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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TxB7pxk4t6xXxCJ4FBZTFwJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000600310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220576</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Constru&#231;&#227;o e Valida&#231;&#227;o do Protocolo EmpoderACO Direcionado a Pacientes em Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o Oral com Varfarina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8635-3509</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Hannah Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ant&#244;nio de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rebeca Priscila de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Josiane Moreira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pagano</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Silvina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4226-6926</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Praxedes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Fernando da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Auxiliadora Parreiras</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Te&#243;filo Otoni</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Te&#243;filo Otoni, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rec&#244;ncavo da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cruz das Alma</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rec&#244;ncavo da Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Hannah Cardoso Barbosa &#8226; Av. Pres. Ant&#244;nio Carlos, 6627. CEP 31270-901, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>hannahcbarbosa@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220576</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="correction-forward" id="r01" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20230806" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A varfarina &#233; um anticoagulante oral &#250;til para preven&#231;&#227;o de tromboembolismo, embora seja considerado f&#225;rmaco de alto risco de causar eventos adversos. Considerando os desafios pr&#225;ticos no controle da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, os pacientes poderiam se beneficiar de estrat&#233;gias educacionais que visem mudan&#231;a de comportamento, participa&#231;&#227;o ativa no autocuidado e ades&#227;o &#224; farmacoterapia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Construir e validar o protocolo EmpoderACO para mudan&#231;a de comportamento em pacientes em uso de varfarina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> As etapas metodol&#243;gicas foram: defini&#231;&#227;o de conceitos e dom&#237;nios do autocuidado, identifica&#231;&#227;o dos objetivos, constru&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o dos itens, avalia&#231;&#227;o da validade de conte&#250;do e pr&#233;-teste na popula&#231;&#227;o alvo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Relev&#226;ncia, adequa&#231;&#227;o, clareza e confiabilidade interna dos itens do instrumento foram avaliadas por comit&#234; de ju&#237;zes multiprofissional pela plataforma web E-surv, obtendo-se m&#233;dia de concord&#226;ncia &#8805;0,91. A compreens&#227;o do instrumento pela popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo teve clareza adequada com m&#233;dia de 0,96.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O EmpoderACO poder&#225; contribuir para qualificar o processo de comunica&#231;&#227;o entre profissionais e pacientes, melhorar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento e os resultados cl&#237;nicos, podendo ser replicado nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Comportamentos Relacionados com a Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Varfarina</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulante</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A varfarina &#233; um anticoagulante oral derivado cumar&#237;nico de uso amplo no mundo para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria de tromboembolismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Mesmo com o advento dos anticoagulantes orais diretos, a varfarina ainda &#233; o principal anticoagulante oral distribu&#237;do pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de do Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, o controle inadequado do uso desse medicamento pode propiciar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos, representados por hemorragia e tromboembolismo que podem ocorrer devido &#224; exacerba&#231;&#227;o do efeito anticoagulante ou fal&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O emprego de interven&#231;&#245;es educacionais pode contribuir para o alcance dos objetivos terap&#234;uticos do uso desse medicamento, favorecendo o aumento do conhecimento do paciente sobre anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, com consequente melhoria da ades&#227;o e satisfa&#231;&#227;o com seu tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Mudan&#231;a de comportamento desej&#225;vel, a&#231;&#245;es direcionadas ao letramento em sa&#250;de e empoderamento dos pacientes t&#234;m sido apontados como elementos importantes para o sucesso do tratamento anticoagulante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O tratamento requer monitoriza&#231;&#227;o laboratorial frequente e o alcance da faixa terap&#234;utica alvo pode ser dif&#237;cil, devido aos m&#250;ltiplos fatores interferentes do tratamento, tais como: grande variabilidade dose-resposta, influ&#234;ncia de polimorfismo gen&#233;tico, presen&#231;a de comorbidades, elevado n&#250;mero de intera&#231;&#245;es com medicamentos e alimentos, baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento, baixo letramento em sa&#250;de e receio das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas por parte dos pacientes que podem levar &#224; n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou interrup&#231;&#227;o do medicamento por conta pr&#243;pria, podendo exigir ajustes posol&#243;gicos frequentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos ao tratamento torna-se maior quando h&#225; o uso incorreto deste medicamento, os quais podem ser representados por eventos hemorr&#225;gicos graves como o acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico, e/ou tromb&#243;ticos, sendo estes eventos desencadeados pela exacerba&#231;&#227;o do efeito anticoagulante ou fal&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>Nesse contexto, a ades&#227;o &#224; farmacoterapia se estabelece, ainda, como condi&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria para melhorar a efetividade e seguran&#231;a do tratamento, trazendo desafios adicionais para o processo de cuidado ao paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O empoderamento mostra-se &#250;til para o aumento da sensa&#231;&#227;o de controle, autoefic&#225;cia, habilidades de enfrentamento, gerenciamento do tratamento e capacidade do indiv&#237;duo de refletir sobre sua contribui&#231;&#227;o no processo de cuidado, al&#233;m de alcan&#231;ar uma mudan&#231;a de comportamento sobre sua pr&#243;pria condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> No contexto de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nicas, foi proposto o Protocolo Mudan&#231;a de Comportamento (PMC) originalmente desenvolvido por pesquisadores da Universidade de Michigan para pacientes com diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> tipo 2,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e posteriormente traduzido e validado para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Atualmente, h&#225; car&#234;ncia de instrumentos e diretrizes que guiem as pr&#225;ticas com abordagem no empoderamento, autocuidado e mudan&#231;a de comportamento dos pacientes na &#225;rea da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m dos profissionais da sa&#250;de nem sempre estarem conscientizados e mobilizados sobre a import&#226;ncia desse tipo de abordagem educacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste sentido, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias padronizadas pautadas no empoderamento poder&#225; nortear os profissionais de sa&#250;de no est&#237;mulo da participa&#231;&#227;o ativa dos pacientes no autocuidado e na ades&#227;o &#224; farmacoterapia dos pacientes com cardiopatias em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. A constru&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo voltado para a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com varfarina, baseado nos princ&#237;pios de mudan&#231;a de comportamento do PMC, poderia promover melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos e uma sistematiza&#231;&#227;o do canal de comunica&#231;&#227;o entre o paciente e o profissional de sa&#250;de. Al&#233;m disso, poderia aumentar a satisfa&#231;&#227;o do paciente com seu tratamento, melhorar a ades&#227;o, reduzir a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos e possibilitar que o usu&#225;rio/paciente reconhe&#231;a a necessidade da mudan&#231;a de comportamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir e validar o protocolo EmpoderACO voltado para a mudan&#231;a de comportamento de pacientes em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com varfarina.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O estudo foi desenvolvido em etapas seguindo a metodologia proposta por Coluci et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> a saber: defini&#231;&#227;o de conceitos e dom&#237;nios do autocuidado na anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com varfarina; identifica&#231;&#227;o dos objetivos do instrumento; constru&#231;&#227;o do instrumento e sele&#231;&#227;o dos itens conforme o objetivo do instrumento; avalia&#231;&#227;o da validade de conte&#250;do pelo Comit&#234; de Ju&#237;zes (CJ); realiza&#231;&#227;o da valida&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-teste em pacientes em uso de varfarina e descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. As etapas do estudo ocorreram no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2017 a junho de 2019.</p>
