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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HcNjjzxRQ4Q6F4D3jYXg5bN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000600309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220552</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Determinando Percentis do Risco Cardiovascular Ateroscler&#243;tico de acordo com Sexo e Idade numa Popula&#231;&#227;o Saud&#225;vel Brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kashiwagi</surname>
            <given-names>Nea Miwa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minanni</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">InCor</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Yue Cesena &#8226; Cenocor - Rua Dr. Ramos de Azevedo, 159, sala 1510. CEP 07012020, Guarulhos, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>CAM recebeu apoio para atividades cient&#237;ficas da Novo Nordisk. RDS recebeu honor&#225;rios relacionados a atividades de consultoria, pesquisa e/ou palestrante da Abbott, Ache, Amgen, Amryt, AstraZeneca, Biolab, Esperion, Getz Pharma, Kowa, Libbs, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Merck, Pfizer, PTC Therapeutics e Sanofi. Os outros autores n&#227;o t&#234;m nada a divulgar.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220552</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Expressar o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) em percentis da distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo e idade pode proporcionar uma melhor percep&#231;&#227;o do risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Determinar os percentis da distribui&#231;&#227;o do risco de DCVA em 10 anos segundo sexo e idade em uma amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira; caracterizar indiv&#237;duos com baixo risco em 10 anos, mas em alto percentil de risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Analisamos indiv&#237;duos de 40 a 75 anos que realizaram avalia&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de de rotina de 2010 a 2020. Foram exclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com DCVA cl&#237;nica conhecida, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica ou LDL-colesterol &#8805; 190 mg/dL. O risco de DCVA em 10 anos foi calculado pelas equa&#231;&#245;es das coortes agrupadas do American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. Foi utilizada a regress&#227;o polinomial local para determinar os percentis de risco. Valores de p bilateral &lt; 0,050 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Nossa amostra incluiu 54.145 atendimentos (72% do sexo masculino, idade mediana [intervalo interquartil] 48 [43; 53] anos). Constru&#237;mos gr&#225;ficos espec&#237;ficos por sexo tra&#231;ando a idade contra o risco de DCVA correspondente aos percentis 10, 25, 50, 75 e 90. A maioria dos homens at&#233; 47 anos e mulheres at&#233; 59 anos acima do percentil 75 apresentaram risco em 10 anos &lt; 5%. Indiv&#237;duos com baixo risco em 10 anos e percentil de risco &#8805; 75 apresentaram alta preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e n&#237;veis medianos (intervalos interquartis) de LDL-colesterol de 136 (109; 158) mg/dL (sexo masculino) e 126 (105; 147) mg/dL (sexo feminino).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Estabelecemos percentis de risco de DCVA segundo sexo e idade em uma grande amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Essa abordagem pode aumentar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre o risco e ajudar a identificar pessoas mais jovens com baixo risco em 10 anos que podem se beneficiar de um controle mais agressivo dos fatores de risco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco de Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>303734/2018-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular &#233; uma etapa fundamental para orientar estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cl&#237;nicos. O uso de escores de risco &#233; amplamente recomendado pelas diretrizes de dislipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Tanto a decis&#227;o de iniciar um medicamento hipolipemiante quanto as metas de colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) s&#227;o estabelecidas a partir do risco absoluto de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) em 10 anos. No entanto, a express&#227;o do risco absoluto pode ser de dif&#237;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o para os pacientes, comprometendo a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do risco e a ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, a categoriza&#231;&#227;o de risco pode ser enganosa. Pessoas mais jovens com fatores de risco graves e n&#227;o controlados podem ser rotuladas como de baixo risco devido &#224; idade, mas podem ter um risco muito maior do que seus similares do mesmo sexo e idade, especialmente a longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Uma proposta para melhorar a comunica&#231;&#227;o sobre o risco &#233; informar como o risco do paciente se compara com o risco de outras pessoas semelhantes. Esse procedimento pode ser feito calculando os percentis da distribui&#231;&#227;o de risco de DCVA espec&#237;ficos para sexo e idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No Brasil, at&#233; onde sabemos, os percentis de risco de DCVA por sexo e idade, de acordo com escores contempor&#226;neos, n&#227;o foram determinados. No presente estudo, procuramos determinar esses percentis usando as equa&#231;&#245;es das coortes agrupadas do American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> em uma grande amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Tamb&#233;m caracterizamos indiv&#237;duos com percentis de risco mais altos para sexo e idade (considerados candidatos a medidas preventivas mais agressivas), mas com baixo risco calculado em 10 anos, que podem n&#227;o ser identificados pelas diretrizes e n&#227;o receber aconselhamento e tratamento adequados. Finalmente, desenvolvemos uma ferramenta de planilha para calcular facilmente o risco de DCVA em 10 anos e o percentil correspondente para sexo e idade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo &#233; uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de indiv&#237;duos que realizaram avalia&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de de rotina no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (S&#227;o Paulo-SP, Brasil). Tipicamente, nossos pacientes s&#227;o saud&#225;veis e v&#234;m ao servi&#231;o uma vez por ano. O programa de avalia&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de inclui anamnese, exame f&#237;sico por um cl&#237;nico e coleta de sangue, entre v&#225;rios procedimentos, conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Dados cl&#237;nicos, demogr&#225;ficos, antropom&#233;tricos e laboratoriais s&#227;o coletados em um banco de dados.</p>
        <p>Inclu&#237;mos todos os atendimentos que aconteceram entre 1&#186; de janeiro de 2010 e 31 de dezembro de 2020. Quando um indiv&#237;duo compareceu ao servi&#231;o mais de uma vez, foram inclu&#237;dos todos os atendimentos. As palavras &#8220;casos&#8221; e &#8220;atendimentos&#8221; s&#227;o usadas como sin&#244;nimos neste estudo.</p>
        <p>Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de interesse foi a de indiv&#237;duos sem condi&#231;&#245;es de alto risco para os quais as diretrizes contempor&#226;neas recomendam o uso de escores para estratificar o risco e orientar a terapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Dessa forma, exclu&#237;mos casos na presen&#231;a de qualquer um dos seguintes fatores:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>DCVA cl&#237;nica conhecida (por exemplo, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico de origem ateroscler&#243;tica ou procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o arterial);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>diabetes mellitus (diagn&#243;stico autorreferido, glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dL ou hemoglobina glicada &#8805; 6,5%);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada &lt; 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (de acordo com as equa&#231;&#245;es para taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular da Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration de 2021);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>LDL-c (ou LDL-c estimado sem medica&#231;&#227;o) &#8805; 190 mg/dL;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>idade &lt; 40 anos ou &gt; 75 anos (fora da faixa-alvo para o uso das equa&#231;&#245;es das coortes agrupadas, conforme recomendado pela diretriz da AHA/ACC de 2018);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>valores faltantes que n&#227;o permitiram o c&#225;lculo do risco de DCVA.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Quando o participante referia uso de hipolipemiante (quase sempre uma estatina), estimamos o n&#237;vel de LDL-c sem medica&#231;&#227;o multiplicando o LDL-c por um fator de convers&#227;o de 1,69, correspondendo a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 41% do LDL-c, que &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia proporcionada por uma dose di&#225;ria de 40 mg de sinvastatina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Essa dose de estatina foi escolhida com base na recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias de usar um fator de convers&#227;o para estimar o n&#237;vel de colesterol total sem medica&#231;&#227;o em usu&#225;rios de estatina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (S&#227;o Paulo-SP, Brasil, CAAE 49545221.0.0000.0071). O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica aprovou a dispensa do consentimento informado por escrito com base na inviabilidade de obter o consentimento de milhares de participantes retrospectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo &#233; meramente observacional e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados n&#227;o permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estimativa do risco de DCVA em 10 anos</title>
