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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3Cs8jnnnjrWWqHJ4ZvTMDtr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000600502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220870</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dilata&#231;&#227;o Aneurism&#225;tica Isolada do &#193;trio Direito, com Resolu&#231;&#227;o Cir&#250;rgica, em Adulta de 53 Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7773-4174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Binotto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ang&#233;lica</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Edmar Atik &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Doutor En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 255. CEP 05403900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>edmaratik@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220870</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Anormalidades Cong&#234;nitas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>Anomalia de Ebstein/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Derrame Peric&#225;rdico</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma Isolado do &#193;trio Direito</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica isolada do &#225;trio direito &#233; uma anomalia cong&#234;nita rara. Sua identifica&#231;&#227;o ocorre em v&#225;rios grupos et&#225;rios, desde o feto at&#233; a idade adulta. A manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dessa anomalia &#233; variada, conforme a magnitude da dilata&#231;&#227;o, desde pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, em geral em crian&#231;as e jovens, at&#233; presen&#231;a de arritmias supraventriculares de dif&#237;cil controle, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita, obstru&#231;&#227;o de vias a&#233;reas, pneumonia e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, em adultos. O diagn&#243;stico &#233; estabelecido ap&#243;s verifica&#231;&#227;o de cardiomegalia em exames rotineiros radiogr&#225;ficos e confirmado posteriormente por ecocardiograma. Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o nesta patologia o tamanho desproporcional do &#225;trio direito em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras cavidades card&#237;acas, estando o anel tric&#250;spide tamb&#233;m dilatado, mas com valva tric&#250;spide conservada. A insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide que acompanha o quadro decorre assim da dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da&#237; passa a ser profil&#225;tica na idade infantil dada a boa evolu&#231;&#227;o verificada posteriormente.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico diferencial engloba a anomalia de Ebstein, o derrame peric&#225;rdico e tumores tor&#225;cicos mediastinais.</p>
      <p>O tratamento antiarr&#237;tmico e a medica&#231;&#227;o antitromb&#243;tica, representada por AAS, geralmente iniciam a conduta cl&#237;nica, dada a presen&#231;a de arritmias supraventriculares e de trombos cavit&#225;rios, mais encontrados na idade adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A cirurgia de ressec&#231;&#227;o atrial, idealizada inicialmente por Morrow e Behrendt em 1968,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> foi orientada aos pacientes sintom&#225;ticos. O bom resultado cir&#250;rgico foi atestado por esses autores em mulher de 23 anos, com flutter atrial e cardiomegalia, com aneurisma do &#225;trio direito. Verificou-se nesta paciente boa evolu&#231;&#227;o, em ritmo sinusal e sem sintomas ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o efetuada. Desde esse in&#237;cio, tornou-se preconizada a conduta cir&#250;rgica, tendo se estendido mesmo a pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, como procedimento eletivo e preventivo das complica&#231;&#245;es conhecidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Seu diagn&#243;stico durante a vida fetal tem orientado a conduta cir&#250;rgica eletiva nos primeiros anos de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A evolu&#231;&#227;o longa descrita em alguns casos n&#227;o operados, com 69 e 88 anos de idade, n&#227;o expressa benignidade em geral, como observado nesta doen&#231;a com muitas complica&#231;&#245;es evolutivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Poucos casos t&#234;m sido operados na idade adulta mais avan&#231;ada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> raz&#227;o que nos motivou a demonstrar neste relato, em paciente feminina operada com 53 anos de idade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
      <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos: paciente de 53 anos relatava h&#225; 19 anos (a partir de 34 anos) crises de palpita&#231;&#245;es taquic&#225;rdicas, quando foi iniciado uso de amiodarona e diltiazen. H&#225; 3 anos, cansa&#231;o progressivo e barriga inchada, com melhora ap&#243;s introdu&#231;&#227;o de espironolactona, furosemida, atenolol e enalapril, al&#233;m de warfarina e omeprazol.</p>
      <p>Nesta &#233;poca, o exame f&#237;sico revelava bom estado geral, corada, hidratada, acian&#243;tica, Peso: 52,00 Kg, Altura:148 cm, IMC: 23,74, PA:100/65 mm Hg, FC: 78 bpm, em ritmo irregular.</p>
