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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">69kkNyPy6v78bJkzFfqqRdt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000600306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220816</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><italic>Scaffolds</italic> Vasculares Descelularizados Provenientes de Vasos Sangu&#237;neos de Placenta Bovina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Tarley Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6405-388X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Smirnow</surname>
            <given-names>Igor</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santee</surname>
            <given-names>Kadija Mohamed</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4979-115X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miglino</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Angelica</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5240-6959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo da Silva Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cirurgia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina Veterin&#225;ria e Zootecnia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin&#225;ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Rodrigo da Silva Nunes Barreto &#8226; Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV-UNESP) - Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n. CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rodrigo.barreto@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220816</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> As doen&#231;as associadas ao aparelho circulat&#243;rio s&#227;o as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, implicando a necessidade de implantes vasculares. Assim, a produ&#231;&#227;o de biomateriais vasculares tem se mostrado uma alternativa promissora &#224;s terapias utilizadas em estudos e pesquisas relacionados &#224; fisiologia vascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O presente projeto visa ao desenvolvimento artificial de vasos sangu&#237;neos pela recelulariza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>scaffolds</italic> vasculares derivados de vasos placent&#225;rios bovinos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A superf&#237;cie corioalantoide da placenta bovina foi utilizada para produzir biomateriais descelularizados. Para a recelulariza&#231;&#227;o, 2,5 x 10<sup>4</sup> c&#233;lulas endoteliais foram semeadas acima de cada fragmento de vaso descelularizado durante tr&#234;s ou sete dias, quando a cultura foi interrompida e os fragmentos foram fixados para an&#225;lise de ades&#227;o celular. Biomateriais descelularizados e recelularizados foram avaliados por histologia b&#225;sica, microscopia eletr&#244;nica de varredura e imuno-histoqu&#237;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> o processo de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o produziu vasos que mantiveram a estrutura natural e o conte&#250;do de elastina, e n&#227;o foram observadas c&#233;lulas e gDNA remanescentes. Al&#233;m disso, c&#233;lulas precursoras endoteliais se ligaram ao l&#250;men e &#224; superf&#237;cie externa do vaso descelularizado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> nossos resultados mostram a possibilidade de usos futuros desse biomaterial na medicina cardiovascular, como, por exemplo, no desenvolvimento de vasos artificiais.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Matriz Extracelular Descelularizada</kwd>
        <kwd>Bioengenharia</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasos Sangu&#237;neos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2014/50844-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (bolsa FAPESP n&#186; 2014/50844-3) e parcialmente financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNT) t&#234;m aumentado principalmente devido ao sedentarismo, alimenta&#231;&#227;o industrializada, ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica alta, consumo de &#225;lcool e tabagismo. Dentre as DCNT, as relacionadas &#224; insufici&#234;ncia do sistema circulat&#243;rio s&#227;o as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade mundial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Essa insufici&#234;ncia &#233; majoritariamente tratada por cirurgia vascular e s&#227;o necess&#225;rios vasos vi&#225;veis, que geralmente s&#227;o derivados da dissec&#231;&#227;o de vasos perif&#233;ricos aut&#243;logos e implanta&#231;&#227;o no local afetado. No entanto, s&#227;o comumente descritas complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas, necrose e deisc&#234;ncia no local da retirada dos vasos. Em alguns casos, coloca-se um stent no vaso lesionado em vez do fragmento do vaso perif&#233;rico, por&#233;m poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o fraturas e hiperplasia intimal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse cen&#225;rio, avan&#231;os significativos foram alcan&#231;ados pela bioengenharia na produ&#231;&#227;o de novos &#243;rg&#227;os funcionais ou funcionalizados, como o desenvolvimento de vasos sangu&#237;neos projetados para dar suporte &#224; vasculariza&#231;&#227;o funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> At&#233; agora, vasos de pequena escala foram produzidos e a maioria deles &#233; formada a partir de derivados de pol&#237;meros sint&#233;ticos r&#237;gidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Por outro lado, vasos projetados que mantenham sua fun&#231;&#227;o estrutural e celular por per&#237;odos longos ainda n&#227;o foram produzidos.</p>
