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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6CyfLF4K3LKQ3mSgBKt6RLk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000600305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220673</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diferen&#231;as entre os Sexos nos Desfechos de Pacientes com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST Submetidos &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1851-8142</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Milan</surname>
            <given-names>Victoria B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Yasmin F. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5514-2562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1989-1670</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krepsky</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chies</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Niches</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fracasso</surname>
            <given-names>Julia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goncalves</surname>
            <given-names>Sandro Cadaval</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2447-2577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre Faculdade de Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Imperial Hospital de Caridade</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Imperial Hospital de Caridade, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Victoria B. Milan &#8226; Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Medicina &#8211; R. Sarmento Leite, 245. CEP 90050-170, Centro Hist&#243;rico Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>victoriabm@ufcspa.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220673</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m mostrado que as mulheres n&#227;o recebem tratamento adequado e apresentam piores desfechos ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). Por isso, &#233; necess&#225;rio investigar quest&#245;es relacionadas ao g&#234;nero para melhor lidar com esse problema no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Determinar se existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre o sexo feminino e eventos adversos em uma coorte contempor&#226;nea de pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPp).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este foi um estudo prospectivo do tipo coorte de pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; ICPp em um hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio entre mar&#231;o de 2011 e dezembro de 2021. Os pacientes foram categorizados em grupos de acordo com o sexo ao nascimento. O primeiro desfecho cl&#237;nico foi ECAM em longo prazo. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de cinco anos. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia bilateral de 0,05 foi aplicado em todos os testes de hip&#243;teses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Entre os 1457 pacientes internados por IAMCSST no per&#237;odo do estudo, 1362 foram inclu&#237;dos e 468 (34,4%) eram do sexo feminino. As mulheres apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o (73% vs. 60%, p&lt;0,001), diabetes (32% vs. 25%, p=0,003) e classe Killip 3-4 na interna&#231;&#227;o (17% vs. 12%, p=0,01); o escore de risco TIMI foi maior nas mulheres [4 (2, 6) vs. 3 (2, 5), p&lt;0.001]. A mortalidade hospitalar n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos (12,8% vs. 10,5%; p=0,20). Os ECAMs foram numericamente maiores nas mulheres que nos homens tanto durante a interna&#231;&#227;o (16,0% vs. 12,6%, p=0,085) como em longo prazo (28,7% vs. 24,4%, p=0,089), com signific&#226;ncia lim&#237;trofe. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise multivariada, o sexo feminino n&#227;o foi associado a ECAMs (HR = 1,14; IC95% 0,86 &#8211; 1,51; p = 0,36).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em uma coorte prospectiva contempor&#226;nea de pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; ICPp, pacientes do sexo feminino apresentaram idade mais avan&#231;ada e mais comorbidades no basal que os pacientes do sexo masculino, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os sexos quanto aos desfechos adversos no hospital ou em longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (IAMCSST</kwd>
        <kwd>Caracter&#237;sticas Sexuais</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#245;es Coron&#225;rias Percut&#226;neas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular est&#225; entre as principais causas de morbimortalidade no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) tem aumentando entre homens e mulheres no Brasil, e j&#225; representa 13% das mortes na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Historicamente, a DAC afeta mais homens que mulheres,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> sendo que os homens apresentam o primeiro epis&#243;dio de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) no m&#237;nimo sete anos antes que as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Contudo, estudos mostram que as mulheres, mesmo com menos eventos, apresentam piores desfechos ap&#243;s um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), principalmente se apresentam supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos t&#234;m descrito v&#225;rias teorias socioambientais plaus&#237;veis para os piores desfechos entre as mulheres que apresentam IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ainda, grande parte do conhecimento atual sobre as diferen&#231;as entre os sexos no manejo do IAMCSST baseia-se em estudos conduzidos em pa&#237;ses de alta renda. Estat&#237;sticas mundiais mostram que as taxas de mortalidade cardiovascular nesses pa&#237;ses ca&#237;ram cerca de 10% nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, enquanto em pa&#237;ses de renda m&#233;dia-baixa, como o Brasil, essas taxas aumentaram em cerca de 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Esses dados tamb&#233;m confirmam a exist&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as significativas na expectativa de vida entre homens e mulheres de diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas e geogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      <p>Considerando que a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPp) &#233; o tratamento padr&#227;o em pacientes internados por IAMSST,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> este estudo prospectivo do tipo coorte tem como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre sexo e desfechos adversos em pacientes internados por IAMCSST submetidos &#224; ICPp em um hospital terci&#225;rio no sudeste do Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados, delineamento e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo prospectivo foi conduzido em um hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio do sudeste do Brasil entre mar&#231;o de 2011 e dezembro de 2021. Os pacientes eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o foram adultos (&#8805;18 anos de idade) consecutivos, com suspeita de IAMCSST, com base na presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica em repouso associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST ou anormalidades que preenchessem os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para IAMCSST de acordo com as diretrizes atuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram IAM sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST), IM com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas, e outros diagn&#243;sticos finais. Mais detalhes do nosso protocolo foram publicados em outro estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o. O artigo foi escrito seguindo as diretrizes STROBE para a reda&#231;&#227;o de estudos observacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa na interna&#231;&#227;o para exames laboratoriais em geral. Todos os pacientes receberam tratamento otimizado de acordo com diretrizes atuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> As t&#233;cnicas da ICP (como pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o, implanta&#231;&#227;o direta do <italic>stent</italic>), foram conduzidas a crit&#233;rio do operador. Ecocardiografia foi realizada nas primeiras 48 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o segundo rotina do hospital.</p>