      <p>Prec&#243;rdio: impuls&#245;es n&#237;tidas na borda external esquerda com sopro sist&#243;lico na &#225;rea tric&#250;spide, 2+/6, rude, com irradia&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha axilar direita. As bulhas eram hipofon&#233;ticas. F&#237;gado a 3 cm do rebordo costal direito. Pulm&#245;es limpos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames Complementares</title>
        <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma:</bold> Ritmo irregular em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 67 bpm, complexo QRS em baixa voltagem no plano frontal com amplitude m&#225;xima de 2 mm em todos os complexos. Baixa voltagem nas deriva&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m do plano horizontal com complexo qs em V1 e ondas S espessadas de V4 a V6, e complexo Rs em V6. Altera&#231;&#245;es difusas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular com onda T negativa de V1 a V5. AQRS: -10<sup>o</sup>, e AT: 0<sup>o</sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Radiografias de t&#243;rax e ECG&#180;s salientam a &#225;rea card&#237;aca exageradamente aumentada com baixa voltagem do complexo QRS em per&#237;odo pr&#233;vio &#224; cirurgia da dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica do &#225;trio direito &#224; esquerda em contraste com os achados do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio a longo prazo &#224; direita, com diminui&#231;&#227;o da cardiomegalia e aumento dos potenciais el&#233;tricos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220870-20870-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Radiografia de t&#243;rax:</bold> Aumento acentuado da &#225;rea card&#237;aca com arcos direito e esquerdo que se aproximam do quadril costal bilateral com &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico de 0,90. A trama vascular pulmonar era diminu&#237;da bilateralmente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p><bold>Ecocardiograma:</bold> Mostrou acentuada dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito em grande despropor&#231;&#227;o com as demais cavidades. As medidas principais corresponderam a: valva mitral: 25 mm, Valva tric&#250;spide: 35, valva pulmonar: 21, valva a&#243;rtica: 14, APD: 21, APE: 20, AE: 33, Ao: 28, S=PP: 7, FEVE: 58%.</p>
        <p>As conex&#245;es atrioventricular e ventr&#237;culo-arterial eram concordantes. Forame Oval Patente com <italic>shunt</italic> esquerda-direita e &#237;ntegro o septo ventricular. A valva tric&#250;spide apresentava-se em anel valvar dilatado e com altera&#231;&#227;o da sua disposi&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica do &#225;trio direito. As c&#250;spides eram discretamente espessadas, com falha de coapta&#231;&#227;o central e sem acolamento, causando regurgita&#231;&#227;o de grau importante. A dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica do &#225;trio direito apresentava-se com &#225;rea de 146 cm<sup>2</sup> (102 cm/m<sup>2</sup>). O &#225;trio esquerdo tinha dimens&#227;o normal. A &#225;rea funcional do ventr&#237;culo direito era de 15 cm<sup>2</sup> com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de grau discreto &#224; an&#225;lise qualitativa. Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era normal. Regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar pulmonar de grau discreto e valva a&#243;rtica trivalvular sem disfun&#231;&#227;o. Art&#233;rias pulmonares confluentes com arco a&#243;rtico normal &#224; esquerda. Na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica concluiu-se pela dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica do &#225;trio direito e altera&#231;&#245;es da valva tric&#250;spide com insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide importante, secund&#225;rias &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar, afastando-se a impress&#227;o pr&#233;via de anomalia de Ebstein. A disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito foi notada ser discreta ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Ecocardiogramas, em per&#237;odos pr&#233;vios &#224; esquerda e posteriores &#224; cirurgia &#224; direita salientam o acentuado aumento do &#225;trio direito em contraste n&#237;tido com as demais cavidades card&#237;acas em presen&#231;a da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide. Esses elementos quase se normalizaram nas imagens posteriores &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#224; direita. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; IT: insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220870-20870-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Holter:</bold> O ritmo de base era de taquicardia atrial com condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular vari&#225;vel. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca variou de 64 a 147 com m&#233;dia de 84 bpm. A condu&#231;&#227;o ventricular (0,09) n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. N&#227;o foram notadas arritmias ventriculares.</p>