      <p>A estrutura dos itens do protocolo EmpoderACO seguiram os cinco passos para mudan&#231;a de comportamento, conforme o estudo de empoderamento PMC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> a saber: 1&#186; Passo: defini&#231;&#227;o do problema; 2&#186; Passo: identifica&#231;&#227;o e abordagem dos sentimentos; 3&#186; Passo: defini&#231;&#227;o de metas; 4&#186; Passo: elabora&#231;&#227;o do plano de cuidados para conquista da(s) meta(s); 5&#186; Passo: Avalia&#231;&#227;o e experi&#234;ncia do usu&#225;rio sobre o plano de cuidados. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), sob parecer n&#186; 2.018.850, CAAE: 65928316.3.0000.5149. Ap&#243;s esclarecimentos sobre o objetivo da investiga&#231;&#227;o e a natureza da coleta de dados, todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de conceitos, dom&#237;nios do autocuidado e objetivos do instrumento</title>
        <p>De acordo com o Pasquali,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> a constru&#231;&#227;o de uma estrutura conceitual &#233; a etapa respons&#225;vel por definir o contexto do instrumento e sustentar o desenvolvimento de sua dimensionalidade. Desta forma, um mapa conceitual foi constru&#237;do, utilizando o programa <italic>CmapTolls</italic> vers&#227;o 6.02 (2017), para a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos dom&#237;nios do autocuidado nos quais o instrumento deveria se embasar. Identificou-se a necessidade de constru&#231;&#227;o de itens espec&#237;ficos para o p&#250;blico-alvo envolvendo pacientes com cardiopatias com alta complexidade do quadro cl&#237;nico e especificidades inerente ao anticoagulante oral. Estas etapas foram conduzidas no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2017 a agosto de 2018. De acordo com o estudo de Snyder et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> &#233; fundamental que os objetivos do instrumento de sa&#250;de sejam pr&#233;-definidos antes de sua constru&#231;&#227;o e que esses objetivos tenham conex&#227;o com dom&#237;nios e conceitos a serem inseridos no instrumento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Constru&#231;&#227;o do instrumento e sele&#231;&#227;o dos itens</title>
        <p>A constru&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o do instrumento, em quest&#227;o, foram realizadas seguindo etapas metodol&#243;gicas abordadas propostas pelos estudos de Coluci et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e Pasquali.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Incialmente, o instrumento foi constru&#237;do por um comit&#234; de especialistas (CE) interno, o qual apresentava ampla viv&#234;ncia em cl&#237;nica de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, composto por tr&#234;s farmac&#234;uticas cl&#237;nicas, uma enfermeira e uma linguista com dom&#237;nio no processo de adapta&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o de instrumentos empregados na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de. Foram conduzidas reuni&#245;es para discuss&#227;o da pertin&#234;ncia e adequa&#231;&#227;o de cada item para o contexto da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. Coube ao CE interno a defini&#231;&#227;o dos dom&#237;nios de autocuidados, mensurados na etapa anterior do mapa conceitual, a serem inclu&#237;dos no protocolo. Observou-se a necessidade da elabora&#231;&#227;o pelo CE interno, de 12 novos itens para que o novo instrumento atendesse &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo e estivesse voltado para o autocuidado na anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. Nesta fase, foram constru&#237;das oito vers&#245;es diferentes do protocolo (V1-V8) antes do encaminhamento ao CE externo (Material Suplementar A).</p>
        <p>A vers&#227;o V8 definida como vers&#227;o-teste foi submetida &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o piloto do CE externo por meio da plataforma web <italic>Survey E-surv</italic>. Nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o piloto, foram convidados cinco profissionais da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, todos com conhecimento e experi&#234;ncia em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o composto por um m&#233;dico, dois farmac&#234;uticos e dois enfermeiros. O CE externo analisou cada item do protocolo e sugeriu novas adequa&#231;&#245;es na estrutura e conte&#250;do. Ap&#243;s as adapta&#231;&#245;es sugeridas e julgadas pertinentes pelo CE interno, foi constru&#237;da uma vers&#227;o inicial do instrumento (V9) que, posteriormente, foi entregue a ao Comit&#234; de Ju&#237;zes (CJ). Estas etapas foram conduzidas no per&#237;odo de setembro de 2018 a mar&#231;o de 2019.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do instrumento por CJ</title>
        <p>O CJ estava composto por 34 profissionais e tinha um perfil multidisciplinar, cuja fun&#231;&#227;o era o julgamento e a an&#225;lise de todos os itens do protocolo. Posteriormente, a estrutura&#231;&#227;o e organiza&#231;&#227;o do instrumento foram testadas quanto &#224; hip&#243;tese de que os itens escolhidos contemplavam adequadamente os dom&#237;nios do constructo desejado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> O CJ realizou esta an&#225;lise por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do, seguindo a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da literatura em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de ju&#237;zes e composi&#231;&#227;o de especialistas na &#225;rea de instrumentos de medidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> As an&#225;lises pelos ju&#237;zes envolveram procedimentos avaliativos e quantitativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A sele&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais que integraram o CJ foi realizada considerando os seguintes crit&#233;rios: possuir gradua&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea da Sa&#250;de e apresentar conhecimento e/ou viv&#234;ncia com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica envolvendo cuidado ao paciente em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com varfarina e/ou profissionais com experi&#234;ncia no processo de adapta&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o de instrumentos.</p>
        <p>Os integrantes do CJ preencheram um question&#225;rio introdut&#243;rio por meio da mesma plataforma <italic>online</italic> de avalia&#231;&#227;o (<italic>Survey E-surv)</italic>. Em seguida, os participantes foram convidados a avaliar a vers&#227;o V9 e registrar suas opini&#245;es a fim de avaliar o grau de relev&#226;ncia, adequa&#231;&#227;o e clareza do instrumento, tendo estipulado prazo de um m&#234;s para o retorno das avalia&#231;&#245;es. Tamb&#233;m foi solicitado ao CJ que analisasse o grau de pertin&#234;ncia dos itens do protocolo e informasse qual(is) categoria(s) o item era capaz de mensurar. Nessa an&#225;lise de pertin&#234;ncia, o juiz tinha acesso ao significado de cada categoria e poderia selecionar mais de uma categoria correspondente para o mesmo item. O objetivo dessa an&#225;lise foi agrupar os itens de acordo com os dom&#237;nios de autocuidado para pacientes em uso de anticoagulante oral. Estas etapas foram conduzidas no per&#237;odo entre mar&#231;o e abril de 2019.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valida&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-teste em pacientes</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise sem&#226;ntica e valida&#231;&#227;o do instrumento foram realizadas por meio do pr&#233;-teste que consistiu em um teste de campo com a popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo utilizando a vers&#227;o pr&#233;-final do instrumento (V10). Os participantes avaliaram a clareza de cada item do instrumento a fim de estimar o entendimento do instrumento. Esta etapa foi realizada na cl&#237;nica de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - UFMG por dois pesquisadores da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de experientes em aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rio para pacientes. O pr&#233;-teste foi aplicado em 30 pacientes. As quest&#245;es foram lidas aos participantes pelos pesquisadores, pois alguns deles n&#227;o tinham letramento suficiente. Coube aos participantes responderem quanto &#224; clareza dos itens, em uma escala tipo <italic>Likert</italic> de tr&#234;s pontos: a) Muito claro, b) Claro e c) Pouco claro. Estas etapas foram conduzidas no per&#237;odo entre abril e maio de 2019. Ap&#243;s o pr&#233;-teste n&#227;o houve necessidade de modifica&#231;&#227;o dos itens constru&#237;dos e adaptados e, portanto, a vers&#227;o V10 constituiu a vers&#227;o final do protocolo EmpoderACO.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>Os dados descritivos dos integrantes do CJ foram coletados por meio da aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rio inicial, via plataforma web <italic>Survey E-surv</italic>. Esses dados inclu&#237;ram: nome, institui&#231;&#227;o de trabalho, forma&#231;&#227;o e experi&#234;ncia na pr&#225;tica profissional com varfarina. As avalia&#231;&#245;es do instrumento obtidas pelo CJ foram exportadas da plataforma <italic>online</italic> para uma planilha eletr&#244;nica do editor Microsoft Excel<sup>&#63194;</sup> (vers&#227;o 2019) para posterior realiza&#231;&#227;o das an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. Todos os dados foram devidamente codificados para assegurar o anonimato dos participantes.</p>