        <p>Dados dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos foram transferidos para formul&#225;rios padronizados para relatos de caso. As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram coletadas: caracter&#237;sticas basais, hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento, estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o, tratamento farmacol&#243;gico na unidade de terapia intensiva, necessidade de aparelhos de monitoramento hemodin&#226;mico e terapias na alta. A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip foi usada na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o na admiss&#227;o antes da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Acompanhamento aos 30 dias e em longo prazo foi conduzido por visitas m&#233;dicas e contato telef&#244;nico at&#233; um m&#225;ximo de 60 meses. Dados do estudo foram transferidos e manipulados usando a ferramenta de captura de dados eletr&#244;nicos REDCap do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre. Os pacientes foram categorizados nos grupos de acordo com o sexo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>O desfecho cl&#237;nico prim&#225;rio foi eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAMs) &#8211; desfecho composto por mortalidade por todas as causas, novo IM, acidente vascular cerebral, trombose de <italic>stent</italic> e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo. O tratamento de les&#245;es n&#227;o culpadas n&#227;o foi considerado como nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi a an&#225;lise individual dos ECAMs. Novo IM foi definido de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o universal mais recente de IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Uma segunda an&#225;lise foi realizada para mortalidade de subgrupos estratificados por idade. O acidente vascular cerebral foi definido como um d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico novo, focal, de in&#237;cio repentino, de causa presumivelmente cerebrovascular, irrevers&#237;vel (ou que resulte em &#243;bito) e n&#227;o causado por outras causas identificadas.</p>
        <p>Desfechos dos procedimentos tamb&#233;m foram descritos. Um procedimento bem-sucedido foi definido como um escore de TIMI 2 ou 3 e estenose residual &lt; 30%. A aus&#234;ncia de refluxo foi definida como reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sub&#243;tima por uma parte da circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria sem evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica de obstru&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do vaso. Emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal foi definida como um defeito de enchimento distal com interrup&#231;&#227;o abrupta em um dos ramos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria perif&#233;rica do vaso relacionado ao infarto, distal ao local da angioplastia. Parada card&#237;aca foi definida como uma parada card&#237;aca que ocorreu durante o procedimento, com necessidade de procedimentos de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o (p.ex., ventila&#231;&#227;o, compress&#227;o tor&#225;cica, desfibrila&#231;&#227;o).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana (intervalo interquartil), de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o de cada vari&#225;vel foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias relativas e absolutas. Os grupos dos pacientes foram comparados pelo teste t de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras independentes (para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou o teste de Mann-Whitney (para outras vari&#225;veis) quanto as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher quanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para a an&#225;lise multivariada, realizou-se an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox para desfecho prim&#225;rio, com inclus&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas importantes. Um modelo multivariado foi ajustado quanto ao sexo, idade, IM na parede anterior classe Killip 3 ou 4, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, creatinina na admiss&#227;o, doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos, uso pr&#233;vio de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS), IM pr&#233;vio, uso pr&#233;vio ou atual de medicamentos, tempo entre dor e atendimento, tabagismo, sucesso angiogr&#225;fico, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, bloqueio atrioventricular (AV) completo. Curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier foram constru&#237;das para apresentar dados de tempo para o evento n&#227;o ajustado para os desfechos investigados e comparadas pelo teste de log rank usando o programa de estat&#237;stica MedCalc vers&#227;o 14.8.1 (MedCalc Software bvba, Oostende, B&#233;lgica). As demais an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o programa SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 26.0. (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Em todos os testes de hip&#243;teses, aplicou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia bilateral de 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais</title>
        <p>Dos 1457 pacientes admitidos com IAMCSST no per&#237;odo do estudo, 1362 (468 mulheres e 894 homens) foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da inclus&#227;o de pacientes. IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSSST: IAM sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220673-20673-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A idade m&#233;dia das mulheres foi 62,8 anos e dos homens 60,2 anos. Hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, classe Killip 3-4 na admiss&#227;o e bloqueio AV completo foram mais frequentes e o escore de risco TIMI foi mais alto nas mulheres que nos homens. Os homens apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-IM mais baixa que as mulheres. Outras caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes, por sexo, est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes por sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Feminino (n=468)</th>
                  <th>Masculino (n=894)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">62,8 (&#177;12,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,2 (&#177;11,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26 (23,3-29,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,7 (24,2-29,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Caucasiano</td>
                  <td align="center">407 (87)</td>
                  <td align="center">799 (89,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">342 (73,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">538 (60,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (32,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">223 (24,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terapia com insulina</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (35,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (24,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (16,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">165 (18,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumo de &#225;lcool e / ou drogas</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">142 (16,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo pr&#233;vio ou atual</td>
                  <td align="center">290 (62,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">588 (65,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (15,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (14,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de aspirina</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (18,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (16,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (11,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (14,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (7,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CABG pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (3,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (11,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (11,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DRC</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (4,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (5,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a psiqui&#225;trica</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (9,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (4,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hor&#225;rio comercial</td>
                  <td align="center">242 (51,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">508 (56,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Finais de semana</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (34,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">285 (31,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classe Killip</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="5">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">284 (60,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">630 (70,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (22,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (17,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (3,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (12,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (8,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe Killip III-IV</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (16,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (12,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio AV completo</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parada card&#237;aca s&#250;bita</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (9,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (10,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Extens&#227;o da DAC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="4">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 vaso</td>
