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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">sLBmNHswG54c9jK4xn3KC6m</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000600301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220679</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Investiga&#231;&#227;o da Rela&#231;&#227;o entre &#205;ndice de Triglicer&#237;deos-Glicose e Fluxo Lento Coronariano: Um Estudo Retrospectivo de Caso-Controle</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4297-1820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplangoray</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8923-8709</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Toprak</surname>
            <given-names>Kenan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8358-722X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ba&#351;analan</surname>
            <given-names>Fuat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6560-8031</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Palice</surname>
            <given-names>Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1401-5727</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ayd&#305;n</surname>
            <given-names>Cihan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8322-3514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demirk&#305;ran</surname>
            <given-names>Aykut</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4585-3707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cekici</surname>
            <given-names>Yusuf</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Mehmet Akif &#304;nan Research and Training Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sanl&#305;urfa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; University of Health Sciences Mehmet Akif &#304;nan Research and Training Hospital , Sanl&#305;urfa &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Republic of Turkey Ministry</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Health Siverek State Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiology Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sanl&#305;urfa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health Siverek State Hospital Cardiology Department , Sanl&#305;urfa &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tekirdag Nam&#305;k Kemal University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tekirda&#287;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cardiologia , Tekirdag Nam&#305;k Kemal University , Tekirda&#287; &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences Adana Health Practice</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cardiologia , University of Health Sciences Adana Health Practice and Research Center , Adana &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Mustafa Kaplangoray &#8226; Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences &#8211; Mehmet Akif &#304;nan Research and Training Hospital, Sanl&#305;urfa &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>mkaplangoray@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220679</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>O fluxo lento coronariano (FLC) refere-se &#224; opacifica&#231;&#227;o retardada dos vasos distais na aus&#234;ncia de estenose da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica. O mecanismo etiopatog&#234;nico do FLC ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Este estudo investiga a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o FLC e o &#237;ndice de triglicer&#237;deos-glicose (TyG).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>A amostra do estudo consistiu de 118 pacientes com FLC e 105 pacientes com fluxo coronariano normal (FCN). A taxa de fluxo coronariano foi medida por medio do m&#233;todo de contagem de quadros (TFC) Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) em todos os pacientes. O &#237;ndice TyG foi calculado como o logaritmo do valor [triglicer&#237;deos em jejum (mg/dL)&#215;glicose em jejum (mg/dL)]/2. Adotou-se como estatisticamente significativo o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>O &#237;ndice TyG, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (RNL) e valores de TFC, propor&#231;&#227;o masculina e propor&#231;&#227;o de fumantes foram maiores, enquanto os n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) foram significativamente menores no grupo FLC em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo FNC (p&lt;0,05). A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o revelou que o FLC estava significativamente correlacionado com os valores do &#237;ndice TyG, IMC, RNL e HDL. A mais forte dessas correla&#231;&#245;es foi entre o FLC e o &#237;ndice TyG (r= 0,57, p&lt;0,001). Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise multivariada revelou que o &#237;ndice TyG, IMC, raz&#227;o RNL e sexo masculino foram preditores independentes para FLC (p&lt;0,05). A an&#225;lise da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) indicou que um valor de corte &#8805; 9,28 para o &#237;ndice TyG previu FLC com sensibilidade de 78% e especificidade de 78,1% [&#193;rea sob a curva (AUC): 0,868 e 95% intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC): 0,823-0,914].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os achados deste estudo revelaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o muito forte entre o FLC e o &#237;ndice TyG.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Velocidade do Fluxo Sangu&#237;neo</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglicerides-Glicose</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas</kwd>
        <kwd>LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Investiga&#231;&#227;o da Rela&#231;&#227;o entre &#205;ndice de Triglicer&#237;deos-Glicose e Fluxo Lento Coronariano: Um Estudo Retrospectivo de Caso-Controle</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220679-20679-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O fen&#244;meno de fluxo lento coronariano (FLC) refere-se &#224; opacifica&#231;&#227;o tardia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas normais. A incid&#234;ncia de FLC em pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria (CAG) para queixas de angina &#233; relatada entre 1-3%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora estudos em larga escala tenham sido conduzidos para descobrir sua etiologia e mecanismo subjacente, a etiologia e a patog&#234;nese do FLC ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o claras. Entre os fatores mais frequentemente responsabilizados pela patog&#234;nese do FLC est&#227;o disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, anormalidades microvasculares, aterosclerose oculta e inflama&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre FLC e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), n&#237;veis de glicose, dislipidemia e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) foi demonstrada em um estudo de larga escala conduzido por Y&#305;lmaz et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os achados relevantes de muitos estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais sugerem que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial desempenha um papel importante na patog&#234;nese do FLC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225; bem estabelecida. No entanto, essa rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi claramente demonstrada no contexto da PSC. Os achados relevantes relatados pelos estudos dispon&#237;veis na literatura s&#227;o contradit&#243;rios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em um desses estudos, Metwally et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> demonstraram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e FLC em indiv&#237;duos com intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose. O &#237;ndice triglicer&#237;deo-glicose (TyG) &#233; um par&#226;metro facilmente calculado e barato que reflete a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. No entanto, uma revis&#227;o completa da literatura n&#227;o revelou nenhum estudo que abordasse a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o FLCP e o &#237;ndice TyG. Portanto, este estudo foi desenhado para investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o FLC e o &#237;ndice TyG.