        <p>Durante o pr&#233;-teste, foi aplicado um question&#225;rio para coleta dos dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes, abrangendo sexo, idade e escolaridade, de forma de caracterizar a amostra. Esta etapa foi conduzida em junho de 2019.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A valida&#231;&#227;o do instrumento, neste estudo, foi computada por meio do Coeficiente de validade de conte&#250;do (CVC) por ser uma medida capaz de avaliar a relev&#226;ncia e representatividade dos itens. Foi definida uma concord&#226;ncia m&#237;nima de CVC igual a 0,80<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> e, preferencialmente superior a 0,90.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Para avaliar a relev&#226;ncia de cada item do instrumento, o CJ julgou o item de acordo com as respostas: 1=Sem relev&#226;ncia, 2=Relevante, 3=Muito relevante. A adequa&#231;&#227;o e clareza foram avaliadas seguindo uma escala <italic>Likert</italic> de tr&#234;s pontos, sendo: 1=N&#227;o adequado, 2=Adequado e 3=Muito adequado, para o grau de adequa&#231;&#227;o e 1=Sem clareza, 2=Claro e 3=Muito claro, para o grau de clareza. O c&#225;lculo foi realizado a partir do somat&#243;rio das respostas &#8220;2&#8221; e &#8220;3&#8221; de cada juiz em cada item do protocolo e dividiu-se esta soma pelo n&#250;mero total de ju&#237;zes (adaptado do estudo de Coluci et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>). A etapa do pr&#233;-teste foi realizada por 30 pacientes, cujo quantitativo amostral foi considerado suficiente para tal avalia&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> O mesmo c&#225;lculo de CVC foi utilizado na fase pr&#233;-teste aplicada em campo para a avalia&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; clareza dos itens. Os dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos foram tabulados e apresentados de modo descritivo utilizando frequ&#234;ncias absoluta e relativa com c&#225;lculo de propor&#231;&#245;es e medidas de tend&#234;ncia central. Esta etapa foi conduzida em junho de 2019.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os dom&#237;nios do autocuidado representados no mapa conceitual (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>) foram divididos pelo CE interno em tr&#234;s categorias: 1) entendimento e satisfa&#231;&#227;o com o tratamento; 2) redu&#231;&#227;o dos eventos adversos e 3) promo&#231;&#227;o do bem-estar e h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis. Pela an&#225;lise dos dom&#237;nios e das categorias, observou-se a necessidade da constru&#231;&#227;o de 12 novos itens para o protocolo, sendo eles: 4-10; 13-17, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dom&#237;nios do autocuidado em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. Fonte: Elaborado com aux&#237;lio do CmapTolls.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220576-20576-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Coeficiente de validade de conte&#250;do das respostas do comit&#234; de ju&#237;zes da vers&#227;o V8</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Itens originais em portugu&#234;s</th>
                <th>Grau de Relev&#226;ncia (CVC)</th>
                <th>Grau de Adequa&#231;&#227;o (CVC)</th>
                <th>Grau de Clareza (CVC)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1 &#8211; Qual &#233; a sua maior dificuldade no controle do anticoagulante?</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 &#8211; Voc&#234; poderia explicar essa dificuldade?</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3 &#8211; Conte alguma situa&#231;&#227;o que aconteceu com voc&#234; por causa dessa dificuldade.</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4 &#8211; Voc&#234; toma a varfarina da forma como te orientaram?*</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,67**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5 &#8211; Voc&#234; j&#225; interrompeu alguma vez seu tratamento com a varfarina? Por que?*</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6 &#8211; Voc&#234; acha que a alimenta&#231;&#227;o pode atrapalhar o tratamento com varfarina?*</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7 &#8211; Com que frequ&#234;ncia e quantidade voc&#234; consome verdura e folhas verdes?*</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8 &#8211; Voc&#234; faz uso de cigarro ou bebida alco&#243;lica? Qual quantidade e frequ&#234;ncia?*</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9 &#8211; Voc&#234; acha que usar outros medicamentos pode atrapalhar seu controle da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o?*</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10 &#8211; Quando voc&#234; identifica um sangramento o que voc&#234; faz?*</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11 &#8211; O que voc&#234; acha de ter que tomar anticoagulante?</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>12 &#8211; Voc&#234; acha que usar a varfarina pode fazer mal?*</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>13 &#8211; Voc&#234; deixou de fazer coisas que voc&#234; gostava de fazer depois que come&#231;ou a tomar varfarina?</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>14 &#8211; O que mais incomodou voc&#234; ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da terapia com varfarina?</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>15 &#8211; Como voc&#234; se sente tendo que fazer coletas de sangue frequentes?*</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>16 &#8211; Voc&#234; acredita que medita&#231;&#227;o ou ora&#231;&#227;o pode melhorar seu tratamento?*</td>
                <td align="center">0,76**</td>
                <td align="center">0,70**</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>17 &#8211; Quais s&#227;o seus objetivos com o tratamento varfarina?*</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>18 &#8211; O que voc&#234; acha que pode fazer para melhorar o seu tratamento?</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>19 &#8211; Como voc&#234; pode mudar alguma coisa na sua vida para se sentir melhor?</td>
                <td align="center">0,70**</td>
                <td align="center">0,64**</td>
                <td align="center">0,67**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>20 &#8211; O que voc&#234; acha que pode atrapalhar para conseguir alcan&#231;ar seus objetivos no tratamento?</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>21 &#8211; Tem alguma pessoa que pode ajudar no seu tratamento?</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>22 &#8211; Voc&#234; sabe o que pode ter se n&#227;o se cuidar?</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,73**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>23 &#8211; Vamos juntos montar um plano para cuidar da sua sa&#250;de?</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>24 &#8211; Fale sobre o passo-a-passo que voc&#234; pode fazer para melhorar o seu tratamento.</td>
                <td align="center">0,76**</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>25 &#8211; E o que voc&#234; realmente vai fazer para melhorar?</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>26 &#8211; Quando voc&#234; vai come&#231;ar?</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>27 &#8211; O que voc&#234; aprendeu com essa experi&#234;ncia?</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>28 &#8211; Que dificuldades voc&#234; teve para seguir o plano?</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>29 &#8211; O que voc&#234; faria de diferente da pr&#243;xima vez?</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30 &#8211; Voc&#234; terminou o plano, e agora, o que voc&#234; vai fazer?</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia de CVC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,92</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,91</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,91</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>CVC: coeficiente de validade de conte&#250;do. * Itens totalmente constru&#237;dos. ** Itens com CVC &#8804;0,78.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Dos 80 profissionais convidados para participar do CJ, 34 (42,5%) enviaram as avalia&#231;&#245;es do protocolo e o n&#250;mero total de ju&#237;zes participantes mostrou ser adequado, conforme preconizado pela literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> A distribui&#231;&#227;o das categorias profissionais dos participantes do estudo foi: 40 (50,0%) farmac&#234;uticos; 17 (21,3%) enfermeiros; 16 (20,0%) m&#233;dicos; tr&#234;s (3,7%) nutricionistas; tr&#234;s (3,7%) linguistas e uma pedagoga (1,3%). Os farmac&#234;uticos representaram a categoria profissional de maior predomin&#226;ncia no CJ, seguidos de enfermeiros, m&#233;dicos, nutricionistas, linguistas e pedagoga. A m&#233;dia geral dos itens avaliados pelo CJ apresentou CVC igual ou superior a 0,91 para todas as an&#225;lises: grau de relev&#226;ncia, adequa&#231;&#227;o e clareza. As exce&#231;&#245;es foram quanto aos itens 4, 16, 19, 22 e 24, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Tr&#234;s itens da vers&#227;o V9 foram exclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s an&#225;lise do CJ, an&#225;lise qualitativa e quantitativa do CE interno, sendo eles 19, 24 e 25 por n&#227;o apresentarem novos ganhos ao instrumento.</p>
      <p>Verificou-se que houve consist&#234;ncia e homogeneidade na an&#225;lise do grau de pertin&#234;ncia da vers&#227;o V9, feita pelo CJ. Os resultados da concord&#226;ncia est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Representa&#231;&#227;o da concord&#226;ncia dos itens por categoria</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Categoria</th>