                  <td align="center">176 (37,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">298 (33,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2 vasos</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (26,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">289 (32,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos</td>
                  <td align="center">165 (35,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">298 (33,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tromb&#243;lise</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (59,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (56,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo dor-porta, min</td>
                  <td align="center">300 (180-503)</td>
                  <td align="center">300 (180-480)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo porta-bal&#227;o, min</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (57-95)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (60-98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de isquemia, min</td>
                  <td align="center">365 (250-561)</td>
                  <td align="center">370 (243 -548)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (110-150)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (112-150)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (70-94)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (69-93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore de risco TIMI</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2-6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2-5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 (0,68-1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (0,85-1,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">12,7 (11,6-13,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,2 (13-15,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RNL</td>
                  <td align="center">6,61 (3,4-9,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5 (4,1-10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,053</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (41-62)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (40-58)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contraste, ml</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (120-206)</td>
                  <td align="center">175 (140-230)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Radia&#231;&#227;o, mGy</td>
                  <td align="center">1282 (806-2246)</td>
                  <td align="center">1649 (1026-2543)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total de <italic>stents</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1-2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1-2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comprimento do <italic>stent</italic>, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (22-51)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (23-48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia (DP, desvio padr&#227;o), mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou n&#250;mero (%); IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; CABG: bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; AV: atrioventricular; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RNL: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de ECAMs em longo prazo (mediana de 41 meses) foi 31,4% nas mulheres e 26,5% nos homens [<italic>hazard ratio</italic> (HR) = 1,14; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%) = 0,86-1,51; p =0,36) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas tempo para o evento para o desfecho prim&#225;rio &#8220;eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAMs)&#8221;; as taxas de evento foram calculadas pelo m&#233;todo Kaplan-Meier e comparadas pelo teste de log-rank.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220673-20673-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Diferen&#231;as entre os Sexos nos Desfechos de Pacientes com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST Submetidos &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220673-20673-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No geral, a mortalidade hospitalar foi 11,3%, sem diferen&#231;a entre homens e mulheres (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade por sexo e idade.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220673-20673-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o incompleta na alta hospitalar foi associada com maior mortalidade nos pacientes do sexo masculino (14 vs. 6,3%, p=0,01), mas n&#227;o nos pacientes do sexo feminino (10,7 vs. 12%, p=0,82). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as na ocorr&#234;ncia de IM, acidente vascular cerebral e ECAMs durante a interna&#231;&#227;o ou na ocorr&#234;ncia de IM, acidente vascular cerebral, e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo em longo prazo entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos eventos adversos de acordo com o sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Feminino (468)</th>
                  <th>Masculino (894)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Desfecho prim&#225;rio</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECAM longo prazo</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (31,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">238 (26,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Desfechos secund&#225;rios</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (12,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM durante a interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (2,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trombose de <italic>stent</italic> durante a interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC durante a interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (2,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECAM durante a interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (16,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (12,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Longo prazo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (18,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">142 (15,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trombose de <italic>stent</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">22 (4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de vaso alvo</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ECAM: eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os medicamentos na alta hospitalar foram diferentes entre os pacientes do sexo masculino e feminino. Enquanto bloqueadores de receptor de aldosterona e bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio eram mais comumente prescritos &#224;s pacientes de sexo feminino, os inibidores de ECA eram mais comuns na lista de alta dos pacientes do sexo masculino. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as quanto &#224;s demais medica&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medicamentos prescritos aos pacientes na alta hospitalar, por sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Feminino (n=486)</th>
                  <th>Masculino (n=894)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirina</td>
                  <td align="center">381 (93,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">755 (94,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td align="center">374 (91,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">739 (92,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatinas</td>
                  <td align="center">368 (90,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">729 (91,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">355 (87,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">710 (88,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (6,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (3,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">312 (76,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">660 (82,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espironolactona</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (6,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxina</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Varfarina</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (4,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (5,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NOAC</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (3,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (3,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>BRA: bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina; IECA: inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina; NOAC: anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise multivariada</title>