      <p>Assim, a produ&#231;&#227;o de biomateriais vasculares por recelulariza&#231;&#227;o, e especialmente por bioimpress&#227;o, tem se mostrado uma alternativa promissora &#224;s terapias utilizadas em doen&#231;as e estudos relacionados &#224; fisiologia vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Nosso objetivo aqui &#233; produzir biomateriais vasculares derivados de vasos placent&#225;rios bovinos descelularizados que possam ser usados como sua estrutura tridimensional natural ou como biog&#233;is.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra e c&#233;lulas</title>
        <p>Para isolamento dos vasos, placenta bovina com idade estimada de 270 dias de gesta&#231;&#227;o foi obtida em abatedouro. Para os ensaios de citocompatibilidade, duas c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais foram utilizadas: saco vitelino canino (SV) e c&#233;lulas do saco vitelino canino com superexpress&#227;o do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) e da prote&#237;na verde fluorescente (eGFP) (SV-VEGF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Todos os experimentos foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais da Faculdade de Medicina Veterin&#225;ria e Zootecnia da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, sob o protocolo n&#250;mero 9715100718.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A superf&#237;cie corioalant&#243;ide da placenta bovina foi utilizada para produzir biomateriais descelularizados. O corioalantoide foi individualizado e as art&#233;rias umbilicais foram canuladas com cateteres n&#186; 14 e conectadas ao biorreator ORCA (Harvard Aparattus, EUA). Inicialmente, a perfus&#227;o foi realizada com solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o de fosfato (PBS: 136,9 mM NaCl, 26,8 mM KCl, 14,7 MM KH2PO4 e 8,1 mM Na2HPO4.7H2O; pH 7,2) com volume constante de 0,5 ml/min at&#233; completa limpeza do sistema vascular, aproximadamente 24 horas. Em seguida, uma solu&#231;&#227;o de dodecil sulfato de s&#243;dio a 0,01% (SDS, Sigma-Aldrich 11767289001) foi perfundida em &#225;gua destilada tamb&#233;m a 0,5ml/min por 24 horas. Posteriormente, a solu&#231;&#227;o foi alterada para SDS 0,1% por dois dias, para 0,25% por um dia, para 0,5% por 1 dia e para 1,0% por um dia. O corioalantoide descelularizado foi ent&#227;o perfundido com Triton X-100 a 1% (#0694-1L, Amresco-Solon, EUA) por tr&#234;s horas. Por fim, foi lavado com PBS por 24 horas, perfazendo um total de 10 dias.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a descelulariza&#231;&#227;o, todo o sistema vascular da superf&#237;cie alantocori&#244;nica foi isolado do cotil&#233;done e da membrana. Em seguida, os vasos foram preservados em paraformalde&#237;do (PFA) a 4% para valida&#231;&#227;o da descelulariza&#231;&#227;o ou congelados rapidamente para ensaio de citocompatibilidade e produ&#231;&#227;o de hidrogel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valida&#231;&#227;o da descelulariza&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Para valida&#231;&#227;o da descelulariza&#231;&#227;o por an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica, as amostras preservadas em PFA foram rotineiramente desidratadas, diafanizadas e embebidas em parafina. Em seguida, foram seccionadas em micr&#243;tomo manual (Leica RM2125 RT) em fatias de 5 &#181;m de espessura e transferidas para l&#226;minas histol&#243;gicas. Para verificar a aus&#234;ncia de n&#250;cleos celulares vis&#237;veis, as l&#226;minas foram coradas em hematoxilina e eosina (HE) ou 4&#8217;,6&#8217;-diamino-2-fenil-indol (DAPI) e observadas em microsc&#243;pio Nikon Eclipse 80l sob luz ou epifluoresc&#234;ncia, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a valida&#231;&#227;o da descelulariza&#231;&#227;o foi realizada pela quantifica&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido desoxirribonucleico gen&#244;mico remanescente (gDNA) que foi extra&#237;do por precipita&#231;&#227;o de sal, adaptado de Olerup e Zetterquist,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> conforme descrito por Barreto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio de recelulariza&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Primeiramente, fragmentos de vasos descelularizados de 4 cm foram esterilizados por lavagem com suplemento de PBS com 2% de antibi&#243;ticos (penicilina e estreptomicina), seguido de banho de &#225;lcool 70% e luz ultravioleta (UV).</p>