        <p><bold>Resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica:</bold> mostrou acentuado aumento do &#225;trio direito com di&#226;metro de 12,5 x 16,3 cm, sem trombos. A valva tric&#250;spide se apresentava com implante valvar mais rebaixado, com acentuada insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide. A fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular era normal e o ventr&#237;culo direito era menor, dada a acentuada atrializa&#231;&#227;o ventricular ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; RNM mostra o grande contraste da dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica do &#225;trio direito em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais cavidades que parecem at&#233; hipopl&#225;sicas e em decorr&#234;ncia, na cinecoronariografia as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias se mostram alteradas, estando a coron&#225;ria direita nitidamente alongada e a coron&#225;ria esquerda desviada acentuadamente para a esquerda. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; CD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; CE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220870-20870-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Cateterismo card&#237;aco e Angiocardiografia:</bold> o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide foi confirmado com medidas semelhantes &#224;s do ecocardiograma, estando o &#225;trio direito desproporcionalmente aumentado. A fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular era normal. As press&#245;es correspondiam a: AD: 13, VD: 35/13, TP: 35/15-22, CP: 15, AE: 15, VE: 165/15, Ao: 165/75-105, RVP: 1,7W, RVS: 26,2 W, QP=QS: 3,5 l/min. As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias se mostram alteradas estando a coron&#225;ria direita muito alongada e a coron&#225;ria esquerda desviada para a esquerda ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico:</bold> dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica do &#225;trio direito com insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide acentuada por dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel tric&#250;spide e com disfun&#231;&#227;o discreta do ventr&#237;culo direito. Sintomas foram iniciados h&#225; 19 anos com arritmias supraventriculares.</p>
        <p><bold>Conduta:</bold> Em face da boa fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita foi orientada a conduta cir&#250;rgica. Por esternotomia mediana verificada a grande dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica do &#225;trio direito, que ocupava grande parte do hemit&#243;rax direito, deslocando a massa ventricular para a esquerda. Ap&#243;s instala&#231;&#227;o da CEC, com esfriamento a 30&#176;C e cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea, foi aberto o &#225;trio direito, e procedeu-se a ressec&#231;&#227;o de grande parte da parede livre desta cavidade (desde o sulco atrioventricular direito at&#233; pr&#243;ximo ao septo interatrial). Observou-se valva tric&#250;spide muito displ&#225;sica, n&#227;o Ebstein, pois n&#227;o havia acolamento de nenhum dos folhetos da valva tric&#250;spide, e nem defini&#231;&#227;o de alguma por&#231;&#227;o atrializada do ventr&#237;culo direito. Havia dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, com paredes finas e aparente redu&#231;&#227;o da sua cavidade. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer a adequada defini&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar tric&#250;spide. Realizada pl&#225;stica da valva tric&#250;spide, com redu&#231;&#227;o do anel atrav&#233;s de duas pl&#225;sticas de <italic>DeVega</italic> . Ap&#243;s abertura do septo interatrial, notou-se valva mitral sem altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s fechamento do septo interatrial e do &#225;trio direito observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o muito importante do seu tamanho anterior. Tempo de CEC foi de 1:30 h e tempo de pin&#231;amento de 60 minutos.</p>
        <p>Reoperada ap&#243;s dois dias para retirada de grande quantidade de co&#225;gulos na loja peric&#225;rdica assim como da pleura direita. Realizada nesta ocasi&#227;o ressec&#231;&#227;o parcial do peric&#225;rdio, al&#233;m de plicatura e redu&#231;&#227;o da dimens&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio, com consequente redu&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico.</p>
        <p>Eletrocardiograma mostrou restitui&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia de 86 bpm, aumento discreto da amplitude dos complexos ventriculares, com bloqueio completo do ramo direito com complexo QRS de 0,13. A radiografia de t&#243;rax salientava diminui&#231;&#227;o n&#237;tida da &#225;rea card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Ecocardiograma no 18<sup>o</sup> dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio mostrou veia cava inferior de 13mm e &#225;trio direito com dilata&#231;&#227;o de grau importante. Plastia tric&#250;spide sem gradiente residual significativo (m&#225;ximo de 6mmHg e m&#233;dio de 3,4mmHg) e refluxo de grau discreto a moderado. PSVD estimada em 28 mmHg. Insufici&#234;ncia mitral de grau discreto a moderado (2 jatos). Ventr&#237;culo direito com dilata&#231;&#227;o de grau moderado. Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica deprimida em grau discreto, &#224; custa de hipocinesia apical em an&#225;lise qualitativa. Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tipo altera&#231;&#227;o de relaxamento ao Doppler tecidual. Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tipo altera&#231;&#227;o de relaxamento ao Doppler convencional. Valvas pulmonar e a&#243;rtica com insufici&#234;ncia de grau m&#237;nimo. Derrame peric&#225;rdico laminar.</p>