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O presente estudo foi um estudo observacional, caso-controle e comparativo. Aproximadamente 3.000 participantes submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria diagn&#243;stica eletiva em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o foram escaneados para identificar pacientes com FLC aparente. A indica&#231;&#227;o de CAG foi determinada com base na angina pectoris t&#237;pica e suas queixas caracter&#237;sticas ou na positividade dos testes de estresse n&#227;o invasivos realizados para investiga&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo foram: ter evolu&#237;do com FLC secund&#225;rio a angioplastia coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea realizada ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; ter uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar org&#226;nica significativa, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, hipo/hipertireoidismo ou qualquer dist&#250;rbio do tecido conjuntivo; possuir alguma doen&#231;a hematol&#243;gica;)ou insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica [aspartato transaminase (AST) ou alanina transaminase (ALT) valores 3 vezes superiores aos valores normais]; ter uma infec&#231;&#227;o ativa; e/ou faz uso de drogas do grupo das estatinas e/ou anticoagulantes. Os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos do paciente foram digitalizados retrospectivamente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo. Ao final, 118 pacientes com FLC e 105 pacientes com fluxo coronariano normal (FCN) foram inclu&#237;dos na amostra do estudo. Dados demogr&#225;ficos referentes &#224; idade, sexo e fatores de risco para DAC (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia, hist&#243;ria familiar e tabagismo) foram obtidos do banco de dados do hospital. Al&#233;m disso, a bioqu&#237;mica de rotina, os resultados do hemograma e os par&#226;metros de glicemia e colesterol em jejum foram determinados a partir dos resultados de sangue obtidos dos registros dos pacientes antes do CAG. O &#237;ndice TyG foi calculado como o logaritmo do valor [triglicer&#237;deos em jejum (mg/dL)&#215;glicose em jejum (mg/dL)]/2. A rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (RNL) foi calculada dividindo-se a contagem absoluta de neutr&#243;filos medida com as amostras de sangue coletadas na admiss&#227;o pela contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos.</p>
      <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi obtida a partir de registros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos antes da CAG. Os pacientes que receberam tratamento anti-hipertensivo foram considerados hipertensos, e o diagn&#243;stico de hiperlipidemia foi definido de acordo com os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos das diretrizes da European Society of Cardiology. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os diab&#233;ticos foram determinados por pacientes que j&#225; haviam sido diagnosticados com diabetes e faziam uso de medicamentos antidiab&#233;ticos e outros pacientes que n&#227;o conheciam seu estado de diabetes, mas tinham glicose alta no sangue de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da American Diabetes Association. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, e o protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Harran University (N&#250;mero: HR&#220;/22.16.11).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Cateterismo card&#237;aco</title>
        <p>O procedimento CAG foi realizado por via femoral ou radial pela t&#233;cnica de Judkins. Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria normal foi definida como a aus&#234;ncia de irregularidade do l&#250;men em qualquer art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com base na avalia&#231;&#227;o visual. As contagens de quadros coronarianos dos pacientes foram calculadas de acordo com o c&#225;lculo de contagem de quadros (TFC) Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI), conforme descrito por Poyraz et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> o c&#225;lculo do TFC foi feito a partir da angula&#231;&#227;o caudal obl&#237;qua anterior direita ou proje&#231;&#227;o da angula&#231;&#227;o craniana obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda para as art&#233;rias descendente anterior esquerda (DAE) e circunflexa (Cx), e da proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (CD). O primeiro quadro em que o meio de contraste cobriu todo o l&#250;men da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria proximal, tocou ambas as bordas e se moveu para baixo na art&#233;ria foi aceito como o primeiro quadro. Em contraste, o quadro em que o material opaco atingiu a regi&#227;o do bigode para DAE, a bifurca&#231;&#227;o distal com a maior dist&#226;ncia total do ramo marginal do obtuso marginal para Cx e o primeiro ramo lateral emergindo da art&#233;ria p&#243;stero-lateral para CD foram aceitos como &#250;ltimo quadro. O valor de TFC de cada art&#233;ria foi calculado subtraindo o n&#250;mero do primeiro quadro do &#250;ltimo. Considerando o tempo decorrido para a opacifica&#231;&#227;o devido ao comprimento da DAE, o TFC corrigido foi calculado dividindo-se o valor do TFC calculado para DAE por 1,7. Conforme relatado anteriormente na literatura, os valores corrigidos do limite de TFC foram aceitos como 36,2 &#177; 2,6 quadros para DAE, 22,2 &#177; 4,1 quadros para a art&#233;ria Cx e 20,4 &#177; 3,0 quadros para a art&#233;ria CD <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> . Pacientes com valores de TFC maiores que 2 desvios padr&#227;o dos valores limiares especificados em qualquer uma das tr&#234;s art&#233;rias foram diagnosticados com FLC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas por meio do pacote de software SPSS 22.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows, vers&#227;o 22.0, IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, EUA, 2013). Os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para determinar as caracter&#237;sticas normais das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. O teste t de amostras independentes foi usado para comparar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas determinadas para obedecer &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher foi usado para comparar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A an&#225;lise da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) foi realizada para determinar os valores de corte do &#237;ndice TyG que podem ser usados na previs&#227;o de FLCP.</p>
        <p>Testes de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada foram realizados para identificar os preditores independentes de FLCP. Valores de probabilidade (p) &lt; 0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os indicadores independentes do FLCP.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, comorbidades, resultados de exames laboratoriais e uso de medicamentos de ambos os grupos est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Assim, a m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foi de 51,7&#177;9,4 anos, e 57,4% dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo eram homens. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos de pacientes e controle em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s comorbidades, a saber, hiperlipidemia, DM e HT. Por outro lado, o valor m&#233;dio do IMC e a propor&#231;&#227;o de fumantes foram maiores no grupo de pacientes do que no grupo controle. Os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de triglicer&#237;deos, LDL, RNL e glicose foram significativamente maiores no grupo de pacientes do que no grupo de controle.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Grupo FNC (n=105)</th>
                <th>Grupo CSF (n=118)</th>
                <th>Total (n=223)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Demografia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (ano)</td>
                <td align="center">51,0&#177;9,7</td>
                <td align="center">52,2&#177;9,2</td>
                <td align="center">51,7&#177;9,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,343</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masc., (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (35,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (77,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (57,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                <td align="center">25,2&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,6&#177;3,1</td>