                <th>Itens</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Ades&#227;o ao esquema posol&#243;gico da terapia anticoagulante</td>
                <td align="center">1-5; 11-13; 15-21; 23-30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coleta de sangue para o exame de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (RNI)</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo de alimentos que interferem no efeito anticoagulante</td>
                <td align="center">1-3; 6-7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Receio com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos ao tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">3; 5; 8; 10; 12; 15; 22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas com a varfarina</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Efetividade da farmacoterapia</td>
                <td align="center">17-18; 20; 22-26; 29-30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8220;Outros&#8221; (Entendimento e satisfa&#231;&#227;o do tratamento)</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>RNI: Rela&#231;&#227;o Normalizada Internacional.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A etapa do pr&#233;-teste foi realizada com 30 pacientes que representaram uma amostra heterog&#234;nea quanto a idade, sexo e n&#237;vel de escolaridade, sendo que, 50,0% dos participantes corresponderam ao sexo feminino e 50,0% tinham escolaridade no n&#237;vel do ensino fundamental incompleto. A m&#233;dia de idade observada foi 61,7&#177;14,5 anos e 33,3% dos pacientes tinha entre 45 e 60 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Nesta etapa o instrumento apresentou uma m&#233;dia de CVC de 0,96, calculado pelas respostas dos pacientes. Sendo assim, ao final do pr&#233;-teste, verificou-se boa aceita&#231;&#227;o e compreens&#227;o do instrumento entre os pacientes, independente do grau de escolaridade, n&#227;o havendo necessidade de modifica&#231;&#227;o dos itens na vers&#227;o final e, portanto, o novo instrumento (V10) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). A s&#237;ntese das vers&#245;es de constru&#231;&#227;o, adapta&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o do EmpoderACO se encontra dispon&#237;vel no Material suplementar A.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra do pr&#233;-teste, Belo Horizonte, 2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>Amostra (n=30)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">15 (50,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">15 (50,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia de idade em anos (desvio padr&#227;o)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">61,7 (&#177;14,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos), n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 45</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>45-60</td>
                <td align="center">10 (33,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>61-75</td>
                <td align="center">7 (23,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 76</td>
                <td align="center">8 (26,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escolaridade, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aus&#234;ncia de experi&#234;ncia escolar</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino fundamental incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">15 (50,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino fundamental completo</td>
                <td align="center">7 (23,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino superior</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,3%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Constru&#231;&#227;o e Valida&#231;&#227;o do Protocolo EmpoderACO Direcionado a Pacientes em Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o Oral com Varfarina</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Vers&#227;o final (V10) instrumento EmpoderACO. Fonte: Elaborado para fins deste estudo.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220576-20576-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Instrumentos como o EmpoderACO podem ser de grande utilidade no contexto da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no Brasil, pois at&#233; o momento n&#227;o se identificou instrumento pautado no empoderamento e mudan&#231;a de comportamento voltado ao paciente com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. O presente estudo permitiu construir o instrumento cujos desempenhos na relev&#226;ncia, adequa&#231;&#227;o, clareza e valida&#231;&#227;o foram considerados bastante satisfat&#243;rios. A elabora&#231;&#227;o do mapa conceitual que precedeu o desenvolvimento do instrumento possibilitou a identifica&#231;&#227;o de dom&#237;nios de autocuidado na anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral que deveriam ser abordados no EmpoderACO. Todos os 30 itens da vers&#227;o V9 julgados pelo CJ foram analisados pelo CE interno e os itens foram adaptados, exclu&#237;dos ou invertidos segundo a sequ&#234;ncia do instrumento. Conforme a literatura, os itens que apresentam CVC menor que 0,78 n&#227;o necessariamente devem ser exclu&#237;dos, embora obrigatoriamente necessitem sofrer modifica&#231;&#245;es, como &#233; o caso dos itens 4 e 16.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Por meio da an&#225;lise do grau de pertin&#234;ncia da vers&#227;o V9, feita pelo CJ, foi observado que, de forma geral, a maioria dos itens era representada por mais de uma categoria. Contudo, verificou-se que houve consist&#234;ncia e homogeneidade dos resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O CVC calculado pelas respostas dos pacientes no pr&#233;-teste apresentou resultado muito satisfat&#243;rio (0,96).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Nenhum paciente fez sugest&#227;o de modifica&#231;&#227;o ou acr&#233;scimo de quest&#245;es durante a etapa de pr&#233;-teste. Nessa etapa, as modifica&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas somente se 15% ou mais dos participantes apresentarem dificuldades de compreens&#227;o, conforme proposto pelos autores Ciconelli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> e Ramada-Rodilla et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Promover mudan&#231;as de comportamento como ingesta regular de alimentos ricos em vitamina K, monitoramento frequente dos exames de RNI, evitar a automedica&#231;&#227;o e realizar inspe&#231;&#227;o do corpo quanto a sinais e sintomas de hemorragia s&#227;o exemplos relevantes de a&#231;&#245;es para monitoramento de efetividade e seguran&#231;a do tratamento em pacientes em uso de varfarina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> A constru&#231;&#227;o de instrumentos com obten&#231;&#227;o de dados em sa&#250;de possibilita organizar as informa&#231;&#245;es de forma clara e objetiva para uma assist&#234;ncia de qualidade e embasar interven&#231;&#245;es em sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Estrat&#233;gias pautadas no empoderamento que se prop&#245;em a elaborar plano de cuidados para pacientes com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas demonstraram resultados favor&#225;veis para controle glic&#234;mico, autocuidado e empoderamento dos usu&#225;rios como apontado pelos estudos de Macedo et al.;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Cortez et al.;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Chaves et al.;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Barbosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No que se refere ao uso do anticoagulante, estas estrat&#233;gias s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para aumento da efetividade e diminui&#231;&#227;o dos eventos adversos associados ao uso da varfarina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O protocolo EmpoderACO poder&#225; ser aplicado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica como suporte no cuidado ao paciente sendo utilizado pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de e pela equipe multiprofissional de modo a fortalecer a qualidade das interven&#231;&#245;es e abordagens educacionais. Como perspectivas desse estudo, podemos citar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novas investiga&#231;&#245;es como a valida&#231;&#227;o do PMC em grupos aleat&#243;rios de modo a testar o impacto do EmpoderACO nos desfechos da terapia e seguran&#231;a, frente a um grupo controle, bem como o emprego em futuros estudos na &#225;rea da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, poder&#225; ser utilizado para discuss&#245;es adicionais, aprofundamento da percep&#231;&#227;o do protocolo pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de, avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados e dos impactos cl&#237;nicos, ades&#227;o ao tratamento e promo&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a do paciente.</p>
      <p>A relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica do EmpoderACO deve-se &#224; possibilidade de o instrumento sistematizar a comunica&#231;&#227;o, nortear abordagens educacionais multidisciplinares em sa&#250;de coletiva, estimular a humaniza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado, bem como a abordagem individualizada e centrada no paciente. Al&#233;m disso, espera-se que o empoderamento do usu&#225;rio para mudan&#231;as de comportamento possa fortalecer a rela&#231;&#227;o profissional-paciente e aumento da compreens&#227;o da terapia, o que pode favorecer a ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Almeja-se que o instrumento possa auxiliar os pacientes de alta complexidade, em uso de anticoagulantes orais, a se tornarem mais capazes de tomar decis&#245;es em prol de seu autocuidado e aprimorar a qualidade do processo assistencial, a fim de melhorar os resultados cl&#237;nicos, bem como a redu&#231;&#227;o dos eventos adversos associados ao uso de anticoagulantes orais.</p>