        <p>Para a recelulariza&#231;&#227;o, 2,5 x 10<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> c&#233;lulas SV ou 2,5 x 10<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> c&#233;lulas SV-VEGF foram semeadas acima de cada fragmento de vaso descelularizado durante tr&#234;s ou sete dias, quando a cultura foi interrompida e os fragmentos foram fixados para an&#225;lise de ades&#227;o celular. A cultura foi realizada com meio alfa m&#237;nimo essencial (&#945;-MEM) (LGC Biotechnology), suplementado com 10% de soro fetal bovino e 1% de estreptomicina/penicilina, sob temperatura de 37 &#176;C e 5% de CO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valida&#231;&#227;o da recelulariza&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Para verificar a ades&#227;o celular, alguns fragmentos de vasos recelularizados foram corados com DAPI e observados sob microsc&#243;pio confocal a laser (Olympus Fluo View 1000 - FV1000). Os demais fragmentos foram fixados em Karnovsky (4% PFA e 2,5% glutaralde&#237;do em tamp&#227;o cacodilato de s&#243;dio 0,1 M pH 7,2) e posteriormente fixados em tetr&#243;xido de &#243;smio a 1% (SEM R 148- HATFIELD, EUA) por 90 minutos. Eles foram desidratados em uma s&#233;rie crescente de etanol sob agita&#231;&#227;o, depois passaram por um processo de secagem automatizado (MSCPD 300, Leica) e foram metalizados com ouro (#K550, Emitech-Ashford, Reino Unido). Tamb&#233;m foi realizada imuno-histoqu&#237;mica, consequentemente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> para verificar a elastina na parede do vaso e VEGF da linha celular SV-VEGF.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a descelulariza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foram observados n&#250;cleos vis&#237;veis nos fragmentos dos vasos nem pela colora&#231;&#227;o por hematoxilina e eosina (HE) nem pela colora&#231;&#227;o por DAPI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> &#8211; D2). Al&#233;m disso, foi quantificado menos de 50 ng de gDNA por mg de vaso descelularizado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; conserva&#231;&#227;o do arranjo vascular dos vasos da placenta bovina, observou-se, mesmo em vasos de at&#233; 5 mm de di&#226;metro (Figura 1-F), pela microscopia eletr&#244;nica de varredura, que os vasos descelularizados apresentavam manuten&#231;&#227;o estrutural e l&#250;men poroso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> &#8211; A4).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: <italic>Scaffolds</italic> Vasculares Descelularizados Provenientes de Vasos Sangu&#237;neos de Placenta Bovina</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>An&#225;lise de vasos de placenta bovina descelularizada. Hematoxilina eosina, (A1) Vaso nativo, Bar= 20 &#956;m, (^) l&#250;men: fibras da matriz extracelular coradas em rosa e n&#250;cleo celular em roxo; (B1) Descelularizado, Bar= 20 &#956;m, (*) superf&#237;cie externa: n&#250;cleos celulares ausentes; (C-F1) Recelularizado, Bar= 20 &#956;m, (*) superf&#237;cie externa: (C1), Recelularizado tr&#234;s dias (linha SV), n&#250;cleos celulares corados em roxo aderidos &#224; superf&#237;cie externa do biomaterial; (D1), Recelularizado tr&#234;s dias com c&#233;lulas do saco vitelino canino com superexpress&#227;o de fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) e prote&#237;na verde fluorescente aumentada (eGFP) (linhagem SV-VEGF), fibras da matriz extracelular coradas em rosa e n&#250;cleos celulares em roxo aderidos &#224; superf&#237;cie externa do biomaterial; (E1), C&#233;lulas do saco vitelino caninas recelularizadas com sete dias (linhagem SV), n&#250;cleos celulares corados em roxo aderidos &#224; superf&#237;cie externa do biomaterial; (F1), Recelularizado sete dias com c&#233;lulas (linhagem SV-VEGF), fibras da matriz extracelular coradas em rosa, n&#250;cleos celulares em roxo aderidos &#224; superf&#237;cie externa do biomaterial. (A4) bar = 2 &#956;m, descelularizado: Observe a preserva&#231;&#227;o das fibras da matriz extracelular do biomaterial vascular; Recelulariza&#231;&#227;o com tr&#234;s dias de cultura (B4, C4): (B4) bar = 30 &#956;m, com c&#233;lulas da VS aderidas &#224; parede do biomaterial vascular; (C4) bar = 10 &#956;m, c&#233;lulas SV-VEGF aderidas &#224; parede do biomaterial vascular. Ensaio de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica: express&#227;o de elastina no biomaterial vascular da superf&#237;cie corioalantoide bovina nativa e recelularizada com c&#233;lulas SV-VEGF. Legenda: Bar=20 &#181;m, (A3) Vaso sangu&#237;neo nativo da superf&#237;cie corioalantoide da placenta bovina, observe a express&#227;o de elastina em toda a parede vascular; (B3) Vaso sangu&#237;neo nativo da superf&#237;cie corioalantoide da placenta bovina, controle negativo corado com hematoxilina; (C3) Recelulariza&#231;&#227;o de 7 dias de biomaterial vascular placent&#225;rio bovino com c&#233;lulas SV-VEGF, observando a express&#227;o de elastina em toda a parede vascular; (D3) Recelulariza&#231;&#227;o de 7 dias de biomaterial vascular placent&#225;rio bovino com c&#233;lulas SV-VEGF, controle negativo corado com hematoxilina. Ensaio de recelulariza&#231;&#227;o: Barra 20 &#181;m; (A2-C2) 3 dias de cultivo; (A2) Biomaterial vascular controle descelularizado, observe a aus&#234;ncia de n&#250;cleos; (B2) Biomaterial recelularizado com c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais (SV) do saco vitelino canino, observe n&#250;cleos corados em azul por 4&#8217;,6&#8217;-diamino-2-fenil-indol (DAPI); (C2) Biomaterial recelularizado com c&#233;lulas SV-VEGF, observe n&#250;cleos corados em azul por DAPI, eGFP n&#227;o observada; (D2-F2) 7 dias de cultivo; (D2) controle descelularizado de biomaterial vascular, observe a aus&#234;ncia de n&#250;cleos; (E2) Biomaterial recelularizado com c&#233;lulas SV, observe n&#250;cleos corados em azul por DAPI; (F2) Biomaterial recelularizado com c&#233;lulas SV-VEGF, observe n&#250;cleos corados em azul por DAPI.