                <td align="center">26,5&#177;3,2</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (32,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (38,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (35,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,370</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (34,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (52,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (41,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D.Mellitus n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (23,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (31,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (23,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,209</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de nicotina n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (31,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (62,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Medi&#231;&#245;es quantitativas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">125,8&#177;15,4</td>
                <td align="center">129&#177;17,4</td>
                <td align="center">127,5&#177;16,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">75,4&#177;10,8</td>
                <td align="center">77,5&#177;12,1</td>
                <td align="center">76,5&#177;11,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">111,2&#177;29</td>
                <td align="center">162,9&#177;18,8</td>
                <td align="center">138,6&#177;82,9</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>T. Colesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">216&#177;33,4</td>
                <td align="center">222&#177;35,6</td>
                <td align="center">219,66&#177;34,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">167,3&#177;42,9</td>
                <td align="center">222,9&#177;60,9</td>
                <td align="center">196,78&#177;59,9</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">45,7&#177;11,6</td>
                <td align="center">37,4&#177;6,1</td>
                <td align="center">41,2&#177;9,9</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">133,7&#177;29,6</td>
                <td align="center">142,2&#177;22,9</td>
                <td align="center">138,2&#177;26,6</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,018</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos (&#215;103/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">8,3&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,4&#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,9&#177;0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,216</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filo (&#215;103/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,4&#177;1,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,4&#177;2,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,9&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;cito (&#215;103/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4&#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,3&#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,3&#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,438</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">2,2&#177;1,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,6&#177;1,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,4&#177;1,2</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,010</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mon&#243;cito (&#215;103/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7&#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,2&#177;0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,9&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,403</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas (&#215;103/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">274,3&#177;86,3</td>
                <td align="center">244,5&#177;65,1</td>
                <td align="center">258,5&#177;77,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">13,6&#177;1,9</td>
                <td align="center">14,5&#177;1,6</td>
                <td align="center">14,1&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0&#177;0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,9&#177;0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,9&#177;0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,278</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BUN (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">30,7&#177;10,3</td>
                <td align="center">30&#177;9,9</td>
                <td align="center">29,3&#177;10,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,588</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TyG</td>
                <td align="center">9,1&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,7&#177;0,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,4&#177;0,5</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61,5&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">60,3&#177;3,9</td>
                <td align="center">60,8&#177;5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,580</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Uso de medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aspirina n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (21,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (36,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (29,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,012</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B-Bloqueador n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15(14,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (24,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (19,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CCB n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15(14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">17(14,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,979</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (26,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (30,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (28,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,556</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Dados angiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAE FC</td>
                <td align="center">19,6&#177;5,8</td>
                <td align="center">40,3&#177;10,0</td>
                <td align="center">30,7&#177;13,5</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LCX FC</td>
                <td align="center">17,1&#177;4,6</td>
                <td align="center">28,0&#177;6,9</td>
                <td align="center">22,8&#177;8,7</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CD FC</td>
                <td align="center">18,7&#177;6,8</td>
                <td align="center">32,6&#177;9,4</td>
                <td align="center">26,0&#177;10,9</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; TyG: &#237;ndice de triglicer&#237;deos-glicose; CCB: canal de c&#225;lcio bloqueador; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; DAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; LCX: art&#233;ria circunflexa; CD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; FC: Contagem de quadros TIMI corrigida; GB: contagem de gl&#243;bulos brancos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Por outro lado, o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de HDL foi significativamente maior no grupo controle do que no grupo de pacientes. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto aos medicamentos utilizados, exceto a aspirina, que foi significativamente mais utilizada no grupo de pacientes do que no grupo de controle. As contagens de quadros TIMI foram maiores no grupo de pacientes do que no grupo de controle para todas as tr&#234;s art&#233;rias. Os valores m&#233;dios do &#237;ndice TyG do grupo de pacientes foram significativamente maiores do que os do grupo controle. Os resultados da an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Consequentemente, o FLC foi positivamente correlacionado com os valores do &#237;ndice de IMC, RNL e TyG e negativamente correlacionado com os valores de HDL. Al&#233;m disso, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva moderada significativa entre os valores de TyG e FLC.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o dos indicadores independentes de fluxo lento coronariano</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Valor r</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL</td>
