63.2)*</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CC Classification</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;31 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;31 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (96.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (86.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AMC Classification</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Malnutrition</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (14.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (45.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eutrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (85.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (95.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (54.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (70.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (73.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (59.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.309</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (36.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (36.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (36.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (13.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Physical activity level</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (24.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (23.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (27.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.931</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Irregularly active A/B</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (62.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (63.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (59.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Active</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (13.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Six-minute walk test</td>
                  <td align="center">366.7 &#177; 88.9</td>
                  <td align="center">383.1 &#177; 78.9</td>
                  <td align="center">316.4 &#177; 100.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Quality of life</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MLHFQ total score</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (10 - 44)</td>
                  <td align="center">19.5 (10 - 42.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">37.5 (19.5 - 57.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.033</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Data were expressed as %, n (%), mean &#177; SD or median and interquartile range (P25-75). *Statistically significant association by the residual test adjusted to 5% significance. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; AMC: muscle circumference of the arm BMI: Body Mass Index; CC: calf circumference; IPAQ-s: International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short version; HFpEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; MLHFQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A risk of sarcopenia was identified in 35 (38.9%) patients, probable sarcopenia in 39 (43.3%), sarcopenia in 22 (24.4%), and severe sarcopenia in 4 (4.4%). The mean values for muscle mass, strength, and physical performance are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Boxplot of diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia. (A) Appendicular skeletal muscle mass in patients without and with sarcopenia (21.44 kg (18.82-24.89) vs 17.47 kg (14.29-18.66) (B) Handgrip strength in patients without and with sarcopenia (26.50 kg (21.25-32) vs 15 kg 12.75-24), (C) Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand test in patients without and with sarcopenia (10 s (9.03-11.93) vs 12.12 s (10,38-14.33), (D) 6-meter walk test in patients without and with sarcopenia (1.42 s (1.14-1.72) vs 1.04 s (0.91-1.21).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220369-20369-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In relation to humoral and inflammatory markers, there was no significant difference in means for serum levels of hs-CRP, IL-6, TNF-&#945;, IGF-1, or total testosterone between the groups with and without sarcopenia ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sarcopenia and inflammatory and humoral markers in heart failure patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Without sarcopenia (n = 68)</th>
                  <th>With sarcopenia (n = 22)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.23 (1.78 - 6.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 (0.81 - 10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.467</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IGF-1 (ng/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">143.3 (97.9 - 177.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">111.5 (87.8 - 165.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.134</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total testosterone (ng/ml)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11 (0.04 - 0.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02 (0.02 - 0.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.304</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">4.02 &#177; 1.49</td>
                  <td align="center">4.16 &#177; 1.71</td>
                  <td align="center">0.757</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-6 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.49 (0.85 - 2.32)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.26 (0.92 - 3.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.062</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TNF-&#945; (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62 (0.48 - 1.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72 (0.47 - 1.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.538</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Data expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation or median and P25 - P75. IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; IL-6: interleukin-6; mg/L: milligrams per liter; ng/ml: nanograms per milliliter; pg/mL: picograms per milliliter; TNF-&#945;: tumor necrosis factor alpha; hs-CRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the univariate analysis, sarcopenia was associated with serum IL-6 levels (p &lt;0.001), as were the 6-minute walk test results (p = 0.012) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). To control for multicollinearity, two multivariate models were performed, the model 1 containing interleukin-6 and other variables, and model 2 containing the 6-minute walk test and other variables. In the multivariate model 1, after adjusting for age, BMI, ethnicity, LVEF, and ACEI/ARB use, IL-6 remained associated with sarcopenia: for each 1 pg/mL increase in IL-6, there was an increase of 10% in sarcopenia prevalence. In multivariate model 2, after adjusting for age, BMI, ethnicity, LVEF, and ACEI/ARB use, the 6-minute walk test also proved to be significantly associated with sarcopenia, which demonstrates that having a low performance on this test leads to a 3-fold increase in the probability of having sarcopenia ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). In relation to BMI and LVEF, for each one unit increase, there was a 22% and 4% decrease, respectively, in sarcopenia prevalence in model 1. In model 2, only BMI remained statistically significant, whereas an increase of one unit resulted in a 23% reduction in the prevalence of sarcopenia.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate analysis between sarcopenia and biomarkers, physical activity, and functional capacity (Poisson regression with a robust error estimator), through two multivariate models</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariate</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Model 1</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Model 2</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>PR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>PR adjusted (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>PR adjusted (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06 (1.02 &#8211; 1.11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 (0.98 &#8211; 1.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.255</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 (0.98 &#8211; 1.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.292</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79 (0.72 &#8211; 0.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78 (0.70 &#8211; 0.87)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77 (0.70 &#8211; 0.84)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Race (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">2.86 (0.73 &#8211; 11.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.132</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not white</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95 (0.92 &#8211; 0.98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (0.94 &#8211; 0.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97 (0.94 &#8211; 1.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.060</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of ACEI/ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24 (0.14 &#8211; 0.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60 (0.30 &#8211; 1.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.141</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95 (0.39 &#8211; 2.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.919</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99 (0.96 &#8211; 1.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.751</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IGF-1 (mg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99 (0.98 - 1.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.297</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total testosterone (ng/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02 (0.86 - 1.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.852</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-6 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.15 (1.07 - 1.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10 (1.02 - 1.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TNF-&#945; (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08 (0.67 - 1.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.752</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IPAQ-s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09 (0.27 - 4.36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.902</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Irregularly active B/A</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93 (0.27 - 3.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.908</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Active</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Six-minute walk test</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal performance</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low performance</td>