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220816-20816-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Descelulariza&#231;&#227;o dos vasos placent&#225;rios bovinos: A: bar = 10 cm, placenta dissecada e art&#233;ria e veia umbilical canuladas. B: bar = 10 cm, in&#237;cio do processo de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o. C-E: bar = 10 cm, avan&#231;o da descelulariza&#231;&#227;o. F: bar = 10 cm, conclus&#227;o da descelulariza&#231;&#227;o, com manuten&#231;&#227;o da estrutura. G: &#225;cido desoxirribonucleico gen&#244;mico (gDNA) nos scaffolds vasculares da superf&#237;cie corioalantoide da placenta bovina descelularizada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220816-20816-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a recelulariza&#231;&#227;o, mesmo no terceiro dia de cultura, foi poss&#237;vel observar c&#233;lulas na superf&#237;cie e no l&#250;men do vaso descelularizado; entretanto, visualmente, o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas aumentou no s&#233;timo dia. Al&#233;m disso, as c&#233;lulas SV-VEGF foram mais numerosas do que as c&#233;lulas SV, tanto no terceiro quanto no s&#233;timo dia. Essas c&#233;lulas foram observadas pelas colora&#231;&#245;es HE e DAPI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> &#8211; D1 e F2).</p>
      <p>O padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o da elastina foi semelhante nos vasos placent&#225;rios nativos, descelularizados e recelularizados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> &#8211; A3, B3 e D3).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A placenta bovina &#233; um &#243;rg&#227;o que, ap&#243;s a descelulariza&#231;&#227;o, pode ser utilizado como fonte de biomaterial, principalmente <italic>scaffolds</italic> vasculares. Mesmo ap&#243;s o processo de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o, tanto os cotil&#233;dones<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> quanto a membrana corioalantoide<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> mantiveram sua estrutura e composi&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular preservadas. Aqui produzimos vasos descelularizados com estrutura e manuten&#231;&#227;o da elastina, mesmo em vasos de pequeno di&#226;metro. Al&#233;m disso, esses vasos descelularizados apresentavam citocompatibilidade com c&#233;lulas precursoras endoteliais (c&#233;lulas SV e SV-VEGF) e os resultados morfol&#243;gicos e comportamentais dessas linhagens celulares j&#225; haviam sido descritos e permanecem de acordo com os apresentados pela recelulariza&#231;&#227;o em outros biomateriais, conforme demonstrado por Fratini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ademais, outra alternativa para o uso desse vaso descelularizado &#233; sua digest&#227;o para produzir biog&#233;is ricos em col&#225;geno, que podem ser usados para produzir vasos de bioengenharia com di&#226;metros e tamanhos diferentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os vasos da placenta bovina podem produzir biomateriais descelularizados vi&#225;veis e citocompat&#237;veis que podem ser uma fonte de biomateriais vasculares estruturalmente naturais, bem como perspectivas futuras para vasos de bioengenharia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Todas as imagens de microsc&#243;pio tiveram o apoio do Centro Avan&#231;ado em Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem (CADI-FMVZ-USP).</p>
    </ack>
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        <mixed-citation>17. Pati F, Jang J, Ha DH, Won Kim S, Rhie JW, Shim JH, et al. Printing Three-Dimensional Tissue Analogues with Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Bioink. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3935. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4935.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pati</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ha</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Won Kim</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rhie</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shim</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Printing Three-Dimensional Tissue Analogues with Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Bioink</article-title>
          <source>Nat Commun</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <size units="pages">3935</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ncomms4935</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Tarley Santos Oliveira pela Faculdade de Medicina Veterin&#225;ria e Zootecnia da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (bolsa FAPESP n&#186; 2014/50844-3) e parcialmente financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Decellularized Vascular Scaffolds Derived from Bovine Placenta Blood Vessels</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Tarley Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6405-388X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Smirnow</surname>
            <given-names>Igor</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santee</surname>