                <td align="center">-0,42</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice TyG</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; TyG: &#237;ndice de triglicer&#237;deos-glicose.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada revelou uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre FLC e IMC, HDL, triglicer&#237;deos, glicose, RNL, valores do &#237;ndice TyG, propor&#231;&#227;o masculina, e a propor&#231;&#227;o de fumantes. Uma an&#225;lise mais aprofundada dessas vari&#225;veis usando a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o multivariada revelou que os valores de &#237;ndice de IMC, RNL, TyG e propor&#231;&#227;o masculina foram preditores independentes de FLC ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada dos indicadores independentes de fluxo coronariano lento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>OU (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th>OU (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,767 (0,694-0,848)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1.309 (1.145-1.496)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL</td>
                <td align="center">1.131 (1.082-1.182)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,954 (0,904-1,007)</td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deo</td>
                <td align="center">1.030 (1.020-1.040)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">1.020 (1.012-1.029)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero</td>
                <td align="center">6.19 (3.443-11.143)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">3.497 (1.501-8.147)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,004</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumo</td>
                <td align="center">3.669 (2.105-6.632)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,454 (0,201-1,024)</td>
                <td align="center">0,057</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">0,734 (0,575-0,938)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">1.407 (1.032-1.919)</td>
                <td align="center">0,031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TyG</td>
                <td align="center">31.489 (2.966-33.429)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">27.649 (8.044-95.035)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; TyG: &#237;ndice de triglicer&#237;deos-glicose.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da curva ROC indicou que um valor de corte &#8805; 9,28 para o &#237;ndice TyG previu FLC com sensibilidade de 78% e especificidade de 78,1% [&#193;rea sob a curva (AUC): 0,868 e IC de 95%: 0,823-0,914] ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise ROC dos n&#237;veis do &#237;ndice TyG para prever a circula&#231;&#227;o de fluxo lento coronariano. AUC: &#193;rea sob a curva; ROC: Caracter&#237;stica operacional do receptor; TyG: &#237;ndice de triglic&#233;rides-glicose.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220679-20679-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O FLC &#233; um importante achado angiogr&#225;fico observado em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, principalmente se apresentarem queixa de angina inst&#225;vel. O FLCP deve ser considerado uma entidade cl&#237;nica distinta, dados seus mecanismos cl&#237;nicos e patog&#234;nicos espec&#237;ficos e crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos estabelecidos. Estudos anteriores mostraram que a doen&#231;a de pequenos vasos sangu&#237;neos, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica e inflama&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o os fatores implicados na patog&#234;nese do FLC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O endot&#233;lio desempenha um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento da ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, ades&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos, prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas vasculares e processo de aterosclerose, particularmente no equil&#237;brio do t&#244;nus vascular. Pacientes com FLC t&#234;m redu&#231;&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (DMF) dependente do endot&#233;lio na art&#233;ria braquial. Este achado suporta a hip&#243;tese de que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial desempenha um papel na etiologia do FLC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, acredita-se sem d&#250;vida que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina desempenham um papel fundamental em todas as fases do desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Em um estudo recente, Metwally et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> demonstraram que a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina &#233; um fator independente para o FLC em pacientes com intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose. A Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Modelo Homeost&#225;tico para Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina (HOMA-IR) e o clamp hiperinsulin&#234;mico-euglic&#234;mico s&#227;o frequentemente usados para medir a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No entanto, a medi&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina com base no n&#237;vel de insulina n&#227;o &#233; um m&#233;todo frequentemente utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, uma vez que &#233; caro e de dif&#237;cil acesso na maioria dos laborat&#243;rios. Por outro lado, foi demonstrado em v&#225;rios estudos que o &#237;ndice TyG pode ser usado no lugar da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina como uma alternativa barata, pr&#225;tica e reprodut&#237;vel. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, v&#225;rios estudos mostraram que o &#237;ndice TyG fornece resultados confi&#225;veis na determina&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina por meio de HOMA IR e avalia&#231;&#227;o do teste clamp hiperinsulin&#234;mico-euglic&#234;mico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, uma revis&#227;o completa da literatura n&#227;o revelou nenhum estudo que abordasse a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o FLC e o &#237;ndice TyG. Nesse contexto, este estudo foi desenhado para investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o FLC e o &#237;ndice TyG. Consequentemente, os achados deste estudo indicaram uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre o FLC e o &#237;ndice TyG. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o FLC e os n&#237;veis de glicose e hiperlipidemia foi demonstrada em estudos anteriores. No entanto, os resultados desses estudos s&#227;o contradit&#243;rios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em compara&#231;&#227;o, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o FLC e o &#237;ndice TyG foi estatisticamente mais significativa do que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o FLC e os dois par&#226;metros mencionados, a saber, n&#237;veis de glicose e hiperlipidemia, neste estudo. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m indicou que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o FLC e o &#237;ndice TyG foi significativamente mais forte do que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o FLC e os valores de IMC, HDL e RNL ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada revelou que os valores de IMC, HDL e RNL, propor&#231;&#227;o de homens e propor&#231;&#227;o de fumantes s&#227;o importantes preditores independentes de FLC, al&#233;m do &#237;ndice TyG. Este achado &#233; consistente com o achado relatado no estudo de Zhao et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> que os valores de IMC e propor&#231;&#227;o masculina s&#227;o preditores independentes de FLC. Da mesma forma, Arbel et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> relataram que a propor&#231;&#227;o de homens e a propor&#231;&#227;o de fumantes s&#227;o fortes preditores de FLC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em contraste, Sanghvi et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> n&#227;o encontraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a propor&#231;&#227;o masculina e o FLC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os achados deste estudo indicaram uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre FLC e RNL. Foi demonstrado em muitos estudos que o FLC pode ser uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica difusa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi estabelecido recentemente que a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; um processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Portanto, a inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica importante e manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de aterosclerose. O papel da inflama&#231;&#227;o na aterosclerose foi demonstrado em numerosos estudos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A contagem de gl&#243;bulos brancos (GB) e RNL, um derivado de GB, s&#227;o marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. De fato, os achados deste estudo revelaram que a RNL &#233; um fator forte e independente para o FLC.