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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3JVMm46QbpjJLn8y9jKCm3y</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000600203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230335</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Uso Varfarina na Terapia de Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o Oral: Desafios e Estrat&#233;gia EmpoderACO para a Promo&#231;&#227;o do Empoderamento do Paciente no Autocuidado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2162-0810</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silvestre</surname>
            <given-names>Carina Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6748-727X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cerqueira-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">GEICF</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">niversidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Governador Valadares</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Estudos Interdisciplinar em Cuidado Farmac&#234;utico (GEICF) &#8211; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Carina Carvalho Silvestre &#8226; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora campus Governador Valadares &#8211; Departamento de Farm&#225;cia &#8211; Rua Manoel Byrro, 241. CEP 35032-620, Bairro Vila Bretas, Governador Valadares, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>farm.carina@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230335</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Empoderamento para a Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Comportamentos Relacionados com a Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Varfarina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A varfarina &#233; um anticoagulante oral amplamente utilizado para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria de tromboembolismo que pertence &#224; classe dos antagonistas da vitamina K.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, a varfarina ainda &#233; o principal anticoagulante oral distribu&#237;do gratuitamente pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Segundo o Instituto de Pr&#225;ticas Seguras no Uso de Medicamentos (ISMP - Brasil), a varfarina &#233; classificada como um medicamento de alta vigil&#226;ncia ou potencialmente perigoso, uma vez que possui baixo &#237;ndice terap&#234;utico e seu uso requer aten&#231;&#227;o constante para que o medicamento atue na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos sem aumentar o risco de hemorragias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Ademais, consta como um dos medicamentos que deve ser alvo de a&#231;&#245;es priorit&#225;rias para a preven&#231;&#227;o de danos, de acordo com o Terceiro Desafio Global de Seguran&#231;a do Paciente, da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O manejo da terapia anticoagulante com a varfarina &#233; um desafio para muitos pacientes. Requer procedimentos considerados complexos, como o doseamento regular da raz&#227;o normalizada internacional (RNI), a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para ajuste de dose do medicamento pela equipe respons&#225;vel bem como a compreens&#227;o adequada dos fatores que podem influenciar na sua efetividade e seguran&#231;a, como rea&#231;&#245;es adversas e intera&#231;&#245;es com outros medicamentos e alimentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Destarte, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias que auxiliem no uso adequado e seguro do medicamento, al&#233;m de contribuir na compreens&#227;o do seu processo de uso e consequente ades&#227;o ao tratamento.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Barbosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> teve como objetivo construir e validar o protocolo EmpoderACO voltado para a mudan&#231;a de comportamento de pacientes em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com varfarina. Os itens presentes na ferramenta foram organizados com base nos cinco passos presentes no Protocolo Mudan&#231;a de Comportamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A constru&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o do protocolo EmpoderACO seguiram etapas bem definidas, propostas pelos estudos de Coluci et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e Pasquali,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Inicialmente, um mapa conceitual foi constru&#237;do para a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos dom&#237;nios do autocuidado em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. O desenvolvimento do instrumento incluiu a participa&#231;&#227;o de um comit&#234; de especialistas interno e externo, composto por diferentes profissionais da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de. Ap&#243;s esta etapa, o protocolo foi submetido para avalia&#231;&#227;o da validade de conte&#250;do pelo Comit&#234; de Ju&#237;zes, seguido da realiza&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233;-teste em pacientes em uso de varfarina.</p>
    <p>A vers&#227;o final do instrumento resultou em 27 itens, compreendendo diferentes dom&#237;nios do autocuidado na anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. O protocolo EmpoderACO poder&#225; ser aplicado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica como suporte no cuidado ao paciente sendo utilizado pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de a fim de fortalecer a qualidade das interven&#231;&#245;es e estimular o empoderamento do usu&#225;rio sobre sua farmacoterapia. O envolvimento do paciente no seu processo de cuidado &#233; um dos componentes centrais do cuidado centrado na pessoa, que se relaciona &#224; parceria do profissional com o usu&#225;rio, baseada na intera&#231;&#227;o e no conhecimento das necessidades e problemas vividos por este. O cuidado centrado na pessoa pretende enfatizar a ideia de que o profissional n&#227;o deve se ater a investigar apenas as doen&#231;as, mas tamb&#233;m atender &#224;s necessidades do indiv&#237;duo de forma ampliada, considerando sua subjetividade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O cuidado desenvolvido no manejo da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com a varfarina, especialmente no contexto da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de, requer um tempo demasiado de acompanhamento no servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de, bem como a constru&#231;&#227;o de uma rela&#231;&#227;o de confian&#231;a com o profissional, a fim de que o v&#237;nculo terap&#234;utico auxilie no alcance dos objetivos com o tratamento e no processo de autoconhecimento do usu&#225;rio acerca do seu tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Este engajamento requer tamb&#233;m a considera&#231;&#227;o do letramento em sa&#250;de dos indiv&#237;duos, ou seja, do seu conhecimento, motiva&#231;&#227;o e compet&#234;ncias para agir, entender, avaliar e aplicar informa&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de para decis&#245;es relacionadas ao cuidado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudos realizados no Brasil e na Austr&#225;lia encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre baixos n&#237;veis de letramento em sa&#250;de e piores desfechos relacionados ao manejo da terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com varfarina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Para al&#233;m, a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de Kim et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> em 2017, a qual avaliou diferentes estrat&#233;gias de envolvimento do paciente e da fam&#237;lia para melhorar a seguran&#231;a dos medicamentos aponta que as interven&#231;&#245;es para o envolvimento do paciente n&#227;o devem ter fun&#231;&#227;o apenas informativa, mas devem incorporar n&#237;veis mais altos de engajamento dos pacientes. Estes incluem a&#231;&#245;es que envolvam o paciente nas tomadas de decis&#227;o e comunica&#231;&#227;o ativa com a equipe de sa&#250;de, al&#233;m do estabelecimento de parceria com os indiv&#237;duos no atendimento a fim de que estes se tornem colaboradores no seu processo de cuidado, al&#233;m da inclus&#227;o dos pacientes como membros integrais da equipe de cuidado.</p>