        <p>As equa&#231;&#245;es das coortes agrupadas do ACC/AHA predizem o risco em 10 anos de eventos graves de DCVA (morte coronariana, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, acidente vascular cerebral fatal ou n&#227;o fatal) a partir das seguintes vari&#225;veis: sexo, idade, ra&#231;a, n&#237;veis de colesterol total e de colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo, presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus e presen&#231;a de tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Utilizamos as equa&#231;&#245;es para a ra&#231;a branca, pois a grande maioria de nossos pacientes &#233; branca e n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a ra&#231;a de cada indiv&#237;duo. Quando o paciente estava tomando um hipolipemiante, o valor do colesterol total foi multiplicado por 1,43 para estimar o n&#237;vel sem o medicamento, conforme procedimento recomendado pela Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Esse fator de convers&#227;o &#233; derivado de dados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e corresponde aproximadamente a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 31% no n&#237;vel de colesterol total proporcionada por uma dose di&#225;ria de 40 mg de sinvastatina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a medica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica e a dosagem utilizadas pelos participantes deste estudo n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis.</p>
        <p>As categorias de risco foram definidas de acordo com a diretriz de colesterol da AHA/ACC de 2018 da maneira seguinte: risco baixo, lim&#237;trofe, intermedi&#225;rio e alto se o risco de DCVA em 10 anos foi &lt; 5%, entre 5% e &lt; 7,5%, entre 7,5% e &lt; 20%, e &#8805; 20%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n&#250;mero de observa&#231;&#245;es e porcentagens, enquanto as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como medianas e intervalos interquartis ou m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o. Os dados foram comparados usando o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas), an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de uma via (ANOVA, vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis (vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal). O teste post-hoc de Games-Howell foi realizado ap&#243;s a ANOVA, pois n&#227;o assume vari&#226;ncias e tamanhos amostrais iguais. O m&#233;todo Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner foi usado em compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas ap&#243;s o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Na compara&#231;&#227;o de amostras pareadas, utilizamos o teste de McNemar (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas), o teste t de amostras pareadas (vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) e o teste de Wilcoxon (vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal). A normalidade foi avaliada por inspe&#231;&#227;o visual de histogramas e gr&#225;ficos quantil-quantil. Valores de p &lt; 0,050 em testes bicaudais foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo dos percentis da distribui&#231;&#227;o de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica</title>
        <p>O m&#233;todo para determinar os percentis da distribui&#231;&#227;o do risco de DCVA segundo sexo e idade foi baseado nos procedimentos descritos para calcular os percentis da distribui&#231;&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CAC) no Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e no Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>As an&#225;lises para cada sexo foram realizadas separadamente.</title>
        <p>Primeiro, estimamos o risco de DCVA em 10 anos transformado em log para cada idade usando uma regress&#227;o polinomial local com suaviza&#231;&#227;o (LOESS, do ingl&#234;s <italic>locally estimated scatterplot smoothing</italic>), com banda (span) de 0,7. A raz&#227;o para transformar o risco em log reside no fato de que a distribui&#231;&#227;o do risco &#233; muito assim&#233;trica. Em seguida, calculamos os res&#237;duos dos riscos log-transformados, significando a diferen&#231;a entre cada observa&#231;&#227;o e o valor estimado para a idade pelo modelo de regress&#227;o. Os res&#237;duos nas vizinhan&#231;as de cada idade foram classificados e utilizados para a determina&#231;&#227;o dos percentis. O percentil <italic>x</italic> para uma determinada idade <italic>y</italic> foi o risco log-transformado estimado para essa idade adicionado ao percentil <italic>x</italic> dos res&#237;duos na vizinhan&#231;a de <italic>y</italic>, que foi arbitrariamente definido como um intervalo de 5 anos reunindo observa&#231;&#245;es suficientes para permitir uma determina&#231;&#227;o precisa dos percentis. Por exemplo, para determinar os percentis de indiv&#237;duos de 50 anos, reunimos e classificamos os res&#237;duos de pessoas de 48 a 52 anos. Finalmente, os percentis 10, 25, 50, 75 e 90 de cada idade foram retro-transformados para os riscos correspondentes de DCVA.</p>
        <p>Em seguida, plotamos a idade contra o risco de DCVA correspondente aos percentis 10, 25, 50, 75 e 90. Linhas de tend&#234;ncia polinomiais de sexto grau para cada um dos percentis foram adicionadas ao gr&#225;fico e os valores correspondentes de R-quadrado foram determinados.</p>
        <p>Definimos arbitrariamente alto percentil de risco como sendo percentil &#8805; 75, significando um grupo que pode se beneficiar de um controle mais agressivo dos fatores de risco, independentemente do risco calculado de DCVA.</p>
        <p>Por fim, constru&#237;mos uma ferramenta que calcula o risco de DCVA em 10 anos pelas equa&#231;&#245;es das coortes agrupadas e o percentil correspondente de acordo com sexo e idade com base na distribui&#231;&#227;o de risco em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo.</p>
        <p>O software R vers&#227;o 4.0.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Viena, &#193;ustria) e Microsoft&#174; Excel&#174; para Microsoft 365 MSO (Vers&#227;o 2202) foram usados para gerenciamento dos dados, determina&#231;&#227;o dos percentis, constru&#231;&#227;o dos gr&#225;ficos e desenvolvimento da calculadora.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> apresenta o fluxograma dos casos inclu&#237;dos e exclu&#237;dos. A amostra final compreendeu 54.145 atendimentos de 28.884 participantes (m&#233;dia de 1,9 atendimentos por indiv&#237;duo, variando de 1 a 12 atendimentos).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma dos casos inclu&#237;dos e exclu&#237;dos. As exclus&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o mutuamente exclusivas. * Em participantes que relataram uso de medicamento hipolipemiante, foi considerado um n&#237;vel estimado de LDL-c sem medica&#231;&#227;o. DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; DM: diabetes mellitus; HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220552-20552-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo foi caracterizada por uma preponder&#226;ncia do sexo masculino (72%) e de indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade com baixo risco de DCVA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas basais de acordo com a categoria de risco de DCVA s&#227;o apresentadas na Tabela Suplementar 1. O n&#250;mero de pacientes do sexo masculino e feminino na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, de acordo com a idade, est&#225; detalhado na Tabela Suplementar 2.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Geral (n = 54.145)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Masculino (n = 39.091)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Feminino (n = 15.054)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (43, 53)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (43, 53)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (43, 52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,4 (24,1; 29,0)</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 (24,9; 29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">24,5 (22,3; 27,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso/obesidade*</td>