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Houve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es para este estudo devido ao seu desenho. Primeiro, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era relativamente pequena. Em segundo lugar, alguns achados laboratoriais e demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes n&#227;o puderam ser alcan&#231;ados devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva do estudo e, portanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre FLC e &#237;ndice TyG no contexto dos referidos achados laboratoriais n&#227;o p&#244;de ser investigada. Em terceiro lugar, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice TyG considerado um marcador de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e o n&#237;vel de insulina n&#227;o p&#244;de ser investigado, uma vez que os n&#237;veis de insulina dos pacientes n&#227;o puderam ser acessados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora muitos fatores desempenhem um papel na etiopatogenia do FLC, a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial est&#225; entre os mais importantes. A resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina desempenha um papel importante na disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Classicamente, o m&#233;todo &#8220;padr&#227;o-ouro&#8221; para avaliar a sensibilidade &#224; insulina &#233; o teste clamp hiperinsulin&#234;mico-euglic&#234;mico. No entanto, esse teste &#233; caro e demorado, portanto seu uso pr&#225;tico &#233; limitado. Recentemente, o &#237;ndice TyG tem sido usado frequentemente como um indicador de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. Este estudo revelou uma rela&#231;&#227;o muito forte entre o FLC e o &#237;ndice TyG. No entanto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para apoiar o uso do &#237;ndice TyG como um preditor independente para FLC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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  </back>
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        <article-title>Investigation of the Relationship Between Triglycerides-Glucose &#304;ndex and Coronary Slow Flow: A Retrospective Case-Control Study</article-title>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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          <name>
            <surname>Toprak</surname>
            <given-names>Kenan</given-names>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1401-5727</contrib-id>
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          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8322-3514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demirk&#305;ran</surname>
            <given-names>Aykut</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4585-3707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cekici</surname>
            <given-names>Yusuf</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; University of Health Sciences Mehmet Akif &#304;nan Research and Training Hospital, Sanl&#305;urfa &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health Siverek State Hospital Cardiology Department, Sanl&#305;urfa &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Tekirdag Nam&#305;k Kemal University, Tekirda&#287; &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, University of Health Sciences Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Mustafa Kaplangoray &#8226; Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences &#8211; Mehmet Akif &#304;nan Research and Training Hospital, Sanl&#305;urfa &#8211; Turkey E-mail: mkaplangoray@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Coronary slow flow (CSF) refers to delayed distal vessel opacification in the absence of epicardial coronary artery stenosis. The etiopathogenic mechanism of CSF is still unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>This study investigates the relationship between CSF and the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The study sample consisted of 118 CSF patients and 105 patients with normal coronary flow (NCF). The coronary flow rate was measured via the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) frame count (TFC) method in all patients. The TyG index was calculated as the logarithm of the [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL)&#215;fasting glucose (mg/dL)]/2 value. A significance level of &lt; 0.05 was adopted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The TyG index, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), body mass index (BMI), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and TFC values, male ratio, and the ratio of smokers were higher, whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were significantly lower in the CSF group compared to the NCF group (p&lt;0,05). The correlation analysis revealed that CSF was significantly correlated with TyG index, BMI, NLR, and HDL values. The strongest of these correlations was between CSF and TyG index (r= 0.57, p&lt;0.001). Additionally, the multivariate analysis revealed that TyG index, BMI, NLR ratio, and male gender were independent predictors for CSF (p&lt;0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that a cut-off value of &#8805; 9.28 for the TyG index predicted CSF with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 78.1% [Area under the curve (AUC): 0.868 and 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.823-0.914].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The findings of this study revealed a very strong relationship between CSF and TyG index.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Flow Velocity</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglicerideos-Glucose</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins</kwd>
        <kwd>LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSF) refers to delayed opacification of normal epicardial coronary arteries. The incidence of CSF in patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) for anginal complaints is reportedly between 1-3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although large-scale studies have been conducted to uncover its etiology and underlying mechanism, the etiology and pathogenesis of CSF are still unclear. Among the most frequently blamed factors for the pathogenesis of CSF are endothelial dysfunction, microvascular abnormalities, occult atherosclerosis, and inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The relationship between CSF and body mass index (BMI), glucose levels, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome (MS) has been demonstrated in a large-scale study conducted by Y&#305;lmaz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The relevant findings of many clinical and experimental studies suggest that endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CSF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The relationship between insulin resistance and coronary artery disease (CAD) is well established. Nevertheless, this relationship has not been clearly demonstrated in the context of CSF. The relevant findings reported by the studies available in the literature are contradictory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In one of these studies, Yaser et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> demonstrated the relationship between insulin resistance and CSF in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is an easily calculated and inexpensive parameter that reflects insulin resistance. However, a thorough literature review did not reveal any study that addressed the relationship between CSFP and TyG index. Therefore, this study has been designed to investigate the relationship between the CSF and the TyG index.