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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Dc8b4hScJ6FDB8QtRRPkDLh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000600201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230304</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o Metab&#243;lica e Inflamat&#243;ria entre Covid-19 e N&#227;o-HDL-C</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2527-8717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Renato Jorge Alves &#8226; Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Departamento de Medicina - Rua Ces&#225;rio Motta Jr, 112. CEP 04126-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>renatoalves178@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230304</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19/metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia, Viral/transmiss&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>N&#227;o - HDL-C</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Inflamat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas LDL/metabolismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O estudo &#8220;Valor progn&#243;stico do colesterol n&#227;o HDL na pneumonia por COVID-19&#8221; avaliou o valor preditivo do colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na n&#227;o de alta densidade (n&#227;o-HDL-C) em pacientes com SARS-CoV-2 para mortalidade na infec&#231;&#227;o por Covid-19. Os autores inclu&#237;ram 1.435 pacientes entre janeiro de 2020 e junho de 2022. Os resultados mostraram que idade, prote&#237;na C-reativa e DHL estavam positivamente correlacionados com n&#227;o HDL-C, e o grupo n&#227;o sobrevivente era mais velho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Esses resultados corroboram os resultados dos estudos que demonstram que v&#225;rios biomarcadores poderiam ser usados como valor preditivo para progn&#243;stico e mortalidade na doen&#231;a Covid-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O n&#227;o-HDL-C representa uma carga total de lipoprote&#237;nas aterog&#234;nicas, como LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, Lp(a) e remanescente de quilom&#237;cron.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Pode ser usado como um preditor de risco, mesmo em amostras sem jejum, quando os triglicer&#237;deos aumentam. Por outro lado, as infec&#231;&#245;es por COVID-19 diminuem os n&#237;veis de colesterol total, LDL-C, HDL-C e apolipoprote&#237;na AI, A-II e B, enquanto os n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos podem estar normais ou aumentados. O grau de redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total, LDL-C, HDL-C e apolipoprote&#237;na AI poderia ser preditivo de mortalidade. N&#237;veis reduzidos de HDL-C e apolipoprote&#237;na AI avaliados antes de infec&#231;&#245;es por COVID-19 estariam associados a um risco aumentado de infec&#231;&#245;es graves por Covid-19, enquanto n&#237;veis de LDL-C, apolipoprote&#237;na B, Lp (a) e triglicer&#237;deos n&#227;o estariam. As infec&#231;&#245;es por Covid-19 alteram os n&#237;veis de lip&#237;dios e lipoprote&#237;nas, e os n&#237;veis de HDL-C podem afetar o risco de desenvolver infec&#231;&#245;es por Covid-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Curiosamente, a carga ateroscler&#243;tica de n&#227;o-HDL-C estaria ligada a doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias e hipertrigliceridemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, v&#225;rias doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas (s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, psor&#237;ase, v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana, hepatoesteatose n&#227;o alco&#243;lica e s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono) estariam associadas &#224; aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica e maior risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Vale ressaltar que os baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-C est&#227;o relacionados observacionalmente e geneticamente a riscos aumentados de doen&#231;as infecciosas, morte durante sepse, diabetes mellitus e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Dados observacionais indicam associa&#231;&#245;es de baixo HDL-C com v&#225;rias doen&#231;as autoimunes, c&#226;nceres e mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#227;o-HDL-C e Covid-19 parece existir.</p>
    <p>Curiosamente, doen&#231;as autoimunes, como a psor&#237;ase, tamb&#233;m foram associadas a n&#237;veis mais altos de enzima conversora de angiotensina tipo 2 (ECA2) do que a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Observou-se que a prote&#237;na spike Covid-19 tem uma alta afinidade pelos receptores ECA2. Este poderia ser um poss&#237;vel mecanismo causal de reatividade na associa&#231;&#227;o entre psor&#237;ase e infec&#231;&#227;o por Covid-19. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o estado hiperinflamat&#243;rio induzido pelo Covid-19 cause uma regula&#231;&#227;o positiva de citocinas previamente controladas, desmascarando uma predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica para a psor&#237;ase, e queo tratamento com medica&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica antipsori&#225;sica direcionada n&#227;o necessariamente reduz esse risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O n&#227;o-HDL-C pode ser um marcador precoce de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vascular em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 foi associada a um maior risco de diabetes. A infec&#231;&#227;o por Covid pode mais do que triplicar a chance de ser diagnosticado com diabetes tipo 2 dentro de um ano ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o. As pessoas hospitalizadas para tratamento da Covid tiveram mais do que o dobro do risco de serem diagnosticadas com diabetes tipo 2, e as internadas em unidades de terapia intensiva tiveram mais do que o triplo do risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estado inflamat&#243;rio tem sido associado a um maior risco residual cardiovascular em compara&#231;&#227;o com o estado ateroscler&#243;tico em pacientes recebendo tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado. Nesse contexto, os pacientes podem apresentar n&#237;veis mais elevados de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios (TNF-alfa, IL-1, IL-6). Recentemente, pesquisadores demonstraram que em pacientes recebendo estatinas contempor&#226;neas, a inflama&#231;&#227;o avaliada pela prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade foi um preditor mais forte para o risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros e morte do que o colesterol avaliado pelo LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O processo inflamat&#243;rio estaria ligado a um maior risco cardiovascular, explicando que pacientes com doen&#231;as de alta carga inflamat&#243;ria evoluem com maior gravidade e risco de mortalidade. Mais aten&#231;&#227;o deveria ser dada &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica para fornecer melhores estrat&#233;gias preventivas.</p>
    <p>Novas pesquisas demonstram que uma ferramenta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o para pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular pode ser testada para uma melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o. O &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico (SII), que &#233; derivado das contagens de neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas e linf&#243;citos, representa o equil&#237;brio homeost&#225;tico entre o estado inflamat&#243;rio, imunol&#243;gico e tromb&#243;tico. O SII tem sido relatado como um novo marcador progn&#243;stico em tumores e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. &#201; um marcador de risco, barato e de aplica&#231;&#227;o simples. O SII esteve intimamente associado &#224; morte cardiovascular e &#224; morte por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, o SII foi um preditor independente de eventos adversos maiores em pacientes com IAMCSST e pode ser usado para melhorar a predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos, especialmente quando combinado com fatores de risco tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Recentemente, os resultados do estudo CLEAR OUTCOMES mostraram que o &#225;cido bemped&#243;ico (BA), um inibidor da ATP citrato liase, baixou o LDL-C, mas tamb&#233;m os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade. Este mecanismo subjacente aos potenciais efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios do BA &#233; incerto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em resumo, pesquisas futuras revelar&#227;o mais liga&#231;&#245;es entre doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias associadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e cardiometab&#243;licas. Todas essas descobertas, tanto diagn&#243;sticas quanto terap&#234;uticas, provavelmente ajudar&#227;o a reduzir as comorbidades e as taxas de mortalidade, especialmente em pacientes mais graves.</p>
    <p>Os autores do estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> devem ser parabenizados pela pesquisa interessante e atual e pelos resultados obtidos.</p>
  </body>
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      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
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          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Valor Progn&#243;stico do Colesterol n&#227;o HDL na Pneumonia por COVID-19</italic>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Metabolic and Inflammatory Relationship between Covid-19 and Non-HDL-C</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2527-8717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Renato Jorge Alves &#8226; Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Departamento de Medicina - Rua Ces&#225;rio Motta Jr, 112. Postal Code 04126-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: renatoalves178@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19/metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Viral, Pneumonia/transmission</kwd>
        <kwd>Non-HDL-C</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammatory Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins LDL/metabolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The study &#8220;Prognostic Value of Non-HDL Cholesterol in COVID-19 Pneumonia&#8221; evaluated the predictive value of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in patients with SARS-CoV-2 for mortality in Covid-19 infection. The authors included 1435 patients between January 2020 and June 2022. The results showed that age, CRP, and LDH were positively correlated with non-HDL-C, and the non-surviving group was older.