                <td align="center">35.892 (66%)</td>
                <td align="center">29.033 (74%)</td>
                <td align="center">6.859 (46%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">14.199 (26%)</td>
                <td align="center">11.759 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">2.440 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (110; 123)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (110; 125)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (102; 120)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70; 80)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70; 80)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (70; 80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medicamento hipolipemiante</td>
                <td align="center">7.410 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">6.323 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.087 (7,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">189 (167; 214)</td>
                <td align="center">189 (166; 214)</td>
                <td align="center">188 (167; 211)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (94; 137)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (96; 139)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (90; 130)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (40; 58)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (39; 53)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (49; 69)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (78; 153)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (86; 165)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (65; 118)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (81; 92)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (83; 93)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (78; 88)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c (%)&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 (5,2; 5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 (5,2; 5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 (5,2; 5,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">3.881 (7,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">2.955 (7,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">926 (6,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco de DCVA em 10 anos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,3 (1,1; 4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 (1,7; 5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 (0,4; 1,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Categoria de risco de DCVA</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">41.506 (77%)</td>
                <td align="center">27.036 (69%)</td>
                <td align="center">14.470 (96%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lim&#237;trofe</td>
                <td align="center">5.693 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">5.355 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">338 (2,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">6.479 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">6.251 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">228 (1,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alto</td>
                <td align="center">467 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">449 (1,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (0,1%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Dados expressos como mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou frequ&#234;ncia (%). * IMC &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. &#8224; Com base em 45.533 (84,1%) casos com informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis. DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A Tabela Suplementar 3 mostra uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre os primeiros e &#250;ltimos atendimentos entre 21.178 indiv&#237;duos com avalia&#231;&#245;es repetidas. A propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes usando medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante ou anti-hipertensiva aumentou; o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de LDL-c diminuiu e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia permaneceu dentro dos limites normais.</p>
      <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o do risco de DCVA em 10 anos de acordo com a idade &#233; mostrada na Figura Suplementar 1 (sexo masculino) e na Figura Suplementar 2 (sexo feminino). Os valores correspondentes aos percentis 10, 25, 50, 75 e 90 da distribui&#231;&#227;o do risco de DCVA em 10 anos, segundo sexo e idade, dados pela regress&#227;o LOESS, s&#227;o apresentados na Tabela Suplementar 4. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> graficamente representa esses pontos com as resultantes curvas de percentis.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curvas de percentis do risco de DCVA em 10 anos, segundo sexo e idade. P10, P25, P50, P75 e P90 representam os percentis 10, 25, 50, 75 e 90, respectivamente. Linhas de tend&#234;ncia polinomiais de sexto grau s&#227;o exibidas. Todos os R-quadrado s&#227;o &#8805; 0,9992. DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220552-20552-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Entre os casos no percentil de risco &#8805; 75, a maioria dos homens at&#233; a idade de 47 anos e quase metade daqueles na idade de 48 anos estavam na categoria de baixo risco de DCVA em 10 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). Entre as mulheres no percentil &#8805; 75, a maioria at&#233; a idade de 59 anos e quase 40% daquelas com 60 anos eram de baixo risco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o das categorias de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica em 10 anos segundo sexo e idade entre indiv&#237;duos no percentil de risco &#8805; 75.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220552-20552-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos com baixo risco de DCVA em 10 anos e percentil de risco &#8805; 75 est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, Tabelas Suplementares 5 e 7 (de acordo com o tabagismo) e Tabelas Suplementares 6 e 8 (de acordo com a aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial). Esse subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade foi caracterizado por maior preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso, hipertens&#227;o arterial e tabagismo em compara&#231;&#227;o com toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. O n&#237;vel mediano de HDL-c estava abaixo do ideal em ambos os sexos e o n&#237;vel mediano dos triglic&#233;rides estava elevado no sexo masculino. A mediana (intervalo interquartil) dos valores de LDL-c foi de 114 (98; 132) mg/dL e 113 (93; 130) mg/dL em homens e mulheres fumantes, respectivamente, e 133 (107; 154) mg/dL e 122 (101; 142) mg/dL em homens e mulheres com hipertens&#227;o arterial, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos com baixo risco de DCVA em 10 anos e percentil de risco &#8805; 75, segundo sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Masculino (n = 4.264)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Feminino (n = 3.625)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (41; 46)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (42; 50)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 (26,1; 30,7)</td>
                <td align="center">26,4 (23,8; 29,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso/obesidade*</td>
                <td align="center">3.643 (85%)</td>
                <td align="center">2.349 (65%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">1.690 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.164 (32%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (118; 130)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (110; 125)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (80; 86)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70; 80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">212 (185; 235)</td>