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Investigation of the Relationship Between Triglycerides-Glucose &#304;ndex and Coronary Slow Flow: A Retrospective Case-Control Study</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220679-20679-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The present study was an observational, case&#8211;control, and comparative study. Approximately 3000 participants who underwent elective diagnostic coronary angiography at our institution were scanned to identify patients with apparent CSF. Indication for CAG was determined based on typical angina pectoris and its characteristic complaints or the positive results of the noninvasive stress tests performed to investigate myocardial ischemia. The study exclusion criteria were as follows: having developed with CSF secondary to percutaneous coronary angioplasty performed after myocardial infarction or coronary bypass surgery; having a significant organic valvular heart disease, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, atrial fibrillation, hypo/hyperthyroidism or any connective tissue disorder; having any hematological disease; having any autoimmune and neoplastic disease, chronic renal (eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or dialysis) or hepatic insufficiency [aspartate transaminase (AST) or alanine transaminase (ALT) values 3 times higher than normal values]; having an active infection; and/or have been using statin group drugs and/or anticoagulants. The patient&#8217;s medical files were retrospectively scanned against the study exclusion criteria. In the end, 118 CSF patients and 105 patients with normal coronary flow (NCF) were included in the study sample. Demographic data regarding age, gender, and risk factors for CAD (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, family history, and cigarette smoking) were obtained from the hospital database. In addition, routine biochemistry, hemogram results, and fasting blood glucose and cholesterol parameters were determined from the blood results obtained from the patient records before CAG. The TyG index was calculated as the logarithm of the [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL)&#215;fasting glucose (mg/dL)]/2 value. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was calculated by dividing the absolute neutrophil count measured using the blood samples collected at admission by the absolute lymphocyte count.</p>
        <p>Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was obtained from echocardiographic recordings before CAG. Patients receiving antihypertensive treatment were considered hypertensive patients, and the diagnosis of hyperlipidemia was defined according to the diagnostic criteria of the European Society of Cardiology guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Diabetics were determined by patients who had already been diagnosed with diabetes and taking antidiabetic medications and other patients who did not know their diabetes status but had high blood glucose according to the American Diabetes Association&#8217;s criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The study was conducted following the principles of the Helsinki Declaration, and the study protocol was approved by the Harran University Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee (Number: HR&#220;/22.16.11).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac catheterization</title>
          <p>The CAG procedure was performed via the femoral or radial route using the Judkins technique. Normal coronary artery was defined as the absence of lumen irregularity in any coronary artery based on the visual evaluation. Patients&#8217; coronary frame counts were calculated according to the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) frame count (TFC) calculation, as described by Poyraz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> TFC calculation was made from right anterior oblique caudal angulation or left anterior oblique cranial angulation projection for left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex (Cx) arteries, and from the left anterior oblique projection for the right coronary artery (RCA). The first frame in which the contrast medium covered the entire proximal coronary artery lumen, touched both borders and moved down the artery was accepted as the first frame. In contrast, the frame in which the opaque material reached the mustache region for LAD, the distal bifurcation with the longest total distance of the marginal branch of the marginal obtuse for Cx, and the first lateral branch emerging from the posterolateral artery for RCA were accepted as the last frame. Each artery&#8217;s TFC value was calculated by subtracting the first frame number from the last. Considering the time elapsed for opacification due to LAD length, corrected TFC was calculated by dividing the TFC value calculated for LAD by 1.7. As previously reported in the literature, the corrected TFC threshold values were accepted as 36.2 &#177; 2.6 frames for the LAD, 22.2 &#177; 4.1 frames for the Cx artery and 20.4 &#177; 3.0 frames for the RCA artery<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> . Patients with TFC values greater than 2 standard deviations from the threshold values specified in any of the three arteries were diagnosed with CSF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The statistical analyses were performed using the software package SPSS 22.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows, version 22.0, IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, U.S., 2013). Data with normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normal characteristics of the continuous variables. The independent-sample t-test was used to compare the continuous variables determined to conform to the normal distribution. Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to compare the categorical variables. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the cut-off values of the TyG index that can be used in the prediction of CSFP.</p>
          <p>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis tests were performed to identify the independent predictors of CSFP. Probability (p) values of &lt; 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Pearson&#8217;s correlation coefficient was used for the correlation analysis between the independent indicators of CSFP.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Both groups&#8217; demographic characteristics, comorbidities, laboratory test results, and medication use are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Accordingly, the mean age of the patients included in the study was 51.7&#177;9.4 years, and 57.4% of the patients included in the study were male. There was no significant difference between the patient and control groups regarding comorbidities, namely hyperlipidemia, DM, and HT. On the other hand, the mean BMI value and ratio of smokers were higher in the patient group than in the control group. The mean triglyceride, LDL, NLR, and glucose levels were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>NCF group (n=105)</th>
                  <th>CSF group (n=118)</th>
                  <th>Total (n=223)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Demographics</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (year)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.0&#177;9.7</td>
                  <td align="center">52.2&#177;9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">51.7&#177;9.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.343</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (35.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (77.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (57.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.2&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">27.6&#177;3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5&#177;3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (32.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (38.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (35.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.370</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (34.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (52.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (41.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.056</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D.Mellitus n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (23.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (31.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (23.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.209</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nikotine use n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (31.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (62.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Quantitative measurements</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">125.8&#177;15.4</td>
