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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9PbWwQfB7QYjr36mffYPdnf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000600204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230341</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Arcabou&#231;os para Uso em Bioengenharia de Vasos Sangu&#237;neos: Quais as Perspectivas?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8280-471X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Rufino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garzesi</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Monti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7696-5410</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Felicio</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello Laneza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertanha</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu e Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Transplante Card&#237;aco, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu e Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu e Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Vascular, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Leonardo Rufino Garcia &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu &#8211; Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr, s/n. CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rufino.garcia@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230341</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasos Sangu&#237;neos</kwd>
        <kwd>Matriz Nuclear (Scaffold</kwd>
        <kwd>Engenharia Tecidual</kwd>
        <kwd>Bioengenharia/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Celulas Tronco</kwd>
        <kwd>Materiais Biocompat&#237;veis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares constituem atualmente as principais causas de morbimortalidade no Brasil e no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Seu tratamento &#233; multimodal e tem como um dos alvos o combate &#224; progress&#227;o do seu principal substrato fisiopatol&#243;gico, a aterosclerose. As mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida, prescri&#231;&#227;o e uso de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, anticoagulantes e hipolipemiantes, tratamento de comorbidades como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e diabetes mellitus at&#233; revasculariza&#231;&#245;es <italic>lato sensu</italic> de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo s&#227;o importantes no controle de sua evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, muitos pacientes ainda apresentam evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel da aterosclerose apenas com manejo cl&#237;nico e se tornam candidatos a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, &#233; imprescind&#237;vel a disponibilidade de substitutos vasculares para uso como enxertos, os quais podem ser aut&#243;logos ou sint&#233;ticos (artificiais). Por sua vez, t&#233;cnicas endovasculares com o uso de <italic>stents</italic> podem ser utilizadas no tratamento de estenoses ou oclus&#245;es, de acordo com indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas espec&#237;ficas.</p>
    <p>Nas cirurgias para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio os enxertos mais utilizados s&#227;o os de art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas internas, veia safena magna e art&#233;ria radial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Alguns estudos j&#225; mostraram maior pat&#234;ncia de enxertos arteriais sobre os venosos em longo prazo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> com reflexos cl&#237;nicos importantes, notadamente a diminui&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares ap&#243;s o procedimento, por exemplo. Contudo, em cerca de 30% dos casos h&#225; indisponibilidade de enxertos aut&#243;logos, tanto pela m&#225; qualidade ou pelo fato de j&#225; terem sido usados previamente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> exist&#234;ncia de veias ou art&#233;rias com calibres inadequados para uso como substituto vascular, aus&#234;ncia de enxertos vasculares artificiais coronarianos compat&#237;veis e infec&#231;&#227;o em s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico ou a dist&#226;ncia que possam contaminar enxertos sint&#233;ticos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> comprometendo resultados cir&#250;rgicos devido &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o incompleta<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> ou complica&#231;&#245;es e falhas ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em cirurgias vasculares que envolvam vasos de maior calibre, op&#231;&#245;es de enxertos artificiais t&#234;m uso mais amplo e difundido, destacando-se os de politetrafluoroetileno expandido (ePTFE) e os de polietileno tereftalato (PET ou Dacron). As principais vantagens proporcionadas s&#227;o a for&#231;a para suportar a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, in&#233;rcia do ponto de vista qu&#237;mico, ampla variedade de extens&#245;es e calibres para adequa&#231;&#227;o ao territ&#243;rio vascular a ser tratado e a possibilidade de armazenamento para r&#225;pido uso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Existem, por&#233;m, desvantagens advindas do uso de enxertos vasculares artificiais. Lenta endoteliza&#231;&#227;o permite exposi&#231;&#227;o da superf&#237;cie hidrof&#243;bica endoluminal com adsor&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas ao enxerto e subsequente ativa&#231;&#227;o e agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;rias com forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos. Posteriormente desenvolve-se resposta imune, com infiltra&#231;&#227;o macrof&#225;gica e express&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias que guiam a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas e o desenvolvimento de hiperplasia