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These results corroborate studies&#8217; results demonstrating that several biomarkers could be used as predictive value for prognosis and mortality in Covid-19 disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The non-HDL-C represents a total burden of atherogenic lipoproteins, such as LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, Lp(a), and chylomicron remnant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#304;t may be used as a predicted risk, even in nonfasting samples when triglycerides increase. On the other hand, COVID-19 infections decrease total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and apolipoprotein A-I, A-II, and B levels, while triglyceride levels may be normal or increased. The degree of reduction in total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and apolipoprotein A-I could be predictive of mortality. Decreased HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-I levels evaluated before COVID-19 infections would be associated with an increased risk of severe Covid-19 infections, while LDL-C, apolipoprotein B, Lp (a), and triglyceride levels would not be. Covid-19 infections alter lipid and lipoprotein levels, and HDL-C levels may affect the risk of developing Covid-19 infections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Interestly, the atherosclerotic burden of non-HDL-C would be linked to inflammatory diseases and hypertriglyceridemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Moreover, several chronic inflammatory diseases (metabolic syndrome, psoriasis, human immunodeficiency virus, non-alcoholic hepatosteatosis, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome) would be linked to subclinical atherosclerosis and higher cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> It is worth emphasizing that low HDL-C levels are related observationally and genetically to increased risks of infectious diseases, death during sepsis, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Observational data indicate associations of low HDL-C with various autoimmune diseases, cancers, and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The relationship between non-HDL-C and Covid-19 seems to exist.</p>
      <p>Interestly, autoimmune disease such as Psoriasis has also been associated with higher levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) than the general population. Covid-19 spike protein has been noted to have a high affinity for ACE2 receptors. This could be a possible causal mechanism of reactivity in the association between psoriasis and Covid-19 infection. It is possible that the hyper-inflammatory state induced by Covid-19 causes an upregulation of previously controlled cytokines, unmasking a genetic predisposition for psoriasis, and that treatment with targeted anti-psoriatic systemic medication does not necessarily mitigate this risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The non-HDL-C may be an early marker of vascular endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a higher risk of diabetes. The Covid infection can more than triple the chance of being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes within a year of being infected. People hospitalized for Covid treatment had more than a doubled risk of being diagnosed with type 2diabetes, and those admitted to intensive care units had more than a tripled risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The inflammatory status has been liked to a higher cardiovascular residual risk compared to atherosclerotic status in patients receiving optimal clinical treatment. &#304;n this context, the patients may show higher inflammatory mediators levels (TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6). Recently, researchers demonstrated that in patients receiving contemporary statins, the inflammation assessed by high-sensitivity CRP was a stronger predictor for risk of future cardiovascular events and death than cholesterol assessed by LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The inflammatory process would be linked to a higher cardiovascular risk, explaining that patients with diseases with a high inflammatory load evolve with greater severity and risk of mortality. More attention should be paid to systemic inflammation to provide better preventive strategies.</p>
      <p>New research demonstrates that a stratification tool for high cardiovascular-risk patients could be tested for better stratification. The Systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII), which is derived from neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte counts, represents the homeostatic balance among inflammatory, immune, and thrombotic status. The SII has been reported as a new prognostic marker in tumors and cardiovascular diseases. &#304;t is a risk marker, not expensive, and a simple application. The SII was closely associated with cardiovascular death and all-cause death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In another study, the SII was an independent predictor of major adverse events in patients with STEMI and may be used to improve the prediction of adverse events, especially when combined with traditional risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recently, results of the CLEAR OUTCOMES Study showed that bempedoic acid (BA), an inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, lowered LDL-C, but high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels too. This mechanism underlying the potential anti-inflammatory effects of BA is uncertain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In summary, further research will uncover more links between inflammatory diseases associated with cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases. All these discoveries, both diagnostic and therapeutic, will likely help to reduce comorbidities and mortality rates, especially in more severe patients.</p>
      <p>The authors of the study &#8220;Prognostic Value Of Non-HDLCholesterol In COVID-19 Pneumonia&#8221; should be congratulated for the interesting and current research and the results obtained.</p>
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            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Prognostic Value of Non-HDL Cholesterol in COVID-19 Pneumonia</italic>
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