        <p>Idade, Killip 3-4 na interna&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos, uso anterior de AAS, e FEVE foram preditores independentes de ECAMs na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Creatinina e FEVE foram preditores independentes de ECAMs nas mulheres, mas n&#227;o nos homens, e IM na parede anterior foi preditor de ECAM nos homens e n&#227;o nas mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Preditores de Eventos Cardiovasculares Adversos Maiores (ECAMs) nos pacientes de acordo com o sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="4">Total</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Feminino</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Masculino</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC95%</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC95%</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC95%</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">1,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">1,64</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM na parede anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">1,92</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">3,08</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Killip 3 ou 4</td>
                  <td align="center">2,15</td>
                  <td align="center">1,53</td>
                  <td align="center">3,03</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,63</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">2,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">1,57</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23</td>
                  <td align="center">1,99</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">1,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,65</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21</td>
                  <td align="center">2,26</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">2,66</td>
                  <td align="center">1,51</td>
                  <td align="center">4,67</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,73</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12</td>
                  <td align="center">2,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso pr&#233;vio de AAS</td>
                  <td align="center">1,59</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14</td>
                  <td align="center">2,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">1,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">1,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O modelo foi ajustado por sexo, idade, IM na parede anterior, Killip classe 3 ou 4, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, creatinina na interna&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos, uso pr&#233;vio de AAS, IN pr&#233;vio, medicamentos atuais e anteriores, tempo entre o sintoma e o atendimento (dor-porta), tabagismo, FEVE, sucesso angiogr&#225;fico, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, e bloqueio AV completo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em uma coorte prospectiva de pacientes com IAMCSST, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas entre o sexo masculino e feminino quanto &#224; mortalidade e ECAMs. Pacientes do sexo feminino apresentaram mais caracter&#237;sticas de alto risco no basal, e maior n&#250;mero de desfechos adversos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e em longo prazo, embora as diferen&#231;as foram parcialmente neutralizadas ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise multivariada. Finalmente, as mulheres eram menos propensas a receberem alta hospitalar com terapia medicamentosa baseada em diretrizes. Este estudo reproduz achados de estudos anteriores e contribui para os dados escassos sobre diferen&#231;as entre sexos no manejo de IAMCSST em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.</p>
      <p>Similar a aparentemente todos os estudos sobre IAMCSST publicados, a preval&#234;ncia de pacientes do sexo masculino foi maior em nossa coorte, o que pode ser explicado por dois aspectos. Primeiro, os homens apresentam uma maior preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (2,3% vs. 1,2%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e a presente an&#225;lise mostrou que a preval&#234;ncia de IAM pr&#233;vio foi maior nos homens. Segundo, o IAMCSST &#233; subdiagnosticado nas mulheres devido &#224; presen&#231;a de sintomas at&#237;picos e ao fato dessas pacientes terem menor acesso &#224; ICPp, com v&#225;rios estudos indicando que os homens apresentam uma probabilidade duas vezes maior de serem submetidos &#224; terapia de reperfus&#227;o que as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As diferen&#231;as no perfil demogr&#225;fico entre os sexos tamb&#233;m foram similares a de estudos anteriores, em que as mulheres s&#227;o geralmente mais velhas e apresentam mais comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao fator idade, o estrog&#234;nio parece ter um efeito protetor,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e as mulheres parecem ter maior ades&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Uma an&#225;lise pr&#233;via com 1,2 milh&#245;es de pacientes com IAMCSST revelou maior mortalidade em mulheres jovens com idade entre 19 e 49 anos, em um modelo ajustado por terapia de reperfus&#227;o (3,9% vs. 2,6%, p=0,003), o que, contudo, n&#227;o foi confirmado em nosso estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> As comorbidades exercem diferentes pesos na patog&#234;nese do IAM entre os sexos, com maior impacto sobre as mulheres. O diabetes mellitus, por exemplo, aumenta as chances de IAM em at&#233; tr&#234;s vezes nas mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em nossa an&#225;lise, vari&#225;veis diferentes foram preditoras independentes de ECAMs em longo prazo nas mulheres (creatinina e FEVE) e nos homens (IAM na parede anterior).</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, diferen&#231;as basais significativas entre os sexos n&#227;o foram traduzidas em diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na mortalidade e ECAMs durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. No entanto, estudos com diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m apresentado resultados conflitantes. Um estudo avaliando 2,8 milh&#245;es de pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; ICPp mostrou taxas de mortalidade e de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares significativamente mais altas entre as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Pesquisadores espanh&#243;is analisaram uma mostra de 680 indiv&#237;duos nonagen&#225;rios, com incid&#234;ncia de 45% de IAMCSST e 35% de ICPp, e conclu&#237;ram que as taxas de mortalidade hospitalar n&#227;o foram diferentes entre homens e mulheres (16% vs. 18%; p=0,4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em um estudo australiano, os autores investigaram o status anterior e posterior ao procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; ICP, e conclu&#237;ram que a mortalidade nas mulheres foi fortemente associado com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o incompleta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Na presente an&#225;lise, esse resultado foi observado nos pacientes do sexo masculino.</p>
      <p>Tratamentos de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares baseados em diretrizes atuais baseiam-se em dados obtidos de pacientes predominantemente do sexo masculino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Recentemente, v&#225;rias inciativas t&#234;m proposto uma maior aten&#231;&#227;o em se atingir igualdade de sexos na ci&#234;ncia cardiovascular com o objetivo de melhorar nosso entendimento sobre a fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a cardiovascular e seu impacto nos desfechos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Assim, estudos sobre essas quest&#245;es em diferentes cen&#225;rios continuam importantes para melhorar nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es que s&#227;o inerentes a estudos observacionais. Alguns dados foram obtidos retrospectivamente e outros por contato telef&#244;nico, o que pode resultar em informa&#231;&#245;es menos confi&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, limita&#231;&#245;es existem devido ao tamanho amostral relativamente pequeno em compara&#231;&#227;o a estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es maiores e per&#237;odo mais curto de acompanhamento. Este foi um estudo unic&#234;ntrico no sudeste do Brasil e pode n&#227;o ser representativo para todo o pa&#237;s que apresenta diferen&#231;as culturais significativas entre as regi&#245;es. Ainda, encontramos uma alta taxa de mortalidade em nossa amostra, o que pode ser justificada pela gravidade da doen&#231;a de nossos pacientes (aproximadamente 13% apresentaram classe Killip III/IV), possivelmente por apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia no hospital, o que representa um risco basal muito alto. Contudo, o presente estudo &#233; um registro de pacientes consecutivos, n&#227;o selecionados, de um hospital terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia para tratamento de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, de modo que os dados s&#227;o altamente aplic&#225;veis na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em uma coorte prospectiva contempor&#226;nea de pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; ICPp, as pacientes do sexo feminino eram mais velhas e apresentaram mais comorbidades no basal, sem diferen&#231;as significativas em termos de desfechos hospitalares no hospital e em longo prazo. Infelizmente, as mulheres apresentaram menor probabilidade que os homens de receberem alta hospitalar com terapia medicamentosa baseada em diretrizes. N&#243;s esperamos que essa informa&#231;&#227;o ajude m&#233;dicos a proporcionarem melhor tratamento a esse grupo de pacientes em diferentes contextos sociais.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <fpage>2990</fpage>