                <td align="center">200 (177; 223)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">136 (109; 158)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (105; 147)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (34; 44)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (41; 56)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">171 (126; 235)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (84; 156)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (83; 94)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (79; 90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 (5,2; 5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 (5,2; 5,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">642 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">721 (20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco de DCVA em 10 anos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,26 (2,49; 4,04)</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 (0,83; 2,25)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Dados expressos como mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou frequ&#234;ncia (%). * IMC &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A calculadora do risco de DCVA em 10 anos est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para download como um arquivo Microsoft<sup>&#174;</sup> Excel<sup>&#174;</sup> suplementar. A ferramenta automaticamente calcula e exibe graficamente o percentil de risco de DCVA para o sexo e idade correspondentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). O usu&#225;rio tamb&#233;m pode estimar o n&#237;vel de colesterol total quando o paciente estiver tomando medicamentos hipolipemiantes.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Determinando Percentis do Risco Cardiovascular Ateroscler&#243;tico de acordo com Sexo e Idade numa Popula&#231;&#227;o Saud&#225;vel Brasileira</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da ferramenta em Microsoft Excel para calcular o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica em 10 anos e o percentil para sexo e idade. No exemplo descrito, o risco em 10 anos n&#227;o &#233; alto, mas o percentil para sexo e idade &#233; maior que 75. Tamb&#233;m &#233; poss&#237;vel prever o risco futuro em 10 anos se o paciente persistir no mesmo percentil. Os percentis podem facilitar a comunica&#231;&#227;o de risco, aumentar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do paciente, ajudar o m&#233;dico a aconselhar o paciente e contribuir para decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas compartilhadas.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220552-20552-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Estabelecemos percentis da distribui&#231;&#227;o de risco de DCVA em 10 anos espec&#237;ficos para sexo e idade, de acordo com as equa&#231;&#245;es das coortes agrupadas do ACC/AHA, em uma grande amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Verificamos que a maioria dos homens at&#233; 47 anos e mulheres at&#233; 59 anos acima do percentil 75 de risco tinham um risco em 10 anos &lt; 5% (categoria de baixo risco), um limiar frequentemente usado para adiar a terapia com estatina na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria com LDL-c abaixo de 190 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m fornecemos uma calculadora f&#225;cil de usar para o risco de DCVA e o percentil correspondente para sexo e idade, o que pode facilitar o uso cl&#237;nico desta abordagem (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>O presente estudo pode ser inserido em um contexto mais amplo de como eficientemente comunicar o risco cardiovascular estimado, o que &#233; fundamental para o engajamento do paciente e a implementa&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida de a&#231;&#245;es preventivas, especialmente no cen&#225;rio de decis&#245;es compartilhadas. Muitas pessoas podem ver o risco absoluto como um n&#250;mero abstrato e sem sentido. Al&#233;m disso, a percep&#231;&#227;o err&#244;nea do risco &#233; comum, inclusive entre indiv&#237;duos que frequentaram nosso servi&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Do ponto de vista do paciente, saber como seu risco se compara a seus pares pode aumentar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do risco quando o percentil for alto.</p>
      <p>Outra proposta para facilitar a compreens&#227;o do risco cardiovascular &#233; calcular a "idade card&#237;aca" ou "idade vascular" como sin&#244;nimo da idade de algu&#233;m do mesmo sexo com o mesmo risco previsto, mas todos os fatores de risco em faixas normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> De fato, a express&#227;o do risco como a idade card&#237;aca tem se mostrado eficaz no controle dos fatores de risco em compara&#231;&#227;o com a informa&#231;&#227;o do risco absoluto ou orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica convencional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A idade vascular, entretanto, pode ser criticada por ser um c&#225;lculo grosseiro, visto que se baseia em valores normais escolhidos arbitrariamente. Al&#233;m disso, o conceito de idade card&#237;aca n&#227;o envolve uma compara&#231;&#227;o direta com os pares. Portanto, a idade vascular e os percentis de risco s&#227;o intrinsecamente diferentes e ambos se complementam na tarefa de otimizar a comunica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
      <p>No contexto da preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, os percentis de risco compartilham semelhan&#231;as com os percentis de CAC espec&#237;ficos para idade, sexo e ra&#231;a/etnia, que podem orientar as decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, o conhecimento do percentil de risco pode refinar o atendimento ao paciente, auxiliando os profissionais de sa&#250;de na decis&#227;o sobre a intensidade das estrat&#233;gias preventivas, a frequ&#234;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica/laboratorial ou a necessidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco complementar, por exemplo, com investiga&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Os percentis de risco podem ser particularmente &#250;teis em jovens nos quais o risco calculado em 10 anos pode ser baixo mesmo na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco, porque a idade &#233; o principal determinante do risco. Nossas an&#225;lises identificam homens na faixa dos 40 anos e mulheres at&#233; aproximadamente 60 anos como faixas et&#225;rias nas quais um alto percentil de risco &#233; mais frequentemente associado a um baixo risco em 10 anos. Propostas para orientar medidas preventivas, como a terapia com estatina, em indiv&#237;duos com baixo risco em 10 anos incluem a estimativa do risco de longo prazo e a redu&#231;&#227;o do limiar de risco de 10 anos para classificar jovens como de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O uso de percentis de risco com base na distribui&#231;&#227;o de risco em 10 anos, como forma de espelhar indiretamente o risco ao longo da vida, pode ser visto como outra possibilidade atraente. Al&#233;m disso, mostramos que os indiv&#237;duos de baixo risco/alto percentil de risco frequentemente t&#234;m excesso de peso e outras anormalidades metab&#243;licas, o que &#233; consistente com a evid&#234;ncia que associa a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica ao risco de DCVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Por outro lado, estes indiv&#237;duos geralmente n&#227;o t&#234;m LDL-c muito elevado, especialmente na presen&#231;a de tabagismo ou hipertens&#227;o arterial. Portanto, uma estrat&#233;gia de inicia&#231;&#227;o de estatina baseada apenas em n&#237;veis muito altos de LDL-c ou limiares de risco em 10 anos excluiria muitas pessoas com alto risco a longo prazo. Essa quest&#227;o torna-se mais relevante no contexto de chamadas para usar preferencialmente a predi&#231;&#227;o do risco ao longo da vida em vez do risco em 10 anos e tratar o risco de DCVA de forma mais intensa e precoce na vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Com base nas equa&#231;&#245;es das coortes agrupadas, Navar et al. estabeleceram percentis de risco de DCVA para sexo, idade e ra&#231;a na popula&#231;&#227;o dos Estados Unidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Podem ser observadas algumas diferen&#231;as com nossos resultados. Por exemplo, Navar et al. relataram os seguintes percentis 25, 50 e 75 para homens n&#227;o negros de 55 anos: 4,9%, 7,0% e 10,2%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, os respectivos percentis foram 4,7%, 6,0% e 7,8%. Na popula&#231;&#227;o dos Estados Unidos, os percentis 25, 50 e 75 para mulheres n&#227;o negras de 65 anos foram 5,1%, 6,9% e 9,9%, respectivamente, enquanto os respectivos n&#250;meros foram 4,6%, 5,4% e 7,4% em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Embora ambos estudos tenham utilizado abordagens metodol&#243;gicas diferentes para determinar os percentis, essas diferen&#231;as podem refletir uma distribui&#231;&#227;o de risco verdadeiramente diversa nas popula&#231;&#245;es, refor&#231;ando as limita&#231;&#245;es de extrapolar os resultados de um pa&#237;s para outro.</p>