            <given-names>Kadija Mohamed</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4979-115X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miglino</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Angelica</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5240-6959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo da Silva Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin&#225;ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Rodrigo da Silva Nunes Barreto &#8226; Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV-UNESP) - Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n. Postal Code 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rodrigo.barreto@unesp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Background</title>
        <p>Diseases associated with the circulatory system are the main causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality, implying the need for vascular implants. Thus, the production of vascular biomaterials has proven to be a promising alternative to therapies used in studies and research related to vascular physiology. </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> The present project aims to achieve the artificial development of blood vessels through the recellularization of vascular scaffolds derived from bovine placental vessels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The chorioallantoic surface of the bovine placenta was used to produce decellularized biomaterials. For recellularization, 2.5 x 10<sup>4</sup> endothelial cells were seeded above each decellularized vessel fragment during three or seven days, when culture were interrupted, and the fragments were fixed for cell attachment analysis. Decellularized and recellularized biomaterials were evaluated by basic histology, scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The decellularization process produced vessels that maintained natural structure and elastin content, and no cells or gDNA remains were observed. Endothelial precursor cells were also attached to lumen and external surface of the decellularized vessel.Conclusion: Our results show a possibility of future uses of this biomaterial in cardiovascular medicine, as in the development of engineered vessels.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Decellularized Extracellular Matrix</kwd>
        <kwd>Bioengineering</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Vessels</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have been increased mainly due to a sedentary lifestyle, industrial food, high-calorie intake, alcohol, and tobacco consumption. Among NCDs, those related to the circulatory system&#8217;s failure are the main causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This failure is mainly treated by vascular surgery and viable vessels are needed, which are generally derived from autologous peripheral vessel dissection and implantation in the affected site. However, commonly infectious complications, necrosis, and dehiscence are described at the vessel removal site. In some cases, a stent is placed in the injured vessel instead of a peripheral vessel fragment; however, possible complications include fractures and intimal hyperplasia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this scenario, significant advances have been made by bioengineering in the production of new functional or functionalized organs, such as engineered blood vessel development to support functional vascularization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> So far, small-scale vessels have been produced, most of which are formed from derivatives of rigid synthetic polymers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Otherwise, engineered vessels that maintain their structural and cellular function for long periods have not yet been produced.</p>
        <p>Thus, the development of vascular biomaterials by recellularization, and especially by bioprinting, have proven to be promising alternatives to support therapies used in diseases and studies related to vascular physiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The present study thus aimed to produce vascular biomaterials derived from decellularized bovine placental vessels that could be used as its natural tridimensional structure or as biogels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample and cells</title>
          <p>For vessel isolation, bovine placenta, with an estimated age of 270 days of pregnancy, was obtained at a slaughterhouse. For cytocompatibility assays, two endothelial progenitor cells were used: canine yolk sac (SV) and canine yolk sac cells with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) overexpression (SV-VEGF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> All experiments were approved by the Committee on Ethics in the Use of Animals of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at the University of S&#227;o Paulo, logged under protocol number 9715100718.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Decellularization protocol</title>