          <lpage>2994</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab457</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do HCPA sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2015-0557. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sex Differences in Outcomes of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Submitted to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1851-8142</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Milan</surname>
            <given-names>Victoria B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Yasmin F. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5514-2562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1989-1670</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krepsky</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chies</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Niches</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fracasso</surname>
            <given-names>Julia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goncalves</surname>
            <given-names>Sandro Cadaval</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2447-2577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre Faculdade de Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Imperial Hospital de Caridade, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Victoria B. Milan &#8226; Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Medicina &#8211; R. Sarmento Leite, 245. Postal Code 90050-170, Centro Hist&#243;rico Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: victoriabm@ufcspa.edu.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Several studies have shown that women are usually undertreated and have worse outcomes after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), hence the need to investigate questions related to sex in Brazil to better deal with the problem.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To determine whether female sex is still associated with adverse events in a contemporary cohort of patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This was a prospective cohort study of STEMI patients submitted to pPCI in a tertiary university hospital between March 2011 and December 2021. Patients were categorized into groups based on their sex at birth. The primary clinical outcome was long-term MACCE. Patients were followed-up for up to five years. All hypothesis tests had a two-sided significance level of 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Among 1457 patients admitted with STEMI in the study period, 1362 were included and 468 (34.4%) were women. Female patients had a higher prevalence of hypertension (73% vs. 60%, p &lt;0.001), diabetes (32% vs. 25%, p=0.003) and Killip class 3-4 at hospital admission (17% vs. 12%, p=0.01); TIMI risk score was higher among women (4 [2, 6] vs. 3 [2, 5], p&lt;0.001). In-hospital mortality was not different between groups (12.8% vs. 10.5%, p=0.20). In-hospital MACCE (16.0% vs. 12.6%, p=0.085) and long-term MACCE (28.7% vs. 24.4%, p=0.089) were numerically higher in women, with borderline significance. After multivariate analysis, female sex was not associated with MACCE (HR = 1.14; 95% CI 0.86 &#8211; 1.51; p = 0.36).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> In a prospective cohort of STEMI patients submitted to pPCI, female patients were older and had more comorbidities at baseline, but no significant differences were found in terms of long-term adverse outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI</kwd>
        <kwd>sex characteristics</kwd>
        <kwd>elderly</kwd>
        <kwd>percutaneous coronary interventions</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease is among the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The prevalence of acute coronary artery disease (CAD) in Brazil has been increasing in both men and women, and already represents 13% of deaths in the overall population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Historically, men are more affected by CAD than women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Men experience the first myocardial infarction (MI) at least seven years before women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, studies have shown that women, even with fewer events, have worse outcomes after an acute MI, especially those with ST-segment elevation (STEMI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies have reported several plausible socio-environmental theories for worse outcomes among women who present with MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In addition, much of the current knowledge about sex differences in STEMI management is based on studies conducted in high-income countries. World statistics show that cardiovascular mortality rates in these countries have dropped around 10% in the last 20 years, while in lower-middle-income countries, such as Brazil, these rates have increased by around 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These same data also confirm that there are significant differences in healthy life expectancy between men and women from different economic and geographic situations.</p>
        <p>Considering primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) the standard treatment in patients admitted with STEMI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> this prospective cohort study aims to investigate the relationship between sex and adverse outcomes in patients admitted with STEMI submitted to primary PCI in a tertiary care hospital in southern Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Data, study design and population</title>
          <p>This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary university hospital in Southern Brazil between March 2011 and December 2021. Patients eligible for inclusion were consecutive adults (&#8805; 18 years of age) with suspected STEMI, based on the presence of typical chest pain at rest associated with ST-segment elevation or abnormalities that met the diagnostic criteria for STEMI according to current guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Exclusion criteria were non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI), MI with non-obstructive coronary arteries, and other final diagnosis. Other details of our protocol have been described elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> All patients provided written informed consent. This study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee. Manuscript writing was guided according to STROBE guideline for reporting observational studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Blood samples were collected by venipuncture on admission for general laboratory testing. All patients were treated with optimal medical therapy according to current guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> PCI strategies (i.e., pre-dilation, direct stent placement, post-dilation) were performed at the operator&#8217;s discretion. Echocardiography was performed within 48 hours of admission according to hospital`s routine.</p>
          <p>Data from medical records were transferred to standardized case report forms (CRFs). The following variables were collected: baseline clinical characteristics, medical history, procedure characteristics, reperfusion strategy, pharmacological treatment in intensive care unit, need for hemodynamics monitoring devices and discharge therapies. Killip classification was used at the first evaluation at clinical admission before coronary revascularization. Thirty-day and long-term follow-up was conducted by clinical visit and telephone contact to a maximum of 60 months. Study data were transferred and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre. Patients were categorized by sex.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>The primary clinical outcome was long-term major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) &#8211; a composite outcome of all-cause mortality, new MI, stroke, stent thrombosis and target vessel revascularization). Treatment of non-culprit lesions was not considered as new revascularization. Secondary outcome was the individual analysis of MACCE. New MI was defined in accordance with the most recent universal definition of MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A secondary analysis was performed for mortality in subgroups stratified by age. Stroke was defined as a new, sudden-onset focal neurologic deficit, of presumably cerebrovascular cause, irreversible (or resulting in death) and not caused by other readily identifiable causes.</p>