                  <td align="center">129&#177;17.4</td>
                  <td align="center">127.5&#177;16.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.130</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.4&#177;10.8</td>
                  <td align="center">77.5&#177;12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">76.5&#177;11.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.270</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">111.2&#177;29</td>
                  <td align="center">162.9&#177;18.8</td>
                  <td align="center">138.6&#177;82.9</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T. Cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">216&#177;33.4</td>
                  <td align="center">222&#177;35.6</td>
                  <td align="center">219.66&#177;34.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.138</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">167.3&#177;42.9</td>
                  <td align="center">222.9&#177;60.9</td>
                  <td align="center">196.78&#177;59.9</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">45.7&#177;11.6</td>
                  <td align="center">37.4&#177;6.1</td>
                  <td align="center">41.2&#177;9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">133.7&#177;29.6</td>
                  <td align="center">142.2&#177;22.9</td>
                  <td align="center">138.2&#177;26.6</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.018</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC (&#215;103/&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.3&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">9.4&#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9&#177;0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.216</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil (&#215;103/&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4&#177;1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4&#177;2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte (&#215;103/&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4&#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3&#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3&#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.438</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2&#177;1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6&#177;1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4&#177;1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.010</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monocyte (&#215;103/&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7&#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2&#177;0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9&#177;0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.403</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet (&#215;103/&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">274.3&#177;86.3</td>
                  <td align="center">244.5&#177;65.1</td>
                  <td align="center">258.5&#177;77.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6&#177;1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">14.5&#177;1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">14.1&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinin (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0&#177;0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9&#177;0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9&#177;0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.278</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BUN (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.7&#177;10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">30&#177;9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">29.3&#177;10.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.588</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TyG</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1&#177;0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">9.4&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.5&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">60.3&#177;3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">60.8&#177;5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.580</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Medication usage</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirin n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (21.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (36.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (29.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.012</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B-Blocker n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(14.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (24.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (19.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCB n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(14.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(14.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (14.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.979</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE&#304;/ARB n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (26.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (30.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (28.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.556</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Angiographic data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD FC</td>
                  <td align="center">19.6&#177;5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">40.3&#177;10.0</td>
                  <td align="center">30.7&#177;13.5</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LCX FC</td>
                  <td align="center">17.1&#177;4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">28.0&#177;6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">22.8&#177;8.7</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA FC</td>
                  <td align="center">18.7&#177;6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">32.6&#177;9.4</td>
                  <td align="center">26.0&#177;10.9</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; NLR: neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; TyG: triglyceride-glucose index; CCB: calcium channel blocker; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LCX: circumflex artery; RCA: right coronary artery; FC: corrected TIMI frame count; WBC: white blood cell count.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>On the other hand, the mean HDL level was significantly higher in the control group than in the patient group. There was no significant difference between the groups in medications used, except for aspirin, which was found to be used significantly more in the patient group than in the control group. TIMI frame counts were higher in the patient group than in the control group for all three arteries. The mean TyG index values of the patient group were significantly higher than that of the control group. The results of the correlation analysis are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Accordingly, CSF was positively correlated with BMI, NLR, and TyG index values and negatively correlated with HDL values. In addition, there was a significant moderate positive correlation between TyG values and CSF.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation analysis of the independent indicators of coronary slow flow</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>r value</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.42</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TyG index</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; NLR: neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; TyG: triglyceride-glucose index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The univariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between CSF and BMI, HDL, triglyceride, glucose, NLR, TyG index values, male ratio, and the ratio of smokers. Further analysis of these variables using the multivariate correlation analysis revealed that BMI, NLR, TyG index values, and male ratio were independent predictors of CSF ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of the independent indicators of slow coronary flow</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariate analysis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariate analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p- value</th>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p- value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">0.767 (0.694-0.848)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.309 (1.145-1.496)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.131 (1.082-1.182)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.954 (0.904-1.007)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.086</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride</td>