      <p>Uma quest&#227;o relevante em nossa an&#225;lise se refere &#224; forma de lidar com participantes em uso de medicamento hipolipemiante. Ao contr&#225;rio da medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, o uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes n&#227;o &#233; uma vari&#225;vel nas equa&#231;&#245;es das coortes agrupadas, pois essa terapia era relativamente incomum nas coortes de deriva&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A simples exclus&#227;o desses indiv&#237;duos de nossas an&#225;lises agiria contra o objetivo do estudo, que era determinar os percentis de risco em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo. Imputar o valor de colesterol total com medica&#231;&#227;o na equa&#231;&#227;o de risco pode ser enganoso, subestimando o risco verdadeiro. Assim, optamos por usar um n&#237;vel estimado de colesterol total sem medica&#231;&#227;o no c&#225;lculo de risco, conforme recomendado pela mais recente diretriz brasileira sobre dislipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Acreditamos que essa abordagem foi a mais adequada para estabelecer percentis de risco populacional que podem ajudar os m&#233;dicos cl&#237;nicos a decidir se a terapia com estatina deve ser iniciada, um dos principais usos pr&#225;ticos da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de DCVA.</p>
      <p>Um ponto forte do nosso estudo &#233; que ele avalia uma grande amostra contempor&#226;nea, o que nos permitiu conduzir an&#225;lises espec&#237;ficas por sexo e idade. No entanto, v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser destacadas. Primeiro, as equa&#231;&#245;es das coortes agrupadas n&#227;o foram validadas nem calibradas na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Em particular, os efeitos independentes de ra&#231;a, um componente-chave das equa&#231;&#245;es das coortes agrupadas, em eventos cardiovasculares no Brasil s&#227;o amplamente desconhecidos. Lotufo e Bense&#241;or relataram maiores taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular total e acidente vascular cerebral ajustadas por idade em pessoas negras;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> no entanto, essas an&#225;lises n&#227;o foram ajustadas para outros fatores de risco, como hipertens&#227;o arterial, colesterol total e tabagismo. Em segundo lugar, nossa amostra, composta em sua maioria por indiv&#237;duos brancos de alto n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico que frequentaram um servi&#231;o privado em uma grande cidade da Regi&#227;o Sudeste, est&#225; longe de ser representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. V&#225;rios estudos relatam uma menor carga de anormalidades lip&#237;dicas e de press&#227;o arterial elevada em subgrupos com n&#237;veis socioecon&#244;micos ou educacionais mais elevados no Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> o que pode ser, pelo menos em parte, explicado pelo uso mais frequente de medicamentos preventivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, esse efeito do tratamento &#233; provavelmente atenuado, pois a medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva j&#225; &#233; uma vari&#225;vel nas equa&#231;&#245;es das coortes agrupadas, e aplicamos um fator de convers&#227;o para estimar o n&#237;vel de colesterol total sem medica&#231;&#227;o. As taxas de tabagismo no Brasil tamb&#233;m diminuem com o aumento de anos de escolaridade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Reconhecemos ainda que existem diferen&#231;as regionais na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Todos esses fatores potencialmente modificam os percentis de risco; portanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio praticar cautela ao aplicar os resultados deste estudo em outros cen&#225;rios. Finalmente, a estimativa do risco cardiovascular por escores &#233; apenas o primeiro passo na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco. Os m&#233;dicos cl&#237;nicos devem ter em mente que v&#225;rios fatores n&#227;o contemplados nas equa&#231;&#245;es de risco, como obesidade, hist&#243;ria familiar de DCVA prematura, marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e CAC podem ser usados para identificar pessoas sob risco.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Estabelecemos percentis da distribui&#231;&#227;o do risco de DCVA em 10 anos para sexo e idade em uma amostra grande, embora n&#227;o representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. A maioria dos homens at&#233; 47 anos de idade e mulheres at&#233; 59 anos acima do percentil 75 s&#227;o categorizados como indiv&#237;duos de baixo risco pela Diretriz sobre o Manejo do Colesterol Sangu&#237;neo da AHA/ACC de 2018. As pessoas de baixo risco/alto percentil de risco frequentemente apresentam anormalidades metab&#243;licas e n&#237;veis de LDL-c n&#227;o muito elevados. Esses indiv&#237;duos provavelmente t&#234;m alto risco de DCVA a longo prazo e podem ser candidatos a um controle mais agressivo dos fatores de risco, incluindo o in&#237;cio precoce da terapia com estatinas. A express&#227;o de percentis de risco pode melhorar a comunica&#231;&#227;o do risco, aumentar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e a ades&#227;o a estrat&#233;gias preventivas, e facilitar processos de tomada de decis&#227;o compartilhada.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>RDS recebe bolsa de pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Brasil, n&#186; 303734/2018-3.</p>
    </ack>
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              <surname>Andrade</surname>
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          <article-title>Prevalence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Associated Factors Among Adults from the Semi-Arid Region of Pernambuco, Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
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          <source>Vigitel Brasil 2019: Vigil&#226;ncia de Fatores de Risco e Prote&#231;&#227;o para Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas por Inqu&#233;rito Telef&#244;nico</source>
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        <mixed-citation>28. Lotufo PA, Santos RD, Figueiredo RM, Pereira AC, Mill JG, Alvim SM, et al. Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of High Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Brazil: Baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10(3):568-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.12.029.</mixed-citation>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12006/2022-0552-material-suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Determining Percentiles of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk According to Sex and Age in a Healthy Brazilian Population</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kashiwagi</surname>
            <given-names>Nea Miwa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minanni</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Fernando Yue Cesena &#8226; Cenocor - Rua Dr. Ramos de Azevedo, 159, sala 1510. Postal Code 07012020, Guarulhos, SP - Brazil E-mail: cesenaf@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>CAM received support for scientific activities from Novo Nordisk. RDS has received honoraria related to consulting, research, and/or speaker activities from Abbott, Ache, Amgen, Amryt, AstraZeneca, Biolab, Esperion, Getz Pharma, Kowa, Libbs, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Merck, Pfizer, PTC Therapeutics, and Sanofi. Other authors have nothing to disclose.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Expressing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) as percentiles of the distribution according to sex and age may provide a better perception of the risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To determine percentiles of the 10-year ASCVD risk distribution according to sex and age in a sample of the Brazilian population; to characterize individuals at low 10-year risk but high risk percentile.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We analyzed individuals aged 40 to 75 years who underwent routine health evaluations from 2010 to 2020. Persons with known clinical ASCVD, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, or LDL-cholesterol &#8805; 190 mg/dL were excluded. The 10-year ASCVD risk was calculated by the ACC/AHA pooled cohort equations. Local polynomial regression was used to determine risk percentiles. Two-sided p-values &lt; 0.050 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Our sample comprised 54,145 visits (72% male, median age [interquartile range] 48 [43, 53] years). We constructed sex-specific graphs plotting age against ASCVD risk corresponding to the 10<sup>th</sup>, 25<sup>th</sup>, 50<sup>th</sup>, 75<sup>th</sup>, and 90<sup>th</sup> percentiles. Most males up to 47 years and females up to 59 years above the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile had a 10-year risk &lt; 5%. Individuals at low 10-year risk and risk percentile &#8805; 75<sup>th</sup> had a high prevalence of excess weight and median (interquartile range) LDL-cholesterol levels 136 (109, 158) mg/dL (males) and 126 (105, 147) mg/dL (females).