      <p>O instrumento EmpoderACO apresentou como ponto positivo o cumprimento do requisito de concord&#226;ncia geral m&#237;nima de 0,80 para constru&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o de novos instrumentos em todos os graus avaliados: relev&#226;ncia (0,92), adequa&#231;&#227;o (0,92) e clareza (0,91).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Outro ponto positivo observado foi facilidade de compreens&#227;o do instrumento e boa aceita&#231;&#227;o pela popula&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o sabe ler e com baixa escolaridade. Atenta-se como limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo o fato dos itens com necessidade de reformula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o terem sido submetidos novamente &#224; an&#225;lise de CVC pelo CJ. Desta forma, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a mensura&#231;&#227;o do CVC dos itens adaptados. Entretanto, tais itens foram reformulados conforme as sugest&#245;es do mesmo CJ e observou-se que a clareza destes itens n&#227;o foi comprometida, visto que, na etapa pr&#233;-teste houve compreens&#227;o adequada dos itens da vers&#227;o V10 pela popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo. Observa-se tamb&#233;m limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes aos dados coletados diretamente com os pacientes, tais como desconforto para o paciente ao responder a uma pergunta, bem como vi&#233;s das informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O instrumento EmpoderACO se mostrou adequado e de f&#225;cil compreens&#227;o pelos usu&#225;rios de varfarina, sobretudo apresentou potencial para uso em pessoas com baixo grau de escolaridade, podendo ser relevante em p&#250;blicos com escolaridade semelhante. O emprego do protocolo EmpoderACO no campo da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o permitir&#225; utilizar dos princ&#237;pios de problematiza&#231;&#227;o, autocuidado, empoderamento e cuidado centrado no indiv&#237;duo como estrat&#233;gias para melhorar os resultados terap&#234;uticos da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos &#224; Pr&#243;-Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (PRPq-UFMG); o Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPQ); a Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES); e a Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG).</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12006/2022-0576_AO_Supplemental Material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Hannah Cardoso Barbosa pelo Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Errata</label>
        <p>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(6):e20220576</p>
        <p>No Artigo Original &#8220;Constru&#231;&#227;o e Valida&#231;&#227;o do Protocolo EmpoderACO Direcionado a Pacientes em Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o Oral com Varfarina&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https:// doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220576, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(6):e20220576, na p&#225;gina 1, corrigir o nome da autora &#8220;Rebeca Priscilla de Melo Santos&#8221; para &#8220;Rebeca Priscila de Melo Santos&#8221;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Construction and Validation of a Protocol Targeting Patients on Oral Anticoagulation with Warfarin</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8635-3509</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Hannah Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
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          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ant&#244;nio de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rebeca Priscila de Melo</given-names>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
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            <sup>2</sup>
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          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pagano</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Silvina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4226-6926</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Praxedes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Fernando da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Auxiliadora Parreiras</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Te&#243;filo Otoni, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rec&#244;ncavo da Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Hannah Cardoso Barbosa &#8226; Av. Pres. Ant&#244;nio Carlos, 6627. Postal Code 31270-901, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: hannahcbarbosa@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <related-article related-article-type="correction-forward" id="r02" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20230806" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that is very useful in preventing thromboembolism, though it is considered a drug with a high risk of causing adverse events. Considering the practical challenges in controlling oral anticoagulation, the patients on warfarin could benefit from educational strategies aimed at behavioral changes, active participation in self-care, and adherence to drug therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> The aim was to construct and validate the EmpoderACO protocol for behavioral changes in warfarin patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The methodological steps were: definition of concepts and domains of self-care, identification of objectives, construction and selection of items, assessment of content validity, and pre-test in the target population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Relevance, adequacy, clarity, and internal reliability of the instrument&#8217;s items were assessed by a multidisciplinary judges committee (JC) through the E-surv web platform, obtaining an average agreement of &#8805;0.91. The understanding of the instrument measured by the target population revealed adequate clarity with a coefficient average of 0.96.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> EmpoderACO can aid in qualifying the communication process between medical professionals and patients, as well as in improving adherence to both treatment and clinical outcomes, and can be replicated in healthcare settings.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Health Behavior</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Education</kwd>
        <kwd>Warfarin</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Warfarin is a coumarin-derivative oral anticoagulant widely used for primary and secondary prevention against thromboembolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Even with the advent of direct oral anticoagulants, warfarin is still the main oral anticoagulant provided by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, in Portuguese).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, inadequate control of this medication may cause adverse events, such as hemorrhage and thromboembolism, which may occur due to exacerbating the anticoagulant effect or therapeutic failure, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The introduction of educational interventions may contribute to reaching the therapeutic results of this medication, improving the patient&#8217;s knowledge of oral anticoagulants and consequently improving adherence and satisfaction with the treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Desirable changes in behavior, actions aimed at health education, and the empowerment of patients have been seen as important elements for success in anticoagulant treatments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Treatment requires frequent laboratorial monitoring, and reaching the therapeutic target group may be difficult due to the multiple factors which interfere with the treatment, such as dose-response variability, the influence of genetic polymorphism, the presence of comorbidities, high number of interactions with other medications or foods, low level of health education, and concerns by the patients regarding adverse reactions, which can lead to self-interruption of the medication, and those who may require frequent dose adjustments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The risk of having adverse effects from the treatment increases when the medication is used incorrectly, such as serious hemorrhagic events, like hemorrhagic and/or thrombotic strokes, these events being triggered by the exacerbation of the anticoagulant effect or by therapeutic failure, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>In such a context, adherence to pharmacotherapy represents a necessary condition to improve the effectiveness and safety of the treatment, avoiding additional challenges in the patient care process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Empowerment is quite useful in increasing the feeling of control, self-efficiency, coping ability, management of the treatment, and the individual&#8217;s ability to reflect on his/her contribution in the process, as well as to achieve a change in behavior regarding the individual&#8217;s own health condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In the context of chronic diseases, the Behavior Change Protocol (BCP) was proposed, which was originally developed by researchers from the University of Michigan for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and was later translated and validated for the Brazilian population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>Currently, there is a scarcity of instruments and directives that guide practices related to empowerment, self-care, and behavioral changes in patients undergoing anticoagulation treatment. Moreover, they are not always conscious and mobilized regarding the importance of this kind of educational approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Using standardized strategies based on empowerment may guide health professionals towards more active participation of the patients in self-care and adherence to pharmacotherapy by patients taking oral anticoagulants. Creating a protocol for oral treatment with warfarin, based on principles of behavioral changes guided by the BCP, may promote better clinical results and help systematize the communication channels between patients and health professionals. Moreover, it could also increase the patient&#8217;s satisfaction with the treatment, improve adherence, reduce adverse effects, and allow the patient/user to recognize the need for changes in behavior. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> This study aims to construct and validate the EmpoderACO protocol to produce behavioral changes in patients undergoing oral treatment with warfarin.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <p>This study was developed in stages, following Coluci et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> methodology, which are: definitions of concepts and domains of self-care in anticoagulation treatment with warfarin; identification of the instrument&#8217;s objectives and selection of items according to the instrument&#8217;s objective; evaluation of content validity by the Judges Committee (JC); performance of pre-test validation with warfarin patients; and description of the variables and statistical analysis. The stages of the process took place from December 2017 to June 2019.</p>
        <p>The structure of the items in the EmpoderACO protocol follows the five steps for behavioral change, according to the BCP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>empowerment study, as follows: Step 1: Definition of the problem; Step 2: Identification and approach to the feelings; Step 3: Definition of the target(s); Step 4: Elaboration of the care plan for reaching the targets; and Step 5: Evaluation and user experience regarding the care plan. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Decision no. 2,018,850, CAAE: 65928316.3.0000.5149. After being informed about the study&#8217;s objectives and the nature of the data collection, all participants signed the free and informed consent form.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of concepts, domains of self-care, and objectives of the instrument</title>
          <p>According to Pasquali,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> the construction of a conceptual structure is the stage which defines the context of the instrument and supports the development of its dimensionality. Therefore, a conceptual map was produced using the <italic>CmapTolls</italic> program, version 6.02 (2017), to identify the domains of self-care on which the instrument should be based. We identified the need to construct specific items for the target public: patients with cardiopathies with highly complex clinical conditions and specificities regarding oral anticoagulant treatment. The stages were conducted from December 2017 to August 2018. According to a study by Snyder et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> it is crucial that the objectives of the health instrument be pre-defined before its construction and that these objectives be connected to domains and concepts that will be inserted in the instrument.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Construction of the instrument and item selection</title>
          <p>The construction and validation of the instrument were conducted according to methodological stages proposed in the studies by Coluci et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and Pasquali.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> The instrument was initially constructed by an internal committee of experts (CE) with broad experience in clinical anticoagulation, consisting of three clinical pharmacists, one nurse, and one linguist capacitated in adapting and validating instruments used in the health area. Meetings were conducted to discuss the pertinence and adequation of each item in the context of oral anticoagulation. The internal CE defined self-care domains, measured in the previous stage of the conceptual map, which would be included in the protocol. The internal CE needed to elaborate 12 new items so that the new instrument could address the target population and aimed at self-care and oral anticoagulation. In this stage, eight protocol versions were constructed (V1-V8) before sending it to the external CE (Supplementary Material A).</p>
          <p>The V8 version, defined as the test version, was submitted to the pilot evaluation of the external CE by the <italic>Survey E-surv web platform</italic>. In the pilot evaluation, five health professionals were invited, all with experience and knowledge in anticoagulation, including one physician, two pharmacists, and two nurses. The external CE analyzed each protocol item and suggested new adaptations to the structure and content. After the adaptations had been suggested and deemed relevant by the internal CE, an initial version of the instrument was constructed (V9), which, later was delivered to the JC. These stages were conducted from September 2018 to March 2019.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of the instrument by the JC</title>
          <p>The JC consisted of 34 professionals with a multidisciplinary profile, and its function was to judge and analyze all of the protocol&#8217;s items. After, the structure and organization of the instrument were tested according to the hypothesis that the chosen items properly represented the domains of the desired construct.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> The JC conducted the analysis by evaluating the content and following the recommendations in the literature regarding the minimum number of judges and participation of experts in the area of measuring instruments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The analyses by the judges involved qualitative and quantitative procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Professionals were chosen to be part of the JC according to the following criteria: have a degree in the field of health and have knowledge and/or experience with clinical practice in caring for patients with the oral anticoagulant warfarin and/or professionals with experience in the process of adaptation and validation of instruments.</p>
          <p>The JC members completed an introductory questionnaire using the same online platform (<italic>Survey E-surv)</italic>. Next, the participants were invited to evaluate the V9 version and register their opinions to evaluate the level of relevance, adequation, and clarity of the instrument. The participants had one month to turn in the evaluations. The JC was also asked to analyze the level of the pertinence of the protocol items and to inform which categories the items could measure. In this analysis of pertinence, the judges had access to the meaning of each category and could select more than one category corresponding to the same item. This analysis aimed to group the items according to the domains of self-care for patients taking oral anticoagulants. Those stages were conducted between March and April 2019.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pre-test validation in patients</title>
          <p>The semantic analysis and the instrument&#8217;s validation were conducted through a pre-test and a field test with the target population using the pre-final version of the instrument (V10). The participants evaluated the clarity of each instrument item, aimed at estimating how understandable the instrument was. This stage was conducted at the anticoagulation clinic of the UFMG Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas by two researchers from the health area with experience in the application of questionnaires for patients. The pre-test was applied to 30 patients. The researchers read the questions to the participants since some were not literate enough to read. The participants were asked to answer about the clarity of the items according to a Likert scale of three points: a) Very Clear, b) Clear, and c) Not Clear. Those stages were conducted in April and May 2019. After the pre-test, there was no need for modifications in the adapted and constructed items; therefore, the V10 version became the final version of the EmpoderACO protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Description of variables</title>
          <p>The descriptive data from the JC members was collected by applying an initial questionnaire using the <italic>Survey E-surv</italic> web platform. The data included: name, place of work, education, and professional practice experience with warfarin. The evaluations of the instrument provided by the JC were exported from the online platform to a digital spreadsheet using Microsoft Excel (version 2019) for subsequent statistical analysis. All of the data was properly codified to ensure the participants&#8217; anonymity.</p>