                  <td align="center">2.97 (1.27 - 6.96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">3.06 (1.50 &#8211; 6.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI: Body Mass Index; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; IL-6: interleukin-6; IPAQ-s: International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short version; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; TNF-&#945;: tumor necrosis factor alpha; hs-CRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein. Model 1: age, BMI, LVEF, ACEI/ARB, and interleukin-6; Model 2: age, BMI, LVEF, ACEI/ARB, and 6-minute walk test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of this study refer to the association between sarcopenia and serum levels of IL-6, as well as with functional capacity in older HF patients ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central illustration</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Sarcopenia: Inflammatory and Humoral Markers in Older Heart Failure Patients</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Summary of main results.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-07-e20220369-20369-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Sarcopenia, in addition to being highly prevalent, was associated with higher levels of interleukin-6 and decreased functional capacity.</p>
        <p>The prevalence of sarcopenia was close to that of the SICA-HF study in ambulatory patients with HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> but was higher than the results of Canteri et al. (2019).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Different methods of assessing ASMM, as well as different levels of physical activity, might have affected this difference. The present study reiterates the association between sarcopenia and age in HF patients found in other studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> as well as the association between sarcopenia and lower LVEF values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is well-known that HF can induce sarcopenia through common pathophysiological pathways that influence each other.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Inflammation is a central process in HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> given that patients with HF often have low levels of chronic systemic inflammation, which can have a sustained effect on skeletal muscles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> High levels of inflammatory markers, such as TNF-&#945;, hs-CRP, and IL-6, are related to a decline in muscle mass and strength,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> which suggests that inflammation, which is also involved in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia, represents a essential link between these two conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>IL-6, one of the inflammatory markers related to sarcopenia in the present study, has already been proven to be associated with muscle strength and function,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> in addition to having already demonstrated an association with the prognosis of this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In chronic diseases and in older adults, IL-6 seems to be deeply implicated in the pathophysiology of declining functional capacity, which leads to the hypothesis that its deregulation could be the first step in the development of sarcopenia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Increased levels of TNF-&#945; and IL-6 following the onset of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults corroborate this hypothesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> However, this is still controversial in the literature,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> and given the cross-sectional design of the present study, only hypotheses can be speculated about the causal role of IL-6 in sarcopenia in HF patients.</p>
        <p>The role of inflammatory markers may also be related to the decline in anabolic hormones described in sarcopenia. In this study, lower serum IGF-1 levels were not observed in sarcopenic patients, despite the association with IL-6. One of the mechanisms by which IL-6 is linked to sarcopenia is direct interference with insulin signal transduction and inhibition of the production and biological activity of IGF-1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> In the present study, none of the endocrine system markers were associated with sarcopenia, which may suggest that due to common pathologies, the specific effects of sarcopenia on anabolic hormones may not be perceived. Another possible reason may be that IGF-1 and testosterone have been considered only as continuous variables in our study, whereas the presence of a testosterone deficiency and/or low IGF-1 syndrome have not been investigated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to significant differences in mean values of individual sarcopenia components between patients with and without sarcopenia, the sarcopenia group also performed more poorly on the 6-minute walk test, a well-established exercise capacity parameter with prognostic value for mortality in stable HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> It is reported in the literature that deficits in muscle mass, strength, and exercise capacity contribute to decreased quality of life in HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In the present study, the functional capacity was associated with sarcopenia, which indicates a probable synergistic effect between the two diseases and their effect on functional capacity.</p>
        <p>Another important issue to be considered in studies regarding sarcopenia in HF patients is the pharmacological treatment. Some standard HF medications have shown potential benefits against muscle loss. In the present study, the vast majority of individuals (above 90%) had optimized pharmacological treatment in the general analysis, which may have impacted the prevalence of sarcopenia in the sample.</p>
        <p>Moreover, the early identification of sarcopenia in this population and the implementation of therapeutic strategies aimed at recovering muscle mass and function can contribute to a better clinical management of these individuals in order to prevent negative health outcomes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>One of the limitations of this study lies on the fact that patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators/cardiac resynchronization therapy were not included because of some restrictions in the use of BIA, which, hypothetically, could have impacted the absence of greater associations with studied biomarkers. Moreover, the cross-sectional nature of the study limits conclusions about causality, although the multivariate analysis results, which were adjusted to important factors such as age, BMI, ethnicity, LVEF, and ACEI/ARB use, strengthen the idea that IL-6 could serve as a marker of sarcopenia in these patients. Another point is the limited number of patients with sarcopenia in this study. Another positive aspect of the study was the inclusion of several inflammatory and hormonal parameters, since the multifactorial nature of sarcopenia etiology in HF and the complex interaction between the two conditions most likely requires a multidimensional approach. This study also provides a precise and extensive assessment of sarcopenia in HF patients, which could help in the early detection and prevention of this condition, and guide key therapeutic approaches.</p>
          <p>In view of the findings found in this study, the importance of including the assessment of sarcopenia in the clinical routine of this population is clear, since sarcopenia is directly related to the prognosis and progression of HF and becomes crucial for the management of these patients.</p>
          <p>Our study aimed to evaluate sarcopenia and its association with inflammatory and humoral markers, quality of life, and functional capacity in older HF patients. Thus, we believe our results can contribute significantly toward a better understanding of this complex relationship, and can provide a preliminary basis for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of sarcopenia in patients with HF.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In sum, this study demonstrated that sarcopenia is highly prevalent and is associated with higher levels of IL-6 and a reduction in functional capacity (according to the 6-minute walk test) in older HF patients. The results suggest that at least one of the studied inflammatory parameters may be related to a decline in strength and muscle mass in older HF patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank the Research and Events Incentive Fund of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for their funding to conduct this research.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Tamirys Delazeri Sangali, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 81019917.1.0000.5327. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa e Eventos do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