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> We established ASCVD risk percentiles according to sex and age in a large sample of the Brazilian population. This approach may increase risk awareness and help identify younger persons at low 10-year risk who may benefit from more aggressive risk factor control.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Disease Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular risk stratification is a fundamental step to guide strategies to prevent clinical events. The use of risk scores is widely recommended by dyslipidemia guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Both the decision to initiate a lipid-lowering drug and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) targets are established from the absolute 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, the expression of the absolute risk may be difficult for patients to interpret, compromising the awareness of risk and adherence to treatment. Also, risk categorization may be misleading. Younger persons with severe, uncontrolled risk factors may be labeled as low-risk because of age, but may have a much higher risk than their counterparts of the same sex and age, especially in the long term.</p>
        <p>A proposal to improve risk communication is informing how the patient&#180;s risk compares with the risk of other similar persons. This procedure can be done by calculating sex- and age-specific percentiles of ASCVD risk distribution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In Brazil, to the best of our knowledge, percentiles of ASCVD risk for sex and age, according to contemporaneous scores, have not been determined. In this study, we sought to establish these percentiles, using the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) pooled cohort equations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in a large sample of the Brazilian population. We also characterized individuals at higher risk percentiles for sex and age (deemed candidates for more aggressive preventive measures), but at low calculated 10-year risk, who may be missed by guidelines and not adequately advised and treated. Finally, we developed a spreadsheet tool to easily calculate the 10-year ASCVD risk and the corresponding percentile for sex and age.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Design and study population</title>
          <p>This study is a retrospective analysis of individuals who underwent a routine health evaluation at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil). Typically, our patients are healthy and come to the service once a year. The health evaluation program includes anamnesis, physical examination by a clinician, and blood collection, among several procedures, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Clinical, demographic, anthropometric, and laboratory data are collected in a database.</p>
          <p>We included all the visits that happened between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2020. When one individual visited the service more than once, all the visits were included. &#8220;Cases&#8221; and &#8220;visits&#8221; are used as synonyms in this study.</p>
          <p>Our population of interest was individuals without high-risk conditions for whom the contemporary guidelines recommend the use of scores to risk stratify and guide the therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Accordingly, we excluded cases in the presence of any of the following factors:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>known clinical ASCVD (e.g., previous myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke of atherosclerotic origin, or arterial revascularization procedure);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>diabetes mellitus (self-reported diagnosis, fasting glycemia &#8805; 126 mg/dL, or glycated hemoglobin &#8805; 6.5%);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (according to the 2021 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration Equations for Glomerular Filtration Rate);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>LDL-c (or estimated LDL-c without medication) &#8805; 190 mg/dL;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>age &lt; 40 years or &gt; 75 years (out of the target range for the use of the pooled cohort equations as recommended by the 2018 AHA/ACC guideline);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>missing values not allowing calculation of ASCVD risk.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>When the participant reported use of a lipid-lowering drug (almost always a statin), we estimated the LDL-c level without medication by multiplying the LDL-c by a conversion factor of 1.69, corresponding to a 41% LDL-c reduction, which is the mean change provided by a daily dose of simvastatin 40 mg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This statin dose was chosen on the basis of a recommendation by the Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemia to use a conversion factor to estimate the total cholesterol level without medication in statin users.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil, CAAE 49545221.0.0000.0071). The Ethics Committee approved a waiver of the written informed consent based on the unfeasibility of obtaining the consent of thousands of participants retrospectively. Moreover, the study is merely observational, and the presentation of results does not allow the identification of subjects.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estimation of the 10-year ASCVD risk</title>
          <p>The ACC/AHA pooled cohort equations predict the 10-year risk of hard ASCVD events (coronary death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal stroke) from the following variables: sex, age, race, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, presence of diabetes mellitus, and presence of smoking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> We used the equations for the White race since the great majority of our patients are White, and the information on each individual&#8217;s race was not available. When the individual was taking a lipid-lowering drug, the total cholesterol value was multiplied by 1.43 to estimate a level without the medication, according to the procedure recommended by the Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This conversion factor derives from data from clinical trials<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and approximately corresponds to a 31% reduction in total cholesterol level proportioned by a daily dose of simvastatin 40 mg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Information on specific medication and dosage used by participants in this study was not available.</p>
          <p>Risk categories were defined according to the 2018 AHA/ACC cholesterol guideline as follows: low, borderline, intermediate, and high risk if the 10-year ASCVD risk was &lt; 5%, between 5% and &lt; 7.5%, between 7.5% and &lt; 20%, and &#8805; 20%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data presentation and statistical analyses</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were expressed as the number of observations and percentages, whereas continuous variables were shown as medians and interquartile ranges or means and standard deviations. Data were compared by the Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared test (categorical variables), the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA, continuous variables with normal distribution), and the Kruskal-Wallis test by ranks (continuous variables with non-normal distribution). The Games-Howell post-hoc test was performed after ANOVA as it does not assume equal variances and sample sizes. The Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner method was used in pairwise comparisons after the Kruskal-Wallis test. When comparing paired samples, we used the McNemar test (categorical variables), the paired samples <italic>t</italic>-test (continuous variables with normal distribution), and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (continuous variables with non-normal distribution). Normality was assessed by visual inspection of histograms and quantile-quantile plots. A p-value &lt;0.050 in two-sided tests was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Calculation of the percentiles of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk distribution</title>