          <p>During the pre-test, a questionnaire to collect sociodemographic data from the patients was applied, covering sex, age, and education to characterize the sample. This stage took place in June 2019.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The instrument&#8217;s validation was computed using the Content Validity Coefficient (CVC), a measure capable of evaluating the relevance and representativeness of the items. A minimum CVC agreement was established, equal to 0.80<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> and, preferably, higher than 0.90.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> To evaluate the relevance of each item of the instrument, the JC judged the items according to the answers: 1=Not relevant, 2=Relevant, 3=Very relevant. Adequation and clarity were evaluated according to a three-point Likert scale: 1=Not adequate, 2=Adequate, and 3=Very adequate (for the level of adequation), and 1=Unclear, 2=Clear, and 3=Very clear (for the level of clarity). The calculation was made by the sum of answers &#8220;2&#8221; and &#8220;3&#8221; from each judge for each item in the protocol, and that sum was divided by the total number of judges (adapted from COLUCI et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>). The pre-test stage was conducted with 30 patients, a sampling size which was considered sufficient for such an evaluation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> The same calculation for CVC was used in the pre-test stage applied in the field to evaluate the clarity of the items. The sociodemographic data were tabulated and presented descriptively using absolute and relative frequencies to calculate proportions and measures for a central tendency. This stage took place in June 2019.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The domains of self-care represented in the conceptual map (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>) were divided by the internal CE into three categories: 1) understanding and satisfaction with the treatment, 2) decrease in adverse effects, and 3) promotion of well-being and health habits. After analyzing the domain and its categories, we realized the need to construct 12 new items for the protocol: 4-10; 13-17, according to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Domains of self-care in oral anticoagulant treatment. Source: Created with the use of CmapTolls.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220576-20576-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Content validity coefficient of the answers from the judges&#8217; committee, version V8</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Original items</th>
                  <th>Level of Relevance (CVC)</th>
                  <th>Level of adequacy (CVC)</th>
                  <th>Degree of Clarity (CVC)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 &#8211; What is your greatest difficulty in controlling the anticoagulant?</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2 &#8211; Can you explain that difficulty?</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3 &#8211; Tell me about some situation that you went through because of that difficulty.</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4 &#8211; Do you take warfarin as advised?*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5 &#8211; Have you ever interrupted your warfarin treatment? Why?*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 &#8211; Do you think your eating habits may compromise the treatment with warfarin?*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7 &#8211; How often and how many vegetables and green leaves do you eat?*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 &#8211; Do you smoke cigarettes or consume alcoholic beverages? How much and how often?*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9 &#8211; Do you believe that other medications may interfere in anticoagulation control?*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10 &#8211; What do you do when you notice bleeding?*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>11 &#8211; How do you feel about having to take anticoagulants?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12 &#8211; Do you think that warfarin might cause you harm?*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>13 &#8211; Did you have to stop doing things you enjoy after you began to take warfarin?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>14 &#8211; What bothered you the most since you began the treatment with warfarin?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>15 &#8211; How do you feel about having to do frequent blood collections?*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>16 &#8211; Do you believe that meditation or praying may improve your treatment?*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76**</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70**</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>17 &#8211; What are your objectives for having treatment with warfarin?*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>18 &#8211; What do you think you can do in order to improve your treatment?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>19 &#8211; What would you change in your life in order to feel better?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70**</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64**</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>20 &#8211; What problems might interfere with the treatment and achieving your goals?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>21 &#8211; Is there anyone who could help with your treatment?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>22 &#8211; Do you know what might happen if you do not care for yourself?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>23 &#8211; Shall we work together to plan to care for your health?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>24 &#8211; Talk about what you can do, step by step, to improve your treatment.</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76**</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>25 &#8211; What are you really going to do to get better?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>26 &#8211; When are you going to start?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>27 &#8211; What have you learned from this experience?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>28 &#8211; What difficulties did you have in following the plan?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>29 &#8211; What would you do differently?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30 &#8211; Now that you have finished the plan, what will you do?</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CVC average</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.92</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.91</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.91</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>CVC: content validity coefficient. * Items totally constructed. ** Items with CVC &#8804;0.78</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Of the 80 professionals invited to participate in the JC, 34 (42.5%) sent evaluations of the protocol, and the number of judges proved adequate, according to recommendations in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The distribution of participants in professional categories was: 40 (50.0%) pharmacists; 17 (21.3%) nurses; 16 (20.0%) physicians; three (3.7%) nutritionists; three (3.7%) linguists, and one pedagogue (1.3%). Pharmacists were the predominant professional category in the JC, followed by nurses, physicians, nutritionists, linguists, and one pedagogue. The general average of the items evaluated by the JC presented CVC above or equal to 0.91 for all analyses: level of relevance, adequation, and clarity. The exceptions were items 4, 16, 19, 22, and 24, as presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Three items from version V9 were excluded by the internal JC after quantitative and qualitative analysis &#8211; items 19, 24, and 25 &#8211; for not presenting new contributions to the instrument.</p>
        <p>We verified that there was consistency and homogeneity in the analysis of the level of the pertinence of version V9 conducted by the JC. The results of the pertinence are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Representation of item pertinence by category</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Category</th>
                  <th>Items</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adherence to the anticoagulant therapy&#8217;s dose scheme</td>
                  <td align="center">1-5; 11-13; 15-21; 23-30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Blood collection for the oral anticoagulant monitoring exam (INR)</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumption of foods that interfere with the anticoagulant</td>
                  <td align="center">1-3; 6-7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concerns about the occurrence of adverse effects caused by the treatment</td>
                  <td align="center">3; 5; 8; 10; 12; 15; 22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Drug interaction with warfarin</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy</td>