          <p>The chorioallantoic surface of the bovine placenta was used to produce decellularized biomaterials. The chorioallantois was individualized and the umbilical arteries cannulated with #14 catheters and attached to the ORCA bioreactor (Harvard Aparattus, USA). Initially, perfusion was performed with a phosphate buffer solution (PBS: 136.9 mM NaCl, 26.8 mM KCl, 14.7 MM KH2PO4, and 8.1 mM Na2HPO4.7H2O; pH 7.2) with a constant volume of 0.5 ml/min until complete cleaning of the vascular system, approximately 24 hours. A 0.01% solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, Sigma-Aldrich 11767289001) was then perfused in distilled water, also under 0.5ml/min for 24 hours. Subsequently the solution was changed to 0.1% SDS for two days, to 0.25% for one day, to 0.5% for 1 day, and to 1.0% for one day, respectively. The decellularized chorioallantois was then perfused with 1% Triton X-100 (#0694-1L, Amresco-Solon, USA) for three hours. Finally, it was washed with PBS for 24 hours, making a total of 10 days.</p>
          <p>After decellularization, the entire vascular system from the allantochorionic surface was isolated from the cotyledon and the membrane. The vessels were then preserved in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for decellularization validation or snap frozen for cytocompatibility assay and hydrogel production.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Decellularization validation</title>
          <p>For decellularization validation by histological analysis, the PFA preserved samples were routinely dehydrated, diaphanized, and paraffin embedded. These were then sectioned using a manual microtome (Leica RM2125 RT) into 5 &#181;m thick slices and transferred to histological slides. To verify the absence of visible cell nuclei, the slides were stained in Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E) or 4&#8217;,6&#8217;-diamino-2-fenil-indol (DAPI) stained and observed under a Nikon Eclipse 80l microscope under light or epifluorescence, respectively.</p>
          <p>The decellularization validation was also performed by quantifying the remaining genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (gDNA), which was extracted by salt precipitation, adapted from Olerup and Zetterquist,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> as described by Barreto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recellularization assay</title>
          <p>First, decellularized vessel fragments of 4 cm were sterilized by washing with PBS supplement with 2% antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin), followed by a 70% alcohol bath and ultraviolet (UV) light.</p>
          <p>For recellularization, 2.5 x 10<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> SV cells or 2.5 x 10<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> SV-VEGF cells were seeded above each decellularized vessel fragment for three or seven days, when the cultures were interrupted and the fragments were fixed for cell attachment analysis. Culture was performed with alpha minimum essential medium (&#945;-MEM) (LGC Biotechnology), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% streptomycin/penicillin antibiotic, under 37&#176;C and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recellularization validation</title>
          <p>To verify cell attachment, some recellularized vessel fragments were DAPI stained and observed under laser confocal microscope (Olympus Fluo View 1000 - FV1000). Other fragments were fixed in Karnovsky (4% PFA and 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer at pH 7.2) and then post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide (SEM R 148- HATFIELD, USA) for 90 minutes. These were then dehydrated in an increasing series of Ethanol under agitation, passed through an automated drying process (MSCPD 300, Leica), and metallized with gold (#K550, Emitech-Ashford, UK). Immunohistochemistry was also performed<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> to verify elastin on the vessel wall and VEGF from the SV-VEGF cell line.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>After decellularization, no visible nuclei were observed in the vessel fragments, neither by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) nor by DAPI stains (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> - D2). Moreover, less than 50 ng of gDNA per mg of the decellularized vessel was quantified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). Regarding the conservation of the vascular arrangement of the bovine placenta vessels, it was observed, even in vessels up to 5 mm in diameter (Figure 1-F), viewed through scanning electron microscopy, that the decellularized vessels showed structural maintenance and a porous lumen (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> &#8211; A4).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Decellularized Vascular Scaffolds Derived from Bovine Placenta Blood Vessels</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Analysis of decellularized bovine placental vessel. Hematoxylin eosin, (A1) Native vessel, Bar= 20 &#956;m, (^) lumen: extracellular matrix fibers stained in pink and cell nucleus in purple; (B1) Decellularized, Bar= 20 &#956;m,(*) external surface: absent cell nuclei; (C-F1) Recellularized, Bar= 20 &#956;m, (*) external surface: (C1), Recellularized three days (SV line), cell nuclei stained in purple adhered to the external surface of the biomaterial; (D1), Recellularized three days with canine yolk sac cells with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) overexpression (SV-VEGF lineage), extracellular matrix fibers stained in pink and cell nuclei