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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fM3RfvJ9gwLNvyyDcbnq4Cw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000600206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230310</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Os Pacientes de Baixo Risco Cardiovascular Poderiam Ser Melhor Estratificados?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Alameda das Dracenas, 290. CEP 06539-240, Residencial 5, Alphaville, Santana de Parna&#237;ba, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fahfonseca@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230310</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Baixo Risco Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>DCVAS</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Cesena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> determinaram a distribui&#231;&#227;o de percentis do risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVAS) em 10 anos de acordo com idade e sexo, em uma grande popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, com base nas equa&#231;&#245;es de coorte agrupadas ACC/AHA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Eles exclu&#237;ram pacientes com risco cardiovascular alto ou muito alto (por exemplo, aqueles com DCVAS conhecida, diabetes, hipercolesterolemia grave, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica ou pessoas com idades fora da faixa de 40 a 75 anos). Os autores encontraram muitos indiv&#237;duos com baixo risco cardiovascular, mas acima do percentil 75 de risco de DCVAS para essa categoria. Esses achados fascinantes mostram as limita&#231;&#245;es da estimativa atual de risco cardiovascular em 10 anos, principalmente entre pacientes jovens. De fato, os autores apresentam uma ferramenta que pode ser muito &#250;til para uma melhor sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o para o risco cardiovascular, abrindo a perspectiva para uma mudan&#231;a precoce do estilo de vida ou para o in&#237;cio de terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, muitos pacientes recebem terapia farmacol&#243;gica ou mudam seu estilo de vida apenas no est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado da doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nesse ponto, o cuidado cardiovascular &#233; muito mais especializado e caro, e a qualidade de vida muitas vezes permanece comprometida apesar de grandes esfor&#231;os.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, Fuster e Braunwald, considerados grandes refer&#234;ncias da cardiologia moderna, propuseram a preven&#231;&#227;o primordial das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, evitando o desenvolvimento de fatores de risco ou a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A principal causa de morte e incapacidade em todo o mundo continua sendo a DCVAS, especialmente o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. No entanto, independentemente de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular (por exemplo, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes ou tabagismo), a exposi&#231;&#227;o a n&#237;veis mais baixos de colesterol ao longo da vida reduz drasticamente a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Assim, em harmonia com o futuro da cardiologia moderna, Cesena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> prop&#245;em uma abordagem que permite uma avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular futuro de nossos pacientes individuais. Neste momento, terapias menos intensivas podem ser implementadas, proporcionando melhor tolerabilidade e a ades&#227;o dos nossos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De acordo com o estudo de Cesena et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> as principais caracter&#237;sticas de baixo risco para DCVAS, mas acima do percentil 75 s&#227;o, geralmente, pacientes com sobrepeso ou obesidade com dislipidemia e/ou tabagismo. Assim, os componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica que n&#227;o s&#227;o contabilizados nas calculadoras de risco foram frequentemente identificados nesses pacientes, e todos esses fatores de risco podem ser abordados para uma diminui&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo do risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outro aspecto importante dessa contribui&#231;&#227;o &#233; a estimativa de risco sem imagem. Nesse contexto, o escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano tem sido proposto para melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio pelas diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O risco percentual tamb&#233;m pode ser &#250;til para identificar aqueles pacientes que n&#227;o precisam ser encaminhados para an&#225;lise de imagem, diminuindo custos.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, o uso de percentis para risco de DCVAS de acordo com sexo, idade, e a ra&#231;a foi previamente determinado na popula&#231;&#227;o dos EUA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Curiosamente, algumas diferen&#231;as nos percentis 25, 50 e 75 foram encontradas, mostrando que n&#227;o podemos extrapolar dados de uma popula&#231;&#227;o para outra. Portanto, iniciativas para estabelecer o risco de DCVAS em percentis de nossa pr&#243;pria popula&#231;&#227;o parecem realmente importantes.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Determinando Percentis do Risco Cardiovascular Ateroscler&#243;tico de acordo com Sexo e Idade numa Popula&#231;&#227;o Saud&#225;vel Brasileira</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
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    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Could Patients At Low Cardiovascular Risk Be Better Stratified?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Alameda das Dracenas, 290. Postal Code 06539-240, Residencial 5, Alphaville, Santana de Parna&#237;ba, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: fahfonseca@terra.com.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Low Cardiovascular Risk</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention: ASCVD</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> , Cesena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> determined the percentiles distribution of the 10-year Aatherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk according to age and gender, in a large Brazilian population, based on the ACC/AHA pooled cohort equations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> They excluded patients at high or very high cardiovascular risk (e.g., those with known ASCVD, diabetes, severe hypercholesterolemia, chronic kidney disease, or people with ages outside the range of 40-75 years). The authors found many individuals at low cardiovascular risk but above the 75<sup>th</sup>percentile of ASCVD risk for that category. These fascinating findings show the limitations of the current estimation of 10-year cardiovascular risk, mainly among young patients. In fact, the authors present a tool that can be very useful for better awareness of cardiovascular risk, opening the perspective for an early change in lifestyle or for starting pharmacological therapy.</p>
      <p>Currently, many patients receive pharmacological therapy or change their lifestyle only at the advanced stage of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> At this point, cardiovascular care is much more specialized and expensive, and the quality of life often remains compromised despite great efforts.</p>
      <p>In recent years, Fuster and Braunwald, considered major references in modern cardiology, have proposed the primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease, avoiding the development of risk factors or the progression of atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The leading cause of death and disability worldwide remains ASCVD, especially myocardial infarction. However, independently of other cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, or smoking), exposure to lower cholesterol levels over the lifespan dramatically reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, in harmony with the future of modern cardiology, Cesena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> propose an approach that allows an assessment of the future cardiovascular risk of our individual patients. At this time, less intensive therapies can be implemented, providing better tolerability and adherence for our patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>According to the study of Cesena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> study, the main characteristics of low ASVCD cardiovascular risk but above the 75<sup>th</sup>percentile are generally overweight or obese patients with dyslipidemia and/or smokers. Thus, the components of metabolic syndrome that are not accounted for in risk calculators were frequently identified in these patients, and all these risk factors could be addressed for a long-term decrease in cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another important aspect of this contribution is the risk estimation without imaging. In this context, coronary calcium score has been proposed for better stratification of patients at intermediate risk by guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The percentile risk can also be useful to identify those patients that do not need to be referred for imaging analysis, decreasing costs.</p>
      <p>Finally, the use of percentiles for ASCVD risk according to sex, age, and race was previously determined in the USA population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Interestingly, some differences in the 25<sup>th</sup>, 50<sup>th</sup>, and 75<sup>th</sup>percentiles were found, showing that we cannot extrapolate data from one population to another. Therefore, initiatives to establish ASCVD risk in percentiles of our own population seem truly important.</p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Determining Percentiles of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk According to Sex and Age in a Healthy Brazilian Population</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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