        <p>Alta hospitalar obtida no 40<sup>o</sup> dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com Captopril 12,5 mg, Digoxina 0,25mg, Espironolactona 25mg, Furosemida 20mg e Varfarina 5mg.</p>
        <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo, oito anos ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, observou-se boa evolu&#231;&#227;o, em CF-I com cansa&#231;o a grandes esfor&#231;os, com sopro sist&#243;lico ++/6 de intensidade na &#225;rea tric&#250;spide, e sem hepatomegalia. Estava em uso de losartana, varfarina e sinvastatina.</p>
        <p>Eletrocardiograma mostrou a continuidade do ritmo sinusal com bloqueio do ramo direito com QRS de 0,13 de dura&#231;&#227;o, complexos de maior voltagem e normaliza&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Radiografia de t&#243;rax salientou aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca &#224; custa do arco atrial direito com &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico de 0,60. A trama vascular pulmonar era normal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Ecocardiograma mostrou: VD:43, VE:51, FEVE 67%. Plastia tric&#250;spide com gradiente diast&#243;lico residual m&#225;ximo de 4 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 1 mmHg. Regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide de grau importante (2 jatos), por falha de coapta&#231;&#227;o central. PSVD estimada em 39 mmHg. &#193;trio direito com dimens&#227;o aumentada em grau acentuado, com volume de 127 ml/m<sup>2</sup>. Ventr&#237;culo direito com dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada. Parede anterior media 5 mm. Via de sa&#237;da dilatada medindo 45 mm. Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada &#224; an&#225;lise qualitativa, confirmada por TAPSE 1,7cm e FAC 40%. <italic>&#8220;Strain</italic> &#8221; longitudinal de pico sist&#243;lico: 25%. Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica preservada.</p>
        <p>Gated mostrou fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares preservadas com VE: 58% e VD: 43%.</p>
        <p>Holter mostrou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca variando de 32 a 105bpm com m&#233;dia de 50 bpm. Havia 78 extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares e 6 ventriculares em 24h ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A boa evolu&#231;&#227;o do caso descrito nos surpreendeu em face da magnitude da dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito verificada, em todos os par&#226;metros analisados de evolu&#231;&#227;o, na cl&#237;nica e na cirurgia. A radiografia de t&#243;rax com cardiomegalia extrema com &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico de 0,90, como express&#227;o da grande repercuss&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, contrastava com a boa fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita. Este elemento motivou a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica o que resultou em um evento de sucesso para a paciente na quinta d&#233;cada da vida e com outras complica&#231;&#245;es como arritmias e muito sintom&#225;tica. Tal evolu&#231;&#227;o tem sido mostrada em outros casos semelhantes, em adultos e em crian&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entendimento dessa patologia, estudo an&#225;tomo-patol&#243;gico foi obtido em um paciente com 88 anos de idade, que faleceu com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e pneumonia, sendo o mais longevo descrito na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Verificou-se que o &#225;trio direito e o anel tric&#250;spide eram muito dilatados e a parede atrial extremamente fina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Neste paciente, mesmo com tanta repercuss&#227;o, havia descri&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, que se iniciara com 75 anos de idade. Em outra descri&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica em paciente com 69 anos, que faleceu por c&#226;ncer de p&#226;ncreas, havia cardiomegalia constatada h&#225; 19 anos, mantendo-se mesmo assim assintom&#225;tico cardiovascular. O estudo mostrou acentuada dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial com degenera&#231;&#227;o muscular com necrose e fibrose difusa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Acrescenta-se outra descri&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica em evolu&#231;&#227;o natural com 75 anos de idade, com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o de que a dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial direita pode se manter isolada, sem a ocorr&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel e assim sem insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, o que predisp&#245;e, no entanto, a arritmia supraventricular e a trombo interatrial, como ocorreu mesmo em um jovem de 17 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesta patologia, &#233; de interesse notar tamb&#233;m o car&#225;ter familiar descrito em dois adultos. Nesta fam&#237;lia, o irm&#227;o faleceu com 40 anos com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial por morte s&#250;bita e a irm&#227;, padecia da mesma dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito, com 45 anos de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na literatura, havia ainda outra descri&#231;&#227;o familiar dessa patologia em dois irm&#227;os, ambos com