          <p>The method to determine the percentiles of the ASCVD risk distribution according to sex and age was based on the procedures described to calculate percentiles of the distribution of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Analyses for each sex were done separately.</title>
          <p>We first estimated the log-transformed 10-year ASCVD risk for each age using locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS), that is, a local polynomial regression, with a span of 0.7. The reason to log-transform the risk resides in the fact that the risk distribution is very skewed. We then calculated the residuals of the log-transformed risks, meaning the difference between each observation and the estimated value for the age by the regression model. The residuals in the vicinity of each age were ranked and used for the determination of the percentiles. The percentile <italic>x</italic> for a given age <italic>y</italic> was the estimated log-transformed risk for that age added to the percentile <italic>x</italic> of the residuals in the vicinity of <italic>y</italic>, which was arbitrarily set as a 5-year range gathering enough observations to allow an accurate determination of the percentiles. For instance, to determine the percentiles for 50-year-old individuals, we put together and ranked the residuals of persons aged 48 to 52 years. Finally, each age's 10<sup>th</sup>, 25<sup>th</sup>, 50<sup>th</sup>, 75<sup>th</sup>, and 90<sup>th</sup> percentiles were back-transformed to the corresponding ASCVD risks.</p>
          <p>Next, we plotted age against the ASCVD risk corresponding to the 10<sup>th</sup>, 25<sup>th</sup>, 50<sup>th</sup>, 75<sup>th</sup>, and 90<sup>th</sup> percentiles. Sixth-degree polynomial trendlines for each of the percentiles were added to the graph and corresponding R-squared values were determined.</p>
          <p>We arbitrarily defined high risk percentile as &#8805; 75<sup>th</sup>, meaning a group that may benefit from more aggressive risk factor control, independently of the calculated ASCVD risk.</p>
          <p>Finally, we constructed a tool that calculates the 10-year ASCVD risk by the pooled cohort equations and the corresponding percentile according to sex and age based on the risk distribution in our study population.</p>
          <p>The R software version 4.0.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and Microsoft&#174; Excel&#174; for Microsoft 365 MSO (Version 2202) were used for data management, determination of the percentiles, graph construction, and the development of the calculator.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> shows the flowchart of included and excluded cases. The final sample comprised 54,145 visits of 28,884 participants (average of 1.9 visits per individual, ranging from 1 to 12 visits).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of included and excluded cases. Exclusions are not mutually exclusive. * In participants reporting use of lipid-lowering medication, an estimated LDL-c level without medication was considered. ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220552-20552-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Our study population was characterized by a preponderance of male sex (72%), middle-aged individuals at low ASCVD risk (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Baseline characteristics according to the ASCVD risk category are shown in Supplemental <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The number of males and females in the study population, according to age, is detailed in Supplemental <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Characteristic</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Overall (n = 54,145)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Males (n = 39,091)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Females (n = 15,054)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (43, 53)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (43, 53)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (43, 52)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.4 (24.1, 29.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.9 (24.9, 29.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.5 (22.3, 27.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight/obesity*</td>
                  <td align="center">35,892 (66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,033 (74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,859 (46%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">14,199 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,759 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,440 (16%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (110, 123)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (110, 125)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (102, 120)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70, 80)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70, 80)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (70, 80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lipid-lowering medication</td>
                  <td align="center">7,410 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,323 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,087 (7.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (167, 214)</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (166, 214)</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (167, 211)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (94, 137)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (96, 139)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (90, 130)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (40, 58)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (39, 53)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (49, 69)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (78, 153)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (86, 165)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (65, 118)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glycemia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (81, 92)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (83, 93)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (78, 88)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c (%)&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4 (5.2, 5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4 (5.2, 5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4 (5.2, 5.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">3,881 (7.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,955 (7.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">926 (6.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10-year ASCVD risk (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3 (1.1, 4.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1 (1.7, 5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 (0.4, 1.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ASCVD risk category</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low</td>
                  <td align="center">41,506 (77%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,036 (69%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,470 (96%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Borderline</td>
                  <td align="center">5,693 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,355 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">338(2.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intermediate</td>
                  <td align="center">6,479 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,251 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">228(1.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High</td>
                  <td align="center">467 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">449 (1.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (0.1%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Data expressed as median (interquartile range) or frequency (%). * BMI &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. &#8224; Based on 45,533 (84.1%) cases with available information. ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of individuals at low 10-year ASCVD risk and risk percentile &#8805; 75<bold>th</bold>, according to sex</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Characteristic</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Males (n = 4,264)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Females (n = 3,625)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (41, 46)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (42, 50)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.2 (26.1, 30.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.4 (23.8, 29.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight/obesity*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,643 (85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,349 (65%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">1,690 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,164 (32%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (118, 130)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (110, 125)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (80, 86)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70, 80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">212 (185, 235)</td>