neointimal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ainda existe, contudo, importante lacuna a ser preenchida quando h&#225; a necessidade de enxertos vasculares de di&#226;metros inferiores a seis mil&#237;metros nos casos de indisponibilidade de enxertos aut&#243;logos. Tendo esse desafio a solucionar, h&#225; duas estrat&#233;gias sendo mais comumente investigadas pela bioengenharia de enxertos. Arcabou&#231;os ou <italic>scaffolds</italic> biol&#243;gicos, que s&#227;o compostos por matriz extracelular derivados de tecidos biol&#243;gicos descelularizados, empregados nas condi&#231;&#245;es tridimensionais naturais ou como mat&#233;ria-prima para bioconstru&#231;&#227;o por engenharia de tecidos, em que c&#233;lulas-tronco s&#227;o depositadas e induzidas &#224; diferencia&#231;&#227;o celular apropriada. Esses arcabou&#231;os podem ser obtidos de tecidos animais ou cad&#225;veres e apresentam como vantagem possuir a composi&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica das prote&#237;nas da matriz extracelular, bioatividade e arquitetura natural do tecido em tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> apresentam a perspectiva de uso dos vasos de placenta bovina para produ&#231;&#227;o de biomateriais descelularizados como uma fonte de biomateriais vasculares como perspectiva futura para engenharia de tecidos vasculares com resultados promissores.</p>
    <p>Por sua vez, existem os arcabou&#231;os de origem sint&#233;tica, como o &#225;cido poliglic&#243;lico e o &#225;cido polil&#225;ctico, dispon&#237;veis comercialmente, em que os enxertos s&#227;o pr&#233;-fabricados a partir de pol&#237;meros naturais ou sint&#233;ticos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> fabricados de forma tridimensional ou bioimpressos tridimensionalmente (c&#233;lulas e os produtos de suporte s&#227;o estruturados conjuntamente), os quais apresentam como vantagem n&#227;o induzir rea&#231;&#245;es imunog&#234;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entretanto, a engenharia de tecidos ainda apresenta alguns desafios a serem superados para que alguns conceitos possam ser aplicados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica: capacidade replicativa limitada das c&#233;lulas implantadas, perda da atividade da telomerase de c&#233;lulas som&#225;ticas adultas, propriedades mec&#226;nicas diferentes das dos vasos nativos, biocompatibilidade e cin&#233;tica de degrada&#231;&#227;o e remodelamento dos enxertos <italic>in vivo,</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> capacidade limitada de promover o crescimento celular e de regular a extens&#227;o e for&#231;a da ades&#227;o celular, atividade de crescimento, diferencia&#231;&#227;o celular e matura&#231;&#227;o para o fen&#243;tipo desejado, inibir a inflama&#231;&#227;o e &#224; prolifera&#231;&#227;o neointimal, inibir a trombogenicidade, sustentar a produ&#231;&#227;o de matriz extracelular e permitir o carreamento de nutrientes de forma seletiva atrav&#233;s da parede do vaso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A transposi&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa experimental para a pesquisa aplicada em humanos requer o enfrentamento de muitas das dificuldades relatadas ainda em pesquisas <italic>in vitro</italic> e em pesquisas experimentais para, por fim, chegar ao tratamento de doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> De qualquer forma, os in&#250;meros trabalhos cient&#237;ficos apresentados em todo o mundo demonstram um grande avan&#231;o no conhecimento da manipula&#231;&#227;o celular e bioengenharia de materiais, que podem ser projetados para serem multifuncionais e possivelmente program&#225;veis, o que aponta para um futuro promissor, a m&#233;dio prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O trabalho em quest&#227;o corrobora essa afirma&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Scaffolds Vasculares Descelularizados Provenientes de Vasos Sangu&#237;neos de Placenta Bovina</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Scaffolds for Use in Blood Vessel Bioengineering: What are the Prospects?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8280-471X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Rufino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garzesi</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Monti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7696-5410</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Felicio</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello Laneza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertanha</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu e Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Transplante Card&#237;aco, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu e Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu e Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Vascular, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Leonardo Rufino Garcia &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu &#8211; Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr, s/n. Postal Code 18618-970, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rufino.garcia@unesp.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Vessels</kwd>
        <kwd>Cell Nucleous (Scaffold</kwd>
        <kwd>Tissue Engineering, Bioengineering/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Stem Cells</kwd>
        <kwd>Biocompatible Materials</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are currently the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Brazil and worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Its treatment is multimodal and has as one of its targets the fight against the progression of its major pathophysiological substrate, atherosclerosis. Lifestyle changes, prescription and use of antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, and hypolipidemic agents, treatment of comorbidities such as systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and even revascularization of target organs <italic>lato sensu</italic> are important in controlling its clinical evolution.</p>