bloqueio atrioventricular total associado, o que levantou a possibilidade de haver por isso nova s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; ainda a descrita associa&#231;&#227;o familiar da m&#227;e de 53 anos com dois dos quatro filhos, descritos todos com aneurisma do &#225;trio direito e ainda associados ao prolapso da valva mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Interessa ainda notar a associa&#231;&#227;o familiar de dilata&#231;&#227;o de ambos os &#225;trios, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; normalidade das outras estruturas card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As variantes anat&#244;micas descritas salientam alguma diversidade de apresenta&#231;&#227;o dessa patologia, sem poder se caracterizar como novas s&#237;ndromes cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      <p>Poucos casos t&#234;m sido operados na literatura em idades mais avan&#231;adas, passadas quatro ou cinco d&#233;cadas da vida, como apresentado no caso em discuss&#227;o. Assim, encontra-se tamb&#233;m descrito na literatura um caso similar, operado com 45 anos de idade, ap&#243;s sintomas terem surgido h&#225; 1 ano, tendo tamb&#233;m mostrado boa evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s ressec&#231;&#227;o parcial do &#225;trio direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Fica a recomenda&#231;&#227;o nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o para que esses pacientes sejam corrigidos da dilata&#231;&#227;o isolada do &#225;trio direito mais precocemente, ainda quando crian&#231;as e mesmo em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, a se evitar o aparecimento de complica&#231;&#245;es que obscure&#231;am a evolu&#231;&#227;o posterior.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>12. Huang Z. Repair of idiopathic dilatation of the right atrium. J Card Surg. 2014;29(4):482-4. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12291</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Repair of idiopathic dilatation of the right atrium</article-title>
          <source>J Card Surg</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>482</fpage>
          <lpage>484</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jocs.12291</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Morrow AG, Behrendt DM. Congenital aneurysm (diverticulum) of the right atrium. Clinical manifestations and results of operative treatment. Circulation. 1968;38(1):124-8. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.38.1.124</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morrow</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behrendt</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Congenital aneurysm (diverticulum) of the right atrium. Clinical manifestations and results of operative treatment</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1968</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>124</fpage>
          <lpage>128</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.38.1.124</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Isolated Aneurysmal Dilatation of the Right Atrium, with Surgical Resolution, in a 53-Year-Old Adult</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7773-4174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Binotto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ang&#233;lica</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Edmar Atik &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Doutor En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 255. Postal Code 05403900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: edmaratik@uol.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Congenital Abnormalities/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Aneurysm</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Ebstein Anomaly/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardial Effusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Isolated Aneurysm of Right Atrium</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Isolated aneurysmal dilatation of the right atrium is a rare congenital anomaly. Its identification occurs in several age groups, from the fetus to adulthood. The clinical manifestation of this anomaly varies according to the magnitude of the dilation, from asymptomatic patients, usually in children and young people, to the presence of difficult-to-control supraventricular arrhythmias, right heart failure, airway obstruction, pneumonia, and thromboembolic events in adults. The diagnosis is established after verification of cardiomegaly in routine radiographic examinations and confirmed later by echocardiogram. It is noteworthy in this pathology the disproportionate size of the right atrium concerning the other cardiac cavities, with the tricuspid ring also dilated but with a preserved tricuspid valve. The tricuspid insufficiency that accompanies the condition results from the dilation of the valve ring. The recommendation for surgical correction then becomes prophylactic in childhood, given the good evolution verified later.</p>
        <p>The differential diagnosis includes Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly, pericardial effusion, and mediastinal thoracic tumors.</p>