          <p>Procedural outcomes were also described. Successful procedure was defined as final a thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) score 2 or 3 flow and residual stenosis &lt;30%. No reflow was defined as suboptimal myocardial reperfusion through a part of coronary circulation without angiographic evidence of mechanical vessel obstruction. Distal embolization was defined as a distal filling defect with an abrupt &#8216;cutoff&#8217; in one of the peripheral coronary artery branches of the infarct-related vessel, distal to the site of angioplasty. Cardiac arrest was defined as cardiac arrest occurring during the procedure and requiring resuscitation procedures (i.e. ventilation, chest compression, defibrillation).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range), according to data normality. The normality of the distribution of each variable was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were expressed as relative and absolute frequencies. Patient groups were compared using independent samples Student&#8217;s t test (for normally distributed variable) or Mann-Whitney U test (for other variables) for continuous variables and &#967;2 test or Fisher&#8217;s exact tests for categorical variables. For multivariate analysis, a Cox regression analysis for primary outcome was performed and clinically important variables were included. Multivariate model was adjusted by sex, age, anterior wall MI, Killip class 3 or 4, hypertension, diabetes, creatinine at admission, multivessel disease, previous use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), previous MI, previous or current drugs, pain-to-door time, smoking, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), angiographic success, body mass index, complete atrioventricular (AV) block. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were built to present the unadjusted time-to-event data for the investigated endpoints and were compared using the log-rank test using MedCalc Statistical Software version 14.8.1 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium). All remaining statistical analyses were conducted SPSS for Windows, version 26.0. (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). All hypothesis tests had a two-sided significance level of 0.05</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline clinical characteristics</title>
          <p>Of the 1457 patients admitted with STEMI in the study period, 1362 (468 female and 894 male) were included in the analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of patient inclusion. STEMI: ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220673-20673-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Mean age was 62.8 years in women and 60.2 years in men. Hypertension, diabetes, Killip class 3-4 at admission and complete AV block were more common in female patients. TIMI risk score was higher among women. Male patients had lower post-MI ejection fraction. Other baseline characteristics of female and male patients are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of patients by sex</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Female (n=468)</th>
                    <th>Male (n=894)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">62.8 (&#177;12.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.2 (&#177;11.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">26 (23.3-29.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.7 (24.2-29.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Caucasian</td>
                    <td align="center">407 (87)</td>
                    <td align="center">799 (89.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">342 (73.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">538 (60.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">152 (32.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">223 (24.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insulin therapy</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (35.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (24.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family History of CAD</td>
                    <td align="center">74 (16.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">165 (18.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Alcohol and/or drug use</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">142 (16.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial Fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (2.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (2.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous or current smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">290 (62.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">588 (65.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (15.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">130 (14.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aspirin use</td>
                    <td align="center">87 (18.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">148 (16.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous AMI</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (11.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">133 (14.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (7.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (2.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (3.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (11.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">104 (11.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CKD</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (4.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (5.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Psychiatric disorder</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (9.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (4.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>On-hours</td>
                    <td align="center">242 (51.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">508 (56.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weekends</td>
                    <td align="center">161 (34.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">285 (31.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Killip Class</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="5">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I</td>
                    <td align="center">284 (60.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">630 (70.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II</td>
                    <td align="center">105 (22.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">157 (17.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (4.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (3.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IV</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (12.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">79 (8.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Killip III-IV</td>
                    <td align="center">79 (16.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">107 (12.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Complete AV block</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (8.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (4.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SCA</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (9.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">93 (10.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CAD Extension</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="4">0.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1 vessel</td>
                    <td align="center">176 (37.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">298 (33.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2 vessels</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (26.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">289 (32.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Multivessel Disease</td>
                    <td align="center">165 (35.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">298 (33.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Thrombolysis</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (3.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Complete Revascularization</td>
                    <td align="center">121 (59.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">221 (56.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pain-to-Door, min</td>
                    <td align="center">300 (180-503)</td>
                    <td align="center">300 (180-480)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Door-to-Ballon, min</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (57-95)</td>
                    <td align="center">73 (60-98)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total Ischemia time, min</td>
                    <td align="center">365 (250-561)</td>