in purple adhered to the external surface of the biomaterial; (E1), Recellularized seven days canine yolk sac cells (SV-lineage), cell nuclei stained in purple adhered to the external surface of the biomaterial; (F1), Recellularized seven days with cells (SV-VEGF lineage), extracellular matrix fibers stained in pink, cell nuclei in purple adhered to the external surface of the biomaterial. (A4) bar = 2 &#956;m, decellularized: Observe preservation of fibers of the extracellular matrix of the vascular biomaterial; Recellularization with three days of culture (B4, C4): (B4) bar = 30 &#956;m, with SV cells adhered to the vascular biomaterial wall; (C4) bar = 10 &#956;m, SV-VEGF cells adhered to the vascular biomaterial wall. Immunohistochemistry assay: elastin expression in the vascular biomaterial of the native bovine chorioallantoic surface, and recellularized with SV-VEGF cells. Caption: Bar=20 &#181;m, (A3) native blood vessel of the chorioallantoic surface of the bovine placenta, observe elastin expression in the entire vascular wall; (B3) native blood vessel from the chorioallantoic surface of the bovine placenta, negative control stained with hematoxylin; (C3) 7-day recellularization of bovine placental vascular biomaterial with SV-VEGF cells, observing elastin expression in the entire vascular wall; (D3) 7-day recellularization of bovine placental vascular biomaterial with SV-VEGF cells, negative control stained with hematoxylin. Recellularizarion assay: Bar 20 &#181;m ; (A2-C2) 3 days of cultivation; (A2) decellularized control vascular biomaterial, observe absent nuclei; (B2) biomaterial recellularized with canine yolk sac endothelial progenitor cells (SV), observe nuclei stained in blue by 4&#8217;,6&#8217;-diamino-2-fenil-indol (DAPI); (C2) recellularized biomaterial with SV-VEGF cells, observe nuclei stained blue by DAPI, eGFP not observed; (D2-F2) 7 days of cultivation; (D2) vascular biomaterial decellularized control, observe absent nuclei; (E2) biomaterial recellularized with SV cells, observe nuclei stained in blue by DAPI; (F2) Biomaterial recellularized with SV-VEGF cells, observe nuclei stained in blue by DAPI.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220816-20816-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Decellularization of the bovine placenta vessels: A: bar = 10 cm, placenta dissected, and umbilical artery and vein cannulated. B: bar = 10 cm, beginning of the decellularization process. C-E: bar = 10 cm, progression of decellularization. F: bar = 10 cm, completion of decellularization, with maintenance of the structure. G: genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (gDNA) in the vascular scaffolds of the chorioallantoic surface of the decellularized bovine placenta.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220816-20816-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>After recellularization, even on day three of the culture, it was possible to observe the cells on the decellularized vessel surface and lumen; however, visually, the number of cells increased on day seven. The SV-VEGF cells were also more numerous than the SV cells, both on day three and seven. Those cells were observed both by HE and DAPI stains (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> &#8211; D1 and F2).</p>
        <p>The elastin distribution pattern was similar in native, decellularized, and recellularized placental vessels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> &#8211; A3, B3 and D3).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Bovine placenta is an organ that, after decellularization, can be used as a source of biomaterial, especially vascular scaffolds. Even after the decellularization process, both the cotyledons,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> as well as the chorioallantoic membrane,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> maintained their structure and extracellular matrix composition preserved. Here, we produced decellularized vessels with structure and elastin maintenance, even in small diameter vessels. Those decellularized vessels had cytocompatibility with endothelial precursor cells (SV and SV-VEGF cells), and the morphological and behavioral results of these cell lines had already been described and remain in accordance with those presented by recellularization in other biomaterials, as demonstrated by Fratini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Furthermore, another alternative to use this decellularized vessel is its digestion to produce biogels that are rich in collagen and can be used to produce bioengineered vessels with different diameters and sizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The bovine placenta vessels can produce viable and cytocompatible decellularized biomaterials that can be a source of structurally natural vascular biomaterials, as well as future prospects for bioengineered vessels.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>All microscope imaging was supported by the Advanced Center of Image Diagnosis (CADI-FMVZ-USP).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Tarley Santos Oliveira, from Faculdade de Medicina Veterin&#225;ria e Zootecnia da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP number 2014/50844-3) and partially funded by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