        <p>Antiarrhythmic treatment and antithrombotic medication, represented by ASA, usually initiate clinical management, given the presence of supraventricular arrhythmias and cavitary thrombi, which are more commonly found in adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The atrial resection surgery, initially conceived by Morrow and Behrendt in 1968,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> was oriented to symptomatic patients. These authors confirmed the good surgical result in a 23-year-old woman with atrial flutter and cardiomegaly, with an aneurysm of the right atrium. A good evolution was observed in this patient, in sinus rhythm and without symptoms after the correction. Since that beginning, surgical management has been advocated, having even extended to asymptomatic patients, as an elective and preventive procedure for known complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Its diagnosis during fetal life has guided elective surgical management in the first years of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The long evolution described in some non-operated cases, with 69 and 88 years of age, does not generally express benignity, as observed in this disease with many evolutionary complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Few cases have been operated on in older adulthood,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> which motivated us to demonstrate in this report that a female patient was operated on at 53.</p>
        <sec sec-type="cases">
          <title>Case description</title>
          <p><bold>Clinical data:</bold> a 53-year-old patient had reported tachycardic palpitations for 19 years (from 34 years old) when using amiodarone, and diltiazem was started. For 3 years, progressive tiredness and swollen belly, with improvement after introducing spironolactone, furosemide, atenolol, and enalapril, in addition to warfarin and omeprazole.</p>
          <p>At this time, the physical examination revealed good general condition, flushed, hydrated, acyanotic, Weight: 52.00 Kg, Height: 148 cm, BMI: 23.74, PA: 100/65 mm Hg, HR: 78 bpm, in rhythm irregular.</p>
          <p>Precordium sharp impulses on the left external edge with a systolic murmur in the tricuspid area, 2 + / 6, rough, with irradiation to the right axillary line. The sounds were hypophonic.</p>
          <p>Liver 3 cm from the right costal margin. Clean lungs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complementary Exams</title>
          <p><bold>Electrocardiogram:</bold> irregular rhythm in atrial fibrillation, with a heart rate of 67 bpm, QRS complex at low voltage in the frontal plane with a maximum amplitude of 2 mm in all complexes. Low voltage in the derivations of the horizontal plane with complex Qs in V1, thickened S waves from V4 to V6, and complex Rs in V6. Diffuse changes in ventricular repolarization with negative T wave from V1 to V5. AQRS: -10o, and AT: 0o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Chest X-rays and ECGs highlight the exaggeratedly enlarged cardiac area with low voltage of the QRS complex in the period prior to the surgery of aneurysmatic dilation of the right atrium on the left in contrast to the long-term postoperative findings on the right, with a decrease in cardiomegaly and an increase in electrical potentials.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220870-20870-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Chest radiography:</bold> Marked increase in the cardiac area with right and left arches approaching the bilateral costal hip with a cardiothoracic index of 0.90. The pulmonary vascular network was reduced bilaterally ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p><bold>Echocardiogram:</bold> showed marked dilation of the right atrium in a great disproportion with the other cavities. The main measures corresponded to the mitral valve: 25 mm, tricuspid valve: 35, pulmonary valve: 21, aortic valve: 14, RPA: 21, LPA: 20, LA: 33, Ao: 28, S = PP: 7, EFLV: 58%.</p>
          <p>The atrioventricular and ventricular-arterial connections were concordant. Patent Oval foramen with left-right shunt and the ventricular septum was intact. The tricuspid valve presented with an enlarged valve ring and a change in its disposition due to aneurysmatic dilation of the right atrium. The cusps were slightly thickened, with central coaptation failure and without padding, causing regurgitation of an important degree. Aneurysmatic dilation of the right atrium was 146 cm<sup>2</sup>(102 cm/m<sup>2</sup>). The left atrium was of normal size.</p>
          <p>The functional area of the right ventricle was 15 cm<sup>2</sup>with mild systolic dysfunction on qualitative analysis. The left ventricle was normal. Pulmonary valve regurgitation of a mild degree and trivalvular aortic valve without dysfunction. Pulmonary arteries confluent with normal aortic arch on the left. In the diagnostic characterization, aneurysmal dilation of the right atrium and alterations of the tricuspid valve with major tricuspid insufficiency, secondary to the dilation of the valve ring, were concluded, removing the previous impression of Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly. The right ventricle dysfunction was noted to be mild ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiograms, in periods prior to the left and after surgery on the right, highlight the marked increase in the right atrium in sharp contrast to the other cardiac cavities in the presence of tricuspid regurgitation. On the right, these elements almost normalized in the images after the surgical intervention. RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; TI: tricuspid insufficiency.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220870-20870-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Holter:</bold> The baseline rhythm was atrial tachycardia with variable atrioventricular conduction. Heart rate ranged from 64 to 147, averaging 84 bpm. Ventricular conduction (0.09) did not show significant changes. No ventricular arrhythmias were noted.</p>