                    <td align="center">370 (243 -548)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP, mmHg</td>
                    <td align="center">130 (110-150)</td>
                    <td align="center">130 (112-150)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR, bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">82 (70-94)</td>
                    <td align="center">80 (69-93)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMI risk score</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (2-6)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2-5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82 (0.68-1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 (0.85-1.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">12.7 (11.6-13.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.2 (13-15.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NLR</td>
                    <td align="center">6.61 (3.4-9.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.5 (4.1-10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.053</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF, %</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (41-62)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (40-58)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Procedural Characteristics</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Contrast, ml</td>
                    <td align="center">152 (120-206)</td>
                    <td align="center">175 (140-230)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Radiation, mGy</td>
                    <td align="center">1282 (806-2246)</td>
                    <td align="center">1649 (1026-2543)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total Stents</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1-2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1-2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stent length, mm</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (22-51)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (23-48)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Values are expressed as mean (SD standard deviation), median (interquartile range) or number (%); BMI: body mass index; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting;PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CKD: chronic kidney disease; AV block: Atrioventricular block; SCA: Sudden cardiac arrest, CAD coronary artery disease, D2B door to balloon; SBP: systolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. Source: author.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>The incidence of long-term (median of 41 months) MACCE was 31.4% in female and 26.5% in males (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.14; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.86&#8211;1.51; p =0.36) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central illustration</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Time-to-event curves for the primary outcome major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events MACCE. Event rates were calculated using the Kaplan&#8211;Meier method and compared with the use of the log-rank test. Source: author</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220673-20673-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Central Illustration</label>
              <caption>
                <title>: Sex Differences in Outcomes of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Submitted to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220673-20673-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Overall, in-hospital mortality was 11.3%, with no difference between female and male patients. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Incidence of mortality by sex and age groups.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220673-20673-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Incomplete revascularization at discharge was associated with increased mortality among male (14 vs. 6.3%, p=0.01), but not female patients (10.7 vs. 12%, p=0.82). No differences were observed in in-hospital MI, stroke and MACCE, or in MI, stroke, and target vessel revascularization at long term between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Adverse outcomes according to born sex</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Female (n=468)</th>
                    <th>Male (n=894)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Primary Outcome</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Long Term MACCE</td>
                    <td align="center">148 (31.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">238 (26.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Secondary Outcomes</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>In-Hospital Death</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (12.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">94 (10.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>In-Hospital New AMI</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (2.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>In-Hospital Stent thrombosis</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>In-Hospital Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (2.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>In-hospital MACCE</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (16.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">113 (12.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Long-Term</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (18.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">142 (15.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AMI</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (8.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (4.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (2.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stent Thrombosis</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (4.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Target Vessel Revascularization</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (7.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (5.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.29</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; MACCE: major adverse cardiac events. Source: author</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Medications at hospital discharge were different between female and male patients. While aldosterone receptor blockers and calcium channel blockers were prescribed more commonly to female patients, ACE inhibitors were more common in male patients&#8217; discharge list. No differences were found for the other medications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Medications at hospital discharge among male and female</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Female (n=468)</th>
                    <th>Male (n=894)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aspirin</td>
                    <td align="center">381 (93.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">755 (94.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                    <td align="center">374 (91.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">739 (92.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statin</td>
                    <td align="center">368 (90.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">729 (91.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">355 (87.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">710 (88.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other antiplatelet</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (6.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (3.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI</td>
                    <td align="center">312 (76.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">660 (82.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Spironolactone</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (6.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.31</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Digoxin</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (2.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (2.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Warfarin</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (4.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (5.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NOAC</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (3.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Calcium Channel Blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (3.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>BRA: angiotensin receptor blockers; ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; NOAC: Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; Source: author.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Multivariate analysis</title>
