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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">T8pPvhRkky4bBX3g6rwB8pG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000600501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220705</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>[RETRATA&#199;&#195;O PARCIAL] Fen&#243;tipos MINOCA &#8211; Um Desafio para o Manejo Espec&#237;fico do Paciente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1098-179X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lypovetska</surname>
            <given-names>Sofiya</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">I Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ternopil</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="UA">Ucr&#226;nia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">I Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil &#8211; Ucr&#226;nia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Sofiya Lypovetska &#8226; Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University &#8211; Klinichna str.1 Ternopil 46001 &#8211; Ucr&#226;nia E-mail: <email>sofiya.lypovetska@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220705</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="retracted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="partial-retraction" id="r01" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20220705.RETRAT" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas (MINOCA) &#233; um fen&#244;meno cl&#237;nico intrigante e de progn&#243;stico incerto, caracterizado pela evid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais ou quase normais na angiografia<sup>1</sup>. Atualmente, n&#227;o h&#225; diretrizes para o manejo e muitos pacientes recebem alta sem uma etiologia determinada, significando muitas vezes que o tratamento ideal &#233; adiado.Relatamos tr&#234;s estudos de caso MINOCA com as principais causas fisiopatol&#243;gicas card&#237;acas, particularmente epic&#225;rdicas, microvasculares e n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas, levando ao tratamento diferencial. Os pacientes apresentavam dor tor&#225;cica aguda, aumento da troponina e nenhuma doen&#231;a coronariana angiograficamente significativa.Neste estudo, analisamos a etiologia, diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e tratamento da MINOCA em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; literatura relevante.MINOCA &#233; considerado um diagn&#243;stico de trabalho din&#226;mico, incluindo dist&#250;rbios coron&#225;rios, mioc&#225;rdicos e n&#227;o coron&#225;rios. Estudos prospectivos e registros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhorar o atendimento e o resultado do paciente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fen&#243;tipo</kwd>
        <kwd>MINOCA</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico Diferencial</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilata&#231;&#227;o Patol&#243;gica</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Espasmo Microvascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A equipe editorial da revista Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia comunica a publica&#231;&#227;o formal de Retrata&#231;&#227;o Parcial do artigo:</p>
    <p>Lypovetska, Sofiya. Fen&#243;tipos MINOCA Um Desafio para o Manejo Espec&#237;fico do Paciente. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(6):e20220705.</p>
    <p>https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220705</p>
    <p>Desde que foi comprovado pl&#225;gio da figura.</p>
    <p>Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</p>
    <p>Editor-chefe</p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas (MINOCA) &#233; um fen&#244;meno cl&#237;nico intrigante com um progn&#243;stico incerto caracterizado por evid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais ou quase normais na angiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Atualmente, n&#227;o h&#225; diretrizes para o tratamento, e muitos pacientes recebem alta sem uma etiologia determinada, significando muitas vezes que o tratamento ideal &#233; adiado. Relatamos tr&#234;s estudos de caso MINOCA com as principais causas fisiopatol&#243;gicas card&#237;acas, particularmente epic&#225;rdicas, microvasculares e n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas, levando ao tratamento diferencial.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso 1</title>
        <p>Uma mulher branca de 63 anos apresentou dor tor&#225;cica aguda induzida por estresse emocional inesperado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico inclu&#237;a hipertens&#227;o leve. Durante a admiss&#227;o, um eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrou taquicardia sinusal com supradesnivelamento ST de 5 mm em V2-V6, onda Q patol&#243;gica e supradesnivelamento ST de 2 mm em II, III e avF. Os resultados laboratoriais inclu&#237;ram um n&#237;vel elevado de troponina T de 886,3 pg/mL (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 12,7-24,9 ng/ml) e NT-proBNP 1434 pg/ml (normal &lt; 125 pg/mL). Um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) revelou uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) de 45% com fun&#231;&#227;o basal hiperdin&#226;mica e uma parede lateral do &#225;pice dilatada e acin&#233;tica. De acordo com o resultado da coronariografia de emerg&#234;ncia, n&#227;o houve estenose coronariana &#8805; 50% em nenhuma art&#233;ria potencialmente relacionada ao infarto. No entanto, a ventriculografia esquerda revelou dilata&#231;&#227;o balon&#237;stica apical com acinesia. O diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo foi suspeitado com base nos resultados de anormalidades do movimento apical do VE, precedidas por um gatilho emocional estressante, aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica culpada, novas anormalidades de ECG, teste de troponina positivo e NT-pro-BNP significativamente elevado.</p>