          <p><bold>Nuclear magnetic resonance:</bold> showed a marked increase in the right atrium with a diameter of 12.5 x 16.3 cm, without thrombi. The tricuspid valve presented with a lower valve implant with marked tricuspid insufficiency. The biventricular function was normal, and the right ventricle was smaller, given the marked ventricular atrialization ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; MRI shows the great contrast of aneurysmal dilatation of the right atrium concerning the other cavities that seem even hypoplastic and, as a result, the altered coronary arteries, the right coronary being sharply elongated and the left coronary deviated sharply to the left. RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; RCA: right coronary artery; LCA: left coronary artery.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220870-20870-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Cardiac catheterization and Angiocardiography:</bold> the diagnosis of tricuspid insufficiency was confirmed with measurements similar to those of the echocardiogram, with the right atrium being disproportionately enlarged. The biventricular function was normal. The pressures corresponded to RA: 13, RV: 35/13, TP: 35 / 15-22, CP: 15, LA: 15, LV: 165/15, Ao: 165 / 75-105, PVR: 1.7W, SVR: 26.2 W, QP = QS: 3.5 l / min. The coronary arteries are altered, with the right coronary being very elongated and the left coronary deviated to the left ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p><bold>Clinical diagnosis:</bold> aneurysmatic dilation of the right atrium with marked tricuspid insufficiency due to dilation of the tricuspid ring and slight dysfunction of the right ventricle. Symptoms started 19 years ago with supraventricular arrhythmias.</p>
          <p><bold>Conduct:</bold> Surgical conduct was advised because of the good right ventricular function. The median sternotomy showed a large aneurysmal dilation of the right atrium, which occupied a large part of the right hemithorax, displacing the ventricular mass to the left. After CPB installation, with cooling to 30 &#176; C and blood cardioplegia, the right atrium was opened, and a large part of the free wall of this cavity was resected (from the right atrioventricular groove to close to the interatrial septum). A very dysplastic tricuspid valve was observed, not Ebstein, as there was no padding of any of the leaflets of the tricuspid valve nor the definition of any atrialized portion of the right ventricle. The right ventricle was dilated, with thin walls and an apparent reduction of its cavity. Establishing the proper definition of the tricuspid valve ring was impossible. The plastic of the tricuspid valve was performed, reducing the ring through two DeVega plastics. After opening the interatrial septum, a mitral valve was seen without changes.</p>
          <p>After closing the interatrial septum and the right atrium, a very important reduction in its anterior size was observed. CPB time was 1:30 h, and clamping time was 60 minutes.</p>
          <p>Reoperated after two days to remove a large number of clots in the pericardial store as well as the right pleura. On this occasion, partial resection of the pericardium was performed, in addition to plication and reduction of the size of the pericardium, with a consequent reduction of the pericardial space.</p>
          <p>Electrocardiogram showed restitution of the sinus rhythm with a frequency of 86 bpm, a slight increase in the ventricular complexes&#8217; amplitude, and a complete block of the right branch with a QRS complex of 0.13. The chest X-ray showed a clear decrease in the cardiac area.</p>
          <p>Echocardiogram on the 18<sup>th</sup>postoperative day showed a 13mm inferior vena cava and right atrium with significant dilation. Tricuspid plasty without significant residual gradient (maximum of 6mmHg and average of 3.4mmHg) and mild to moderate reflux. RVSP is estimated at 28 mmHg. Mitral insufficiency of mild to moderate degree (2 jets). Right ventricle with moderate degree dilation. Discreetly depressed systolic function at the expense of apical hypokinesia in qualitative analysis.</p>
          <p>Diastolic dysfunction type of relaxation alteration on tissue Doppler. Left ventricle with preserved systolic function and diastolic dysfunction like relaxation alteration on conventional Doppler. Pulmonary and aortic valves with minimal grade insufficiency. Laminar pericardial effusion.</p>
          <p>Hospital discharge was obtained on the 40<sup>th</sup>postoperative day with Captopril 12.5 mg, Digoxin 0.25mg, Spironolactone 25mg, Furosemide 20mg, and Warfarin 5mg.</p>
          <p>In the long-term evolution, eight years after the surgical correction, a good evolution was observed in FC-I with fatigue with great efforts, with systolic murmur ++/6 of intensity in the tricuspid area, and without hepatomegaly. He was using losartan, warfarin, and simvastatin.</p>