          <p>Age, Killip 3-4 at admission, multivessel disease, previous use of ASA, and LVEF were independent predictors of MACCE in the overall population. Creatinine and LVEF were independent predictors of MACCE in female population but not in males. Anterior wall MI was predictor of MACCE in men but not in women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Predictors of MACCE in overall patients and according to sex</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="4">Overall</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Female</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Male</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="4">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="4">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>HR</th>
                    <th colspan="2">95% CI</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>HR</th>
                    <th colspan="2">95% CI</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>HR</th>
                    <th colspan="2">95% CI</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86</td>
                    <td align="center">1.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                    <td align="center">1.64</td>
                    <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterior Wall MI</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                    <td align="center">1.44</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">1.92</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">3.08</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Killip 3 or 4</td>
                    <td align="center">2.15</td>
                    <td align="center">1.53</td>
                    <td align="center">3.03</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.63</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92</td>
                    <td align="center">2.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">1.57</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23</td>
                    <td align="center">1.99</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.31</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88</td>
                    <td align="center">1.93</td>
                    <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Multivessel Disease</td>
                    <td align="center">1.65</td>
                    <td align="center">1.21</td>
                    <td align="center">2.26</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">2.66</td>
                    <td align="center">1.51</td>
                    <td align="center">4.67</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.73</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12</td>
                    <td align="center">2.67</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ASA previous use</td>
                    <td align="center">1.59</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14</td>
                    <td align="center">2.23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">1.78</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">1.46</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39</td>
                    <td align="center">1.28</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction; CI: confidence interval.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The model was adjusted by sex, age, anterior wall MI, Killip class 3 or 4, hypertension, diabetes, creatinine at admission, multivessel disease, ASA previous use, previous MI, previous or current drug use, pain-to-door, smoking, LVEF, angiographic success, body mass index, complete AV block.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In a prospective cohort of STEMI patients undergoing pPCI, we found no significant differences between female and male genders in terms of mortality and MACCE. Female patients had higher risk characteristics at baseline and numerically higher in-hospital and long-term adverse outcomes, although differences were partially neutralized after multivariate analysis. Finally, women were less likely to be discharged with guideline-oriented medical therapy. This study reproduces findings of previous works and contributes to the limited data on sex differences in STEMI management in developing countries.</p>
        <p>As virtually all studies published in STEMI, the prevalence of male patients was higher in this cohort and can be explained by two aspects. First, men have a higher prevalence of acute coronary syndromes compared to women (2.3% vs 1.2%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and the present analysis found that the prevalence of previous AMI was higher in men. Second, women are underdiagnosed due to atypical symptom and have lower access to pPCI, with several studies indicating that men are almost twice as likely to undergo any reperfusion therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Differences in demographic profile between sexes were also similar with previous studies, in which women are usually older and have more comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Regarding the age factor, estrogen is thought to have a protective effect,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>and women seem to have a greater adherence to primary prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A previous analysis with 1.2 million patients with STEMI revealed higher mortality in women aged 19-49 years in a model adjusted for reperfusion therapy (3.9% vs 2.6%, p=0.003), which, however, was not confirmed in our study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Comorbidities exert a different weight in the pathogenesis of AMI between genders, impacting more women. Diabetes mellitus, for example, increases the chances of AMI by up to three times in the female population when compared to the male population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In our analysis, different variables were independent predictors of long-term MACCE among female (creatinine and LVEF) and male patients (anterior wall MI).</p>
        <p>In our study, significant baseline differences between men and women were not translated into statistically significant differences in in-hospital mortality and MACCE, but studies with different populations have shown conflicting results. A study evaluating 2.8 million patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI found significantly higher rates of mortality and vascular complications among women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Spanish researchers analyzed a sample of 680 nonagenarians, with an incidence of 45% of STEMI and 35% of PCI, and concluded that in-hospital mortality rates were no different between men and women (16% vs. 18%; p = 0,4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> An Australian study investigated pre- and post-procedure revascularization status in STEMI patients undergoing PCI, and concluded that the mortality of female gender is strongly associated with incomplete revascularization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In the present analysis, this finding was present in male patients.</p>
        <p>Current guideline-directed management and therapies in cardiovascular disease are based on data obtained predominantly from male patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Recently, several initiatives have proposed a greater attention on achieving gender equity in cardiovascular science, to improve our understanding in terms of pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and their impact in adverse outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>Therefore, studies on these issues in different scenarios remain important to improve our daily clinical practice.</p>
        <p>This study has limitations that are inherent to observational studies. Some data were obtained retrospectively and others through telephone calls, which may determine less reliable information. In addition, there are limitations due to the relatively small sample size compared to larger populational studies and short follow-up time. This was a single center study in southern Brazil and may not be representative of all the country that has significant cultural differences across regions. Moreover, we found a high mortality rate in our sample, which may be justified by high disease severity of our patients (approximately 13% were Killip class III/IV), possibly due to late presentation, representing a very high baseline risk. However, this study is a registry of consecutive and unselected patients from a tertiary referral hospital for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes, so the data shown are highly applicable in daily clinical practice.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In a contemporary prospective cohort of STEMI patients submitted to pPCI, female patients were older and had more comorbidities at baseline, but no significant differences were found in terms of in-hospital and long-term adverse outcomes. Unfortunately, women were less likely to be discharged with guideline-oriented medical therapy. We hope this information helps physicians to provide better care for this group of patients in different social contexts.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the HCPA under the protocol number 2015-0557. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