      <p>However, many patients still have an unfavorable evolution of atherosclerosis with only clinical management and become candidates for revascularization procedures. Thus, the availability of vascular substitutes for use as grafts is essential, which can be autologous or synthetic (artificial). In turn, endovascular techniques with stents can be used to treat stenoses or occlusions according to specific clinical indications.</p>
      <p>In surgeries for myocardial revascularization, the most used grafts are those from internal thoracic arteries, great saphenous veins, and radial arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Some studies have already shown greater patency of arterial grafts over venous ones in the long term<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> with important clinical outcomes, notably decreased cardiovascular events after the procedure. However, in approximately 30% of cases, autologous grafts are not available, either because of poor quality or because they have already been used previously,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> the existence of veins or arteries with inadequate calibers for use as a vascular substitute, absence of vascular grafts compatible with coronary targets and infection at the surgical site or at a distance that may contaminate synthetic grafts,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> compromising surgical results due to incomplete revascularization<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> or complications and failures after revascularization.</p>
      <p>In vascular surgeries involving larger caliber vessels, artificial graft options are more widespread and widely used, emphasizing expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET or Dacron). The main advantages are the strength to withstand systemic arterial pressure, inertia from a chemical point of view, a wide variety of extensions and calibers to adapt to the vascular territory to be treated, and the possibility of storage for quick use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, there are disadvantages arising from using artificial vascular grafts. Slow endothelialization allows exposure of the endoluminal hydrophobic surface with adsorption of plasma proteins to the graft and subsequent platelet activation and aggregation with thrombus formation. Subsequently, an immune response develops, with macrophage infiltration and expression of inflammatory cytokines that guide the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and the development of neointimal hyperplasia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, there is still a pivotal gap to be filled when there is a need for vascular grafts with diameters smaller than six millimeters in cases of unavailability of autologous grafts. Having this challenge to solve, two strategies are being most commonly investigated by graft bioengineering. Biological scaffolds, composed of extracellular matrix derived from decellularized biological tissues, are used in natural three-dimensional conditions or as raw material for bioconstruction by tissue engineering, in which stem cells are deposited and induced to appropriate cell differentiation. These scaffolds can be obtained from animal tissues or cadavers and have the advantage of having the basic composition of extracellular matrix proteins, bioactivity, and natural tissue architecture in three dimensions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In this sense, Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> present the perspective of using bovine placental vessels to produce decellularized biomaterials as a source of vascular biomaterials as a future perspective for vascular tissue engineering with promising results.</p>
      <p>In turn, there are scaffolds of synthetic origin, such as polyglycolic acid and polylactic acid, commercially available options in which the grafts are prefabricated from natural or synthetic polymers,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> manufactured three-dimensionally or three-dimensionally bio-printed (cells and support products are structured together), which have the advantage of not inducing immunogenic reactions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, tissue engineering still presents some challenges to overcome so that some concepts can be applied in clinical practice: limited replicative capacity of implanted cells, loss of telomerase activity of adult somatic cells, mechanical properties different from those of native vessels, biocompatibility and kinetics of degradation and remodeling of grafts in vivo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> limited ability to promote cell growth and to regulate the extent and strength of cell adhesion, growth activity, cell differentiation and maturation to the desired phenotype, inhibit inflammation and neointimal proliferation, inhibit thrombogenicity, sustain the production of extracellular matrix and allow the selective transport of nutrients through the vessel wall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The transposition of experimental to applied research in humans requires facing many of the difficulties reported <italic>in vitro</italic> research and experimental research to reach the treatment of diseases in clinical practice<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> finally. In any case, the numerous scientific works presented worldwide demonstrate a great advance in the knowledge of cellular manipulation and bioengineering of materials, which can be designed to be multifunctional and possibly programmable, which points to a promising future in the medium term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The work in question corroborates this statement.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Decellularized Vascular Scaffolds Derived from Bovine Placenta Blood Vessels</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