                  <td align="center">17-18; 20; 22-26; 29-30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8220;Others&#8221; (Understanding and satisfaction with treatment)</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>INR: International Normalized Relation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The pre-test stage was conducted with a group of 30 patients, representing a heterogeneous sample in terms of age, sex, and level of education, in which 50.0% of the participants were female, and 50.0% had incomplete Elementary School education. The average age was 61.7&#177;14.5 years, and 33.3% of the patients were between 45 and 60 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). In this stage, the instrument presented a CVC average of 0.96, calculated based on the patients&#8217; answers. Therefore, at the end of the pre-test, a good level of acceptance and understanding of the instrument was observed among the patients, regardless of the level of education, and there was no need to modify items in the final version (the new instrument - V10) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). The synthesis of the two versions of construction, adaptation, and validation of the EmpoderACO is available in</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the pre-test sample, Belo Horizonte, 2019</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>Sample (no. = 30)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex, no. (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (50.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (50.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Average age in years (standard deviation)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">61.7 (&#177;14.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 45</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45-60</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (33.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>61-75</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (23.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 76</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (26.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Education, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No education</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Incomplete Elementary School</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (50.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complete Elementary School</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (23.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High School</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>College</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.3%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Construction and Validation of a Protocol Targeting Patients on Oral Anticoagulation with Warfarin</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Final version (V10) - EmpoderACO instrument. Source: Produced for this study.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220576-20576-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Instruments, such as EmpoderACO, may be very useful in the context of public health in Brazil since, to date, no instruments have been based on empowerment and changes in behavior aimed at patients with cardiovascular diseases. The present study allowed us to build an instrument in which adequacy, clarity, and validation were considered highly satisfactory. The elaboration of the conceptual map that preceded the instrument&#8217;s development enabled the identification of the self-care domains of anticoagulation treatment, which EmpoderACO should cover. All of the 30 items of version V9 were analyzed by the internal CE, and the items were adapted, excluded, or inverted according to the sequence of the instrument. According to the literature, the items which presented a CVC of lower than 0.78 did not necessarily need to be excluded, although they did have to be modified, as in the case of items 4 and 16.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> After the agreement analysis of version V9, conducted by the JC, we observed that, in general, most of the items were represented by more than one category. However, consistency and homogeneity could be verified in the evaluation results.</p>
        <p>The CVC calculated by the patient&#8217;s answers in the pre-test showed highly satisfactory results (0.96).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> None of the patients suggested modifications or adding questions during the pre-test stage. In that stage, the modifications must be considered only when 15% or more of the participants had difficulty in understanding and comprehension, according to that defined by Ciconelli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> and Ramada-Rodilla et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The promotion of behavior changes, such as the regular consumption of foods rich in Vitamin K, frequent monitoring of INR, avoiding self-medication, and conducting the self-body inspection for signs of hemorrhage, are relevant examples of actions necessary to monitor the effectiveness and safety of the treatment of patients with warfarin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> The construction of instruments to collect health data allows one to organize the information clearly and objectively, thus contributing to quality care and supporting health interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Strategies based on empowerment which propose the elaboration of a health care plan for patients with chronic diseases, have demonstrated favorable results in terms of glycemic control, self-care, and the empowerment of the users, as discussed in the studies by Macedo et al.;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Cortez et al.;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Chaves et al.;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and Cardoso Barbosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As far as the use of anticoagulant is concerned, such strategies are necessary to increase effectiveness and reduce adverse effects associated with warfarin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The EmpoderACO can be used in clinical practice to support patient care and employed by health professionals and multidisciplinary teams to improve the quality of interventions and educational initiatives. The strengths of this study include the performance of new investigations, such as the validation of the BCP in random groups in order to test the impact of EmpoderACO in the outcomes of therapy and safety, as compared to a control group, as well as its use in future studies regarding anticoagulation. Therefore, this study can be used for additional discussions, further examining health professionals&#8217; perceptions of the protocol, evaluating results and clinical impacts, adherence to treatment, and patient safety.</p>
        <p>The clinical relevance of EmpoderAco stems from the instrument&#8217;s ability to systematize communication, guide multidisciplinary educational approaches in public health, encourage more humanized care, and follow a more individualized approach focused on the patient. Moreover, we hope that patient empowerment may strengthen the doctor-patient relationship and improve one&#8217;s understanding of the therapy, thereby increasing adherence to the treatment. We hope that the instrument may help high-complexity patients who take oral anticoagulants to become more capable of making their own decisions in favor of self-care and improve the quality of the care process, thus improving both clinical results and the reduction of adverse events associated with oral anticoagulants.</p>
        <p>One positive aspect of the EmpoderACO instrument was compliance with the requirement of a general minimum agreement of 0.80 for the construction and validation of new instruments in all of the evaluated categories: relevance (0.92), adequation (0.92), and clarity (0.91).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> An additional positive aspect was the easy understanding of the instrument and its satisfactory acceptance by illiterate patients and those with a low-level education. One limitation of the study is that the items that need reformulating were not re-submitted to the CVC analysis by the JC. Therefore, we were unable to measure the CVC of the adapted items. However, these items were reformulated according to the suggestions from the JC, and it was noticed that the clarity of the items was not compromised, given that, in the pre-test stage, the target population showed an adequate understanding of the items in the V10 version. We also observed limitations inherent to the data collected directly from patients, such as the patient&#8217;s embarrassment in answering some of the questions and information bias within the collected data.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>EmpoderACO proved adequate and easily understandable by warfarin users and showed potential for use among people with a low-level education. Hence, the use of EmpoderACO proved to be relevant for that population. The use of the EmpoderACO protocol in the field of anticoagulation enables the use of the principles of problematization, self-care, and person-centered care as strategies to improve the therapeutic results of oral anticoagulation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We wish to thank the Pr&#243;-Reitoria de Pesquisa of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (PRPq-UFMG); the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPQ); the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES); and Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Hannah Cardoso Barbosa, from Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12006/2022-0576_AO_Supplemental Material.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Erratum</label>
          <p>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(6):e20220576</p>
          <p>In the Original Article &#8220;Construction and Validation of a Protocol Targeting Patients on Oral Anticoagulation with Warfarin&#8221;, with DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/ abc.20220576, published in the journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(6):e20220576, on page 1, correct the name of the author &#8220;Rebeca Priscilla de Melo Santos&#8221; to &#8220;Rebeca Priscila de Melo Santos&#8221;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