                  <td align="center">200 (177, 223)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (109, 158)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (105, 147)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (34, 44)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (41, 56)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (126, 235)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (84, 156)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glycemia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (83, 94)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (79, 90)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4 (5.2, 5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4 (5.2, 5.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">642 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">721 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10-year ASCVD risk (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.26 (2.49, 4.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.30 (0.83, 2.25)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Data expressed as median (interquartile range) or frequency (%). * BMI &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Supplemental Table 3 shows a comparison between the first and the last visits among 21,178 individuals with repeated evaluations. The proportion of participants on lipid-lowering or antihypertensive medication increased; the mean LDL-c level decreased, and the average blood pressure remained within normal ranges.</p>
        <p>The distribution of the 10-year ASCVD risk according to age is depicted in Supplemental <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> (males) and Supplemental <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> (females). Values corresponding to the 10<sup>th</sup>, 25<sup>th</sup>, 50<sup>th</sup>, 75<sup>th</sup>, and 90<sup>th</sup> percentiles of the distribution of the 10-year ASCVD risk, according to sex and age, given by the LOESS regression, are shown in the Supplemental Table 4. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> graphically represents these points with the resultant percentile curves.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curves of the 10-year ASCVD risk percentiles, according to sex and age. P10, P25, P50, P75, and P90 represent the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles, respectively. Sixth-degree polynomial trendlines are shown. All R-squared are &#8805; 0.9992. ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220552-20552-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Among cases in the risk percentile &#8805; 75<sup>th</sup>, most males up to the age of 47 years and almost half of those at the age of 48 years were in the category of low 10-year ASCVD risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). Among females in the percentile &#8805; 75<sup>th</sup>, most up to the age of 59 years and almost 40% of those at the age of 60 years were low-risk individuals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of categories of the 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease according to sex and age among individuals in the risk percentile &#8805; 75th.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220552-20552-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The main characteristics of individuals at low 10-year ASCVD risk and risk percentile &#8805; 75<sup>th</sup> are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>, Supplemental Tables 5 and 7 (according to smoking status), and Supplemental Tables 6 and 8 (according to the absence or presence of arterial hypertension). This subgroup of middle-aged individuals was characterized by a higher prevalence of excess weight, arterial hypertension, and smoking compared to the whole study population. Median HDL-c was below ideal values in both sexes and the median triglyceride level was elevated in males. Median (interquartile range) LDL-c values were 114 (98, 132) mg/dL and 113 (93, 130) mg/dL in smoker males and females, respectively, and 133 (107, 154) mg/dL and 122 (101, 142) mg/dL in men and women with arterial hypertension, respectively.</p>
        <p>The calculator of the 10-year ASCVD risk is available for download as a supplemental Microsoft&#174; Excel&#174; file. This tool automatically calculates and graphically displays the ASCVD risk percentile for the corresponding sex and age (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref>). The user can also estimate the total cholesterol level when the patient is taking lipid-lowering drugs.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Determining Percentiles of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk According to Sex and Age in a Healthy Brazilian Population</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Clinical application of the Microsoft Excel tool to calculate the 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and the percentile for sex and age. In the example depicted, the 10-year risk is not high, but the percentile for sex and age is greater than 75<sup>th</sup>. It is also possible to predict future 10-year risk if the patient persists at the same percentile. Percentiles may facilitate risk communication, increase patient awareness, help the physician advise the patient, and contribute to shared treatment decisions.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220552-20552-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>We established sex- and age-specific percentiles of the 10-year ASCVD risk distribution, according to the ACC/AHA pooled cohort equations, in a large sample of the Brazilian population. We found that most males up to 47 years and females up to 59 years above the 75<sup>th</sup> risk percentile had a 10-year risk &lt; 5% (low-risk category), a threshold frequently used to defer statin therapy in primary prevention with LDL-c below 190 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> We also provided an easy-to-use calculator of the ASCVD risk and the corresponding percentile for sex and age, which may facilitate the clinical use of this approach (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref>).</p>
        <p>This study may be placed in a broader context of how to efficiently communicate the estimated cardiovascular risk, which is critical for patient engagement and successful implementation of preventive actions, especially in the scenario of shared decisions. Many people may see the absolute risk as an abstract, nonsense number. In addition, misperception of risk is common, including among individuals who attended our service.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> From the patient&#180;s perspective, knowing how his/her risk compares to peers may increase risk awareness when the percentile is high.</p>
        <p>Another proposal to facilitate the understanding of cardiovascular risk is to calculate the "heart age" or "vascular age" as synonymous with the age of someone of the same sex with the same predicted risk but all risk factors in normal ranges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Indeed, expressing the risk as the heart age has shown to be effective in controlling risk factors compared to informing the absolute risk or conventional medical advice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The vascular age, however, may be criticized for being a gross calculus, given that it is based on arbitrarily chosen normal values. Moreover, the concept of heart age does not involve a direct comparison with peers. Therefore, vascular age and risk percentiles are intrinsically different, and both are complementary in the task of optimizing risk communication.</p>
        <p>In the context of cardiovascular prevention, risk percentiles share similarities with age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-specific CAC score percentiles, which may guide clinical decisions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Similarly, the knowledge of the risk percentile may refine patient care, helping the healthcare provider decide on the intensity of preventive strategies, frequency of medical/laboratory evaluation, or the necessity of complementary risk assessment, e.g., investigation of subclinical atherosclerosis.</p>
        <