        <p>No 12&#186; dia, o ETT n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#227;o no balonamento apical e acinesia. O n&#237;vel de troponina T estava diminu&#237;do na din&#226;mica. O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar em terapia com metoprolol e ramipril.</p>
        <p>Em 3 semanas, as anormalidades do movimento da parede apical foram resolvidas e a FEVE voltou ao normal em 59%. A hipertrofia rec&#233;m-aparente do mioc&#225;rdio do VE no &#225;pice foi consistente com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica apical (CMH). Um agente de contraste foi administrado e nenhuma bolsa apical ou trombo foi encontrado. A espessura m&#225;xima da parede do VE de ape&#1093; foi de 17 mm, e o septo interventricular foi de 12 mm no final da di&#225;stole. O ECG mostrava altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o e ondas T gigantes invertidas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es anterolaterais. A paciente foi orientada sobre o diagn&#243;stico de CMH apical. Ela estava assintom&#225;tica em seu exame de acompanhamento de 6 e 12 meses, que incluiu ETT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso 2</title>
        <p>Um homem de 31 anos sem hist&#243;ria card&#237;aca pr&#233;via apresentou dor tor&#225;cica subesternal esmagadora em repouso e palpita&#231;&#227;o. Seus fatores de risco card&#237;aco inclu&#237;am abuso de tabaco e hist&#243;ria familiar de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em seu pai aos 40 anos. Durante os &#250;ltimos 5 anos, ele praticou muscula&#231;&#227;o e usou altas doses de ester&#243;ides anabolizantes androg&#234;nicos (EAA). Durante a admiss&#227;o, o ECG inicial mostrou ondas Q patol&#243;gicas em II, III, AVF, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST de 2 mm nas deriva&#231;&#245;es II, III, AVF e V4-6 sem depress&#227;o rec&#237;proca do segmento ST em I, AVL ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Fig.2A</xref> ). Havia evid&#234;ncia bioqu&#237;mica de dano mioc&#225;rdico: troponina T 1952 pg/mL, NT-proBNP 260,8 pg/ml. ETT revelou hipocinesia da parede posterior e lateral com FE normal. Com base nesses dados, ele foi tratado como SCACEST. No entanto, os resultados da angiografia coron&#225;ria n&#227;o revelaram les&#227;o significativa das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Fig.2B</xref> ); por&#233;m um provocativo teste intracoron&#225;rio comacetilcolina para suspeita de disfun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora foi positivo. Um padr&#227;o de espasmo difuso foi encontrado. A investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica dos sintomas atuais do paciente incluiu uma resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular. N&#227;o foram encontradas altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas. Recebeu alta com bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio e nitratos. Foi dada cautela em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de AAS. Em seu exame de acompanhamento de 6 e 12 meses, era assintom&#225;tico.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) ECG inicial. B) Coronariografia sem les&#227;o significativa das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220705-20705-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso 3</title>
        <p>Um homem de 45 anos, hipertenso, com sobrepeso, apresentou-se ao pronto-socorro com dor tor&#225;cica em repouso e palpita&#231;&#227;o 1 hora ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas. O ECG demonstrou eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es I, AVL e V2-V6 na admiss&#227;o. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico &#224; beira do leito mostrou hipocinesia das paredes &#226;ntero-laterais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O paciente foi transferido para angiografia coron&#225;ria de emerg&#234;ncia devido &#224; forte dor tor&#225;cica cont&#237;nua e eleva&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de troponina T de alta sensibilidade em 585,0 ng/ml. N&#227;o houve estenose coronariana &#8805; 50%. No entanto, havia ectasia m&#250;ltipla na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, particularmente um pequeno aneurisma saciforme em 11 segmentos e um aneurisma fusiforme em 13 segmentos; aneurisma fusiforme de grandes dimens&#245;es com estase de contraste nos 6-7 segmentos da art&#233;ria descendente anterior; ectasia em 1 segmento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). A paciente foi submetida a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias descendente e circunflexa em 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s SCA.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Coronariografia com m&#250;ltiplas ectasias coronarianas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220705-20705-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Como a MINOCA envolve v&#225;rios mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos e v&#225;rias apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, o tipo de manejo varia dependendo da causa b&#225;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico diferencial inclui miocardite, doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana, embolia pulmonar, doen&#231;as do mioc&#225;rdio como Takotsubo e desequil&#237;brio entre oferta e demanda de oxig&#234;nio do mioc&#225;rdio (IM tipo 2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Apesar de ter uma declara&#231;&#227;o de posi&#231;&#227;o contempor&#226;nea da ESC e da AHA, existe grande variabilidade na forma como os pacientes com suspeita de MINOCA s&#227;o avaliados. Atualmente, o consenso agora exclui miocardite e s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo do diagn&#243;stico final de MINOCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Relatamos 3 casos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda, eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina e aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana angiograficamente significativa. Embora os n&#237;veis elevados de troponina reflitam a les&#227;o do cardiomi&#243;cito com a libera&#231;&#227;o dessa prote&#237;na intracelular no sangue, o processo n&#227;o &#233; espec&#237;fico da doen&#231;a e pode resultar de mecanismos isqu&#234;micos ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No primeiro caso, a CMH apical foi mascarada pelo MINOCA, uma vez que preenchia os seguintes crit&#233;rios: aumento da troponina card&#237;aca, sintomas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica: novas altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas no ECG, nova anormalidade regional da motilidade da parede no ETT; sem estenose coron&#225;ria &#8805; 50% em qualquer art&#233;ria potencial relacionada ao infarto. N&#227;o houve diagn&#243;sticos alternativos espec&#237;ficos para a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica: sepse, embolia pulmonar e miocardite. No entanto, MINOCA &#233; um diagn&#243;stico de trabalho inicial, e imagens card&#237;acas adequadas s&#227;o cruciais. A acinesia apical e a dilata&#231;&#227;o na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva foram consideradas sinais de cardiomiopatia induzida por estresse (takotsubo), enquanto a hipertrofia apical encontrada durante o acompanhamento do ETT foi uma variante apical da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. A RMC pode identificar a causa subjacente em at&#233; 87% dos pacientes com MINOCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No subendoc&#225;rdio, o realce tardio do gadol&#237;nio pode indicar uma causa isqu&#234;mica, enquanto a localiza&#231;&#227;o subepic&#225;rdica pode provar cardiomiopatias ou miocardite, e a aus&#234;ncia de realce tardio relevante do gadol&#237;nio com edema e anormalidades espec&#237;ficas associadas &#224; motilidade da parede s&#227;o uma caracter&#237;stica da s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A terapia com betabloqueadores nesses pacientes pode ser &#250;til para obter o bloqueio adren&#233;rgico, e outras terapias convencionais para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca podem ser aplicadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No segundo caso, a poss&#237;vel patog&#234;nese do infarto relacionado ao AAS inclui espasmo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e/ou trombose tempor&#225;ria. O abuso de AAS deve ser evitado. Os antagonistas do c&#225;lcio s&#227;o centrais no controle dos espasmos das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e s&#227;o fortemente recomendados como medicamentos de primeira linha.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio dos betabloqueadores, pois eles prosperam o espasmo deixando a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o mediada por alfa sem oposi&#231;&#227;o pela vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por beta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No terceiro caso, em pacientes com SCA por ectasia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, a &#234;nfase &#233; a restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo. A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea de um vaso culpado aneurism&#225;tico/ect&#225;tico teve menor sucesso do procedimento e maior incid&#234;ncia de no-refluxo e emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#233; considerada a terapia de primeira linha para EAC envolvendo o tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda, m&#250;ltiplo ou gigante ( &gt;20 mm, ou &gt; 4&#215; di&#226;metro do vaso de refer&#234;ncia) aneurismas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>MINOCA &#233; considerado um diagn&#243;stico de trabalho din&#226;mico, incluindo dist&#250;rbios coron&#225;rios, mioc&#225;rdicos e n&#227;o coron&#225;rios. Estudos prospectivos e registros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhorar o atendimento e o resultado do paciente.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>[PARTIAL-RETRACTION] MINOCA Phenotypes &#8211; A Challenge for Patient-Specific Management</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1098-179X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lypovetska</surname>
            <given-names>Sofiya</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research; Acquisition of data; Statistical analysis; Analysis and interpretation of the data; Writing of the manuscript; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="UA">Ukraine</country>
        <institution content-type="original">I Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil &#8211; Ukraine</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Sofiya Lypovetska &#8226; I Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University &#8211; Klinichna str.1 Ternopil 46001 &#8211; Ukraine E-mail: sofiya.lypovetska@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a puzzling clinical phenomenon with an unclear prognosis, characterized by evidence of myocardial infarction (MI) with normal or near-normal coronary arteries on angiography<sup>1</sup>. Currently, there are no guidelines for management, and many patients are discharged without a determined etiology, often meaning that optimal treatment gets postponed.We report three MINOCA case studies with main pathophysiological cardiac causes, particularly epicardial, microvascular, and non-ischemic, prompting differential management. The patients presented with acute chest pain, troponin raise, and no angiographically significant coronary disease.In this study, we analyzed the etiology, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of MINOCA concerning the relevant literature.MINOCA is considered to be a dynamic working diagnosis, including coronary, myocardial, and non-coronary disorders. Prospective studies and registries are needed to improve patient care and outcome.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Phenotype</kwd>
        <kwd>MINOCA</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis Diferential</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilatation Pathologic</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery</kwd>
        <kwd>Microvascular Spasm</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The editorial team of the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia journal hereby announces the formal publication of a Partial-Retraction for the article:</p>
      <p>Lypovetska, Sofiya. MINOCA Phenotypes - A Challenge for Patient-Specific Management. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(6):e20220705.</p>
      <p>https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220705</p>
      <p>As plagiarism of the figure has been confirmed.</p>
      <p>Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</p>
      <p>Editor-in-chief</p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a puzzling clinical phenomenon with an unclear prognosis characterized by evidence of myocardial infarction (MI) with normal or near-normal coronary arteries on angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Currently, there are no guidelines for management, and many patients are discharged without a determined etiology, often meaning that optimal treatment gets postponed. We report three MINOCA case studies with main pathophysiological cardiac causes, particularly epicardial, microvascular, and non-ischemic, prompting differential management.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 1</title>
          <p>A 63 years old white woman presented with acute chest pain induced by unexpected emotional stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Her medical history included mild hypertension. During admission, an electrocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus tachycardia with ST elevation of 5 mm in V2-V6, pathological Q wave, and ST elevation of 2 mm in II, III, and avF. Laboratory results included an elevated troponin T level of 886.3 pg/mL (normal range 12.7-24.9 ng/ml) and NT-proBNP 1434 pg/ml (normal &lt; 125 pg/mL). A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) revealed an ejection fraction (EF) of 45 % with hyperdynamic basal function and a dilated, akinetic apex lateral wall. According to the result of emergent coronary angiography, there was no coronary stenosis &#8805; 50% in any potential infarct-related artery. However, left ventriculography revealed apical ballooning dilatation with akinesis. The diagnosis of Takotsubo syndrome was suspected based on results of apical motion abnormalities of LV, preceded by a stressful, emotional trigger, absence of culprit atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, new ECG abnormalities, positive troponin test and significantly elevated NT &#8211;pro-BNP.</p>
          <p>On the 12th day, TTE showed no change in the apical ballooning and akinesis. The level of troponin T was decreased in dynamics. The patient was discharged from the hospital on metoprolol and ramipril therapy.</p>
          <p>In 3 weeks, the apical wall-motion abnormalities had resolved, and the LVEF had returned to normal at 59 %. Newly apparent hypertrophy of the LV myocardium at the apex was consistent with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). A contrast agent was administered; no apical pouches or thrombi were found. The maximal LV wall thickness of ape&#1093; was 17 mm, and the interventricular septum was 12 mm at end-diastole. The ECG showed repolarization changes and giant, inverted T waves in the anterolateral leads. The patient was counseled about the diagnosis of apical HCM. She was asymptomatic at her 6 and 12-month follow-up examinations, which included TTE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 2</title>
          <p>A 31-year-old male without prior cardiac history presented with crushing substernal chest pain at rest and palpitation. His cardiac risk factors included tobacco abuse and a family history of myocardial infarction in his father at 40. During the past 5 years, he has been in bodybuilding and used high doses of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). During admission, initial ECG showed pathological Q waves in II, III, AVF, 2 mm ST segment elevation in II, III, AVF, and V4&#8211;6 leads without reciprocal ST segment depression in I, AVL ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Fig.2A</xref> ). There was biochemical evidence of myocardial damage: troponin T 1952 pg/mL, NT-proBNP 260,8 pg/ml. TTE revealed hypokinesis of the posterior and lateral wall with normal EF. Based on these data, he was managed as STEMI. However, the results of coronary angiography revealed no significant lesion of coronary arteries ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> ); however provocative intracoronary test with acetylcholine for suspected vasomotor dysfunction was positive. A diffuse spasm pattern was found. Diagnostic work-up of the patient&#8217;s current symptoms included a cardiovascular magnetic resonance. No pathological changes were found. He was discharged on calcium channel blockers and nitrates. Caution was given regarding the usage of AAS. At his 6 and 12-month follow-up examination, he was asymptomatic.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A) Initial ECG. B) Coronary angiography with no significant lesion of coronary arteries.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220705-20705-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 3</title>
          <p>A 45-year-old overweight hypertensive male presented to the emergency department with crushing chest pain at rest and palpitation 1 hour after the onset of symptoms. ECG demonstrated ST-segment elevation in I, AVL, and V2-V6 leads at admission. Bedside transthoracic echocardiography showed hypokinesis of the anterior-lateral walls of the left ventricle. The patient was transferred for emergency coronary angiography due to severe chest pain and elevated high-sensitive troponin T-level at 585.0 ng/ml. There was no coronary stenosis &#8805; 50%. However, there were multiple ectasias in the left coronary artery, particularly a small sac-like aneurysm in 11 segments and a spindle-shaped aneurysm in 13 segments; a large-sized fusiform aneurysm with contrast stasis in the 6-7 segments of the left anterior descending artery; ectasia in 1 segment of the right coronary artery were revealed ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). The patient underwent coronary artery bypass grafting of left descending and circumflex coronary arteries in 1 month after ACS.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Coronarography with multiple coronary ectasia..</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220705-20705-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Since MINOCA involves several pathophysiological mechanisms and various clinical presentations, the type of management varies depending on the underlying cause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The differential diagnosis includes myocarditis, coronary microvascular disease, pulmonary embolism, myocardial diseases such as Takotsubo, and an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand of myocardium (Type 2 MI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Despite having a contemporary position statement from the ESC and the AHA, great variability exists in how patients with suspected MINOCA are evaluated. Currently, the consensus now excludes myocarditis and Takotsubo syndrome from the final diagnosis of MINOCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We reported 3 clinical cases of patients with acute chest pain, troponin raise, and absence of angiographically significant coronary disease. Although elevated troponin levels reflect cardiomyocyte injury with the release of this intracellular protein into the blood, the process is not disease-specific and can result from either ischaemic or non-ischaemic mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the first case, apical HCM was masked by MINOCA as it fulfilled the following criteria: rise in cardiac troponin, symptoms of myocardial ischemia: new ischemic ECG changes, new regional wall motion abnormality on TTE; no coronary stenosis &#8805; 50% in any potential infarct-related artery. There were no specific alternate diagnoses for the clinical presentation: sepsis, pulmonary embolism, and myocarditis. However, MINOCA is an initial working diagnosis, and proper cardiac imaging is crucial. Apical akinesis and dilation in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease were considered signs of stress-induced (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy, whereas apical hypertrophy was found during follow-up on TTE was an apical-variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. CMR can identify the underlying cause in as many as 87% of patients with MINOCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In the sub-endocardium, late gadolinium enhancement may indicate an ischemic cause, while sub-epicardial localization may prove cardiomyopathies or myocarditis, and the absence of relevant late gadolinium enhancement with edema and associated specific wall motion abnormalities are a hallmark of Takotsubo syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Beta-blocker therapy in such patients can be useful to achieve adrenergic blockade, and other conventional heart failure therapies might be applied.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the second case, the possible pathogenesis of AAS-related infarction includes coronary artery spasm and/or temporary thrombosis. Current abuse of AAS should be avoided. Calcium antagonists are central in managing coronary artery spasms and are strongly recommended as first-line drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As opposed to beta-blockers as they prosper spasm by leaving alpha-mediated vasoconstriction unopposed by beta-mediated vasodilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the third case, in patients with ACS due to coronary artery ectasia, the emphasis is restoring flow. The percutaneous coronary intervention of an aneurysmal/ectatic culprit vessel had lower procedural success and a higher incidence of no-reflow and distal embolization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Surgical resection is considered the first-line therapy for CAE involving the left main coronary artery, multiple or giant (&gt;20 mm, or &gt; 4&#215; reference vessel diameter) aneurysms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>MINOCA is considered to be a dynamic working diagnosis, including coronary, myocardial, and non-coronary disorders. Prospective studies and registries are needed to improve patient care and outcome.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