          <p>Electrocardiogram showed continuity of sinus rhythm with right branch block with QRS of 0.13 in duration, higher voltage complexes, and normalization of ventricular repolarization ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>Chest radiography showed increased cardiac area at the expense of the right atrial arch with a cardiothoracic index of 0.60. The pulmonary vascular network was normal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>Echocardiogram showed: RV: 43, LV: 51, LVEF 67%. Tricuspid plasty with a maximum residual diastolic gradient of 4 mmHg and a mean of 1 mmHg.</p>
          <p>Major degree tricuspid regurgitation (2 jets) due to central coaptation failure. RVSP estimated at 39 mmHg. Right atrium with a markedly increased dimension, with a volume of 127 ml / m<sup>2</sup>. Right ventricle with moderate dilation. The anterior wall measured 5 mm. Dilated outlet track measuring 45 mm. Systolic function preserved on analysis qualitative, confirmed by TAPSE 1.7cm and FAC 40%. Systolic peak longitudinal strain: 25%. Preserved diastolic function.</p>
          <p>Gated showed ventricular functions preserved with LV: 58% and RV: 43%.</p>
          <p>Holter showed a heart rate ranging from 32 to 105 bpm, averaging 50 bpm. There were 78 supraventricular and 6 ventricular extrasystoles in 24 hours ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The good evolution of the case described surprised us because the magnitude of the dilation of the right atrium verified, in all the analyzed parameters of evolution, in the clinic and the surgery. Chest radiography with extreme cardiomegaly with a cardiothoracic index of 0.90, as an expression of the great repercussion of cardiac dilation, contrasted with good right ventricular function. This element motivated the surgical indication, which resulted in a successful event for the patient in the fifth decade of life and with other complications such as arrhythmias and very symptomatic. Such evolution has been shown in similar cases in adults and children.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To understand this pathology, an anatomopathological study was obtained on an 88-year-old patient, who died of heart failure and pneumonia, being the longest-lived described in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It was found that the right atrium and the tricuspid ring were very dilated and the atrial wall extremely thin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In this patient, even with such repercussions, there was a description of atrial fibrillation, which had started at the age of 75 years. In another pathological description of a 69-year-old patient who died of pancreatic cancer, cardiomegaly was observed 19 years ago, although he remained asymptomatic cardiovascular. The study showed marked atrial dilation with muscle degeneration with necrosis and diffuse fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Another anatomical description in natural evolution is added at the age of 75, with similar characteristics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Notably, the right atrial dilation can remain isolated, without ring dilation and thus without tricuspid insufficiency, which predisposes to supraventricular arrhythmia and intraatrial thrombus, as occurred even in a 17-year-old young man.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is also interesting to note the familiar character described in two adults in this pathology. In this family, the brother died at the age of 40 from atrial fibrillation due to sudden death, and the sister suffered from the same dilation of the right atrium at the age of 45.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the literature, there was yet another family description of this pathology in two brothers, both with associated total atrioventricular block, which raised the possibility of having a new clinical syndrome for this reason.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is also the described family association of the 53-year-old mother with two of the four children, all of whom were described as having an aneurysm of the right atrium and still associated with mitral valve prolapse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is also interesting to note the familial association of dilation of both atria concerning the normality of the other cardiac structures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The anatomical variants described highlight some diversity in the presentation of this pathology without being able to be characterized as new clinical syndromes.</p>
        <p>Few cases have been operated on in the literature at older ages, four or five decades afterlife, as presented in the case under discussion. Thus, a similar case, operated on at 45 years of age, after symptoms having appeared 1 year ago, has also been described in the literature, showing good evolution after partial resection of the right atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is recommended in this evaluation that these patients be corrected from isolated dilation of the right atrium earlier, even as children and even in asymptomatic patients, to avoid the appearance of complications that obscure the subsequent evolution.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