                  <td align="center">1.030 (1.020-1.040)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose</td>
                  <td align="center">1.020 (1.012-1.029)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender</td>
                  <td align="center">6.19 (3.443-11.143)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">3.497 (1.501-8.147)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.004</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">3.669 (2.105-6.632)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.454 (0.201-1.024)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.057</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.734 (0.575-0.938)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  <td align="center">1.407 (1.032-1.919)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TyG</td>
                  <td align="center">31.489 (2.966-33.429)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">27.649 (8.044-95.035)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; NLR: neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; TyG: triglyceride-glucose index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>ROC curve analysis indicated that a cut-off value of &#8805; 9.28 for the TyG index predicted CSF with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 78.1% [Area under the curve (AUC): 0.868 and 95% CI: 0.823-0.914] ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC analysis of the TyG index levels for predicting slow flow coronary circulation. AUC: Area under the curve; ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; TyG: triglyceride-glucose index.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220679-20679-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>CSF is an important angiographic finding observed in acute coronary syndrome patients, particularly if presenting with the complaint of unstable angina. CSFP should be considered a distinct clinical entity given its specific clinical and pathogenic mechanisms and established diagnostic criteria. Previous studies have shown that small blood vessel disease, endothelial dysfunction, subclinical atherosclerosis, and inflammation are the factors implicated in the pathogenesis of CSF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Endothelium plays a key role in developing platelet activation, leukocyte adhesion, vascular cell proliferation, and atherosclerosis process, particularly in vascular tone balance. Patients with CSF reportedly have reduced endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery. This finding supports the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction plays a role in the etiology of CSF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In addition, it is believed without a doubt that endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance play a key role at every stage of the development of atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In a recent study, Metwally et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> demonstrated that insulin resistance is an independent factor for CSF in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test are frequently used to measure insulin resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, measurement of insulin resistance based on insulin level is not a frequently resorted method in daily clinical practice since it is expensive and difficult to access in most laboratories. On the other hand, it has been shown in numerous studies that the TyG index can be used in place of insulin resistance as an inexpensive, practical, and reproducible alternative.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In addition, numerous studies have shown that the TyG index provides reliable results in determining insulin resistance through HOMA IR and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, a thorough literature review did not reveal any study that addressed the relationship between CSF and TyG index. In this context, this study has been designed to investigate the relationship between CSF and TyG index. Consequentially, the findings of this study indicated a strong relationship between CSF and TyG index. The relationship between CSF and glucose levels and hyperlipidemia has been demonstrated in previous studies. Nevertheless, the results of these studies are contradictory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In comparison, the relationship between CSF and TyG index was found to be statistically more significant than the relationship between CSF, and the said two parameters, namely glucose levels and hyperlipidemia, in this study. The correlation analysis also indicated that the relationship between CSF and TyG index was significantly stronger than the relationship between CSF and BMI, HDL, and NLR values ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Furthermore, the multivariate regression analysis revealed that BMI, HDL, and NLR values, male ratio, and the ratio of smokers are important independent predictors of CSF, in addition to the TyG index. This finding is consistent with the finding reported in Zhao et al.&#8217;s study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> that BMI values and male ratio are independent predictors of CSF. Similarly, Arbel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> reported that the male ratio and the ratio of smokers are strong predictors of CSF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In contrast, Sanghvi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> did not find a significant relationship between the male ratio and CSF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The findings of this study indicated a strong relationship between CSF and NLR. It has been demonstrated in many studies that CSF can be a manifestation of diffuse atherosclerotic disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Additionally, it has been established recently that atherosclerotic disease is a chronic inflammatory process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Hence, inflammation is an important feature and clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis. The role of inflammation in atherosclerosis has been demonstrated in numerous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> White blood cell (WBC) count and NLR, a derivative of WBC, are markers of systemic inflammation. As a matter of fact, the findings of this study revealed that NLR is a strong and independent factor for CSF.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>There were some limitations to this study due to its design. First, the study population was relatively small. Secondly, some laboratory and demographic findings of the patients could not be reached due to the study&#8217;s retrospective nature, and hence the relationship between CFS and TyG index in the context of the said laboratory findings could not be investigated. Thirdly, the correlation between the TyG index considered a marker of insulin resistance, and the insulin level could not be investigated since the patients&#8217; insulin levels could not be accessed.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Although many factors play a role in the etiopathogenesis of CSF, endothelial dysfunction is among the most important. Insulin resistance plays an important role in endothelial dysfunction. Classically, the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; method for evaluating insulin sensitivity is the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test. However, this test is expensive and time-consuming, so its practical use is limited. Recently, the TyG index has been used frequently as an indicator of insulin resistance. This study revealed a very strong relationship between CSF and TyG index. However, further studies are needed to support using the TyG index as an independent predictor for CSF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