    <p>O EmpoderACO contempla aspectos de altos n&#237;veis de engajamento e pode ser uma ferramenta auxiliar para o empoderamento e envolvimento do paciente no seu processo de autocuidado. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, futuros estudos podem avaliar a implanta&#231;&#227;o da ferramenta em indiv&#237;duos com diferentes caracter&#237;sticas, em cen&#225;rios distintos e avaliar suas potencialidades e fragilidades para a promo&#231;&#227;o do uso seguro deste anticoagulante.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Constru&#231;&#227;o e Valida&#231;&#227;o do Protocolo EmpoderACO Direcionado a Pacientes em Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o Oral com Varfarina</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Use of Warfarin in Oral Anticoagulation Therapy: Challenges and EmpoderACO Strategy for Promoting Patient Empowerment in Self-Care</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2162-0810</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silvestre</surname>
            <given-names>Carina Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6748-727X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cerqueira-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Estudos Interdisciplinar em Cuidado Farmac&#234;utico (GEICF) &#8211; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Carina Carvalho Silvestre &#8226; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora campus Governador Valadares &#8211; Departamento de Farm&#225;cia &#8211; Rua Manoel Byrro, 241. Postal Code 35032-620, Bairro Vila Bretas, Governador Valadares, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: farm.carina@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Empowerment for Health</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Behavior</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Education</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Warfarin</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant widely used for primary and secondary prevention of thromboembolism that belongs to the class of vitamin K antagonists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, warfarin is still the main oral anticoagulant distributed free of charge by the Unified Health System.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> According to the Institute for Safe Practices in the Use of Medicines (ISMP - Brazil), warfarin is classified as a high-alert or potentially dangerous drug since it has a low therapeutic index and its use requires constant attention for the drug to act in the prevention of thromboembolic events without increasing the risk of hemorrhages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Furthermore, it appears as one of the drugs that should be the target of priority actions for the prevention of damage, according to the Third Global Patient Safety Challenge of the World Health Organization Health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Management of anticoagulant therapy with warfarin is a challenge for many patients. It requires procedures that are considered complex, such as the regular measurement of the international normalized ratio (INR), the interpretation of the results to adjust the drug dose by the responsible team, as well as the adequate understanding of the factors that may influence its effectiveness and safety, such as adverse reactions and interactions with other drugs and foods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Thus, strategies are needed to help in the proper and safe use of the medication and contribute to understanding its use process and consequent adherence to treatment.</p>
      <p>The study by Barbosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> aimed to build and validate the EmpoderACO protocol to change patients&#8217; behavior on oral anticoagulation with warfarin. The items in the tool were organized based on the five steps in the Behavior Change Protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The construction and validation of the EmpoderACO protocol followed well-defined steps proposed by the studies by Coluci<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and Pasquali.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Initially, a conceptual map was built to identify self-care domains in oral anticoagulation. The development of the instrument included the participation of an internal and external expert committee composed of different health professionals. After this stage, the protocol was submitted for content validity assessment by the Committee of Judges, followed by the performance of the pre-test in patients using warfarin.</p>
      <p>The final version of the instrument resulted in 27 items comprising different domains of self-care in oral anticoagulation. The EmpoderACO protocol can be applied in clinical practice as support in patient care, used by health professionals to strengthen the quality of interventions and encourage user empowerment regarding their pharmacotherapy. The patient&#8217;s involvement in their care process is one of the central components of person-centered care, which is related to the professional&#8217;s partnership with the user based on interaction and knowledge of the needs and problems experienced by the latter. Person-centered care emphasizes the idea that the professional should not only investigate diseases but also meet the needs of the individual more broadly, considering its subjectivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The care developed in the management of oral anticoagulation with warfarin, especially in the context of primary health care, requires a long follow-up time in the health service, as well as building a relationship of trust with the professional so that the therapeutic bond helps in achieving the goals with the treatment and in the process of self-knowledge of the user about their treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This engagement also requires the consideration of the health literacy of individuals, that is, their knowledge, motivation, and skills to act, understand, evaluate, and apply health information to decisions related to care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Studies carried out in Brazil and Australia found a positive association between low levels of health literacy and worse outcomes related to managing oral anticoagulation therapy with warfarin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>In addition, the systematic review by Kim et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> in 2017, which evaluated different patient and family engagement strategies to improve medication safety, points out that interventions for the patient engagement should not only have an informative function but should incorporate higher levels of patient engagement. These include actions involving the patient in decision-making and active communication with the health team, as well as establishing partnerships with individuals in care to become collaborators in their care process and including patients as integral members of the care team.</p>
      <p>EmpoderACO contemplates aspects of high levels of engagement and can be an auxiliary tool for patient empowerment and involvement in their self-care process. In addition, future studies can evaluate the tool&#8217;s implementation in individuals with different characteristics in different scenarios and evaluate its strengths and weaknesses to promote the safe use of this anticoagulant.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Construction and Validation of a Protocol Targeting Patients on Oral Anticoagulation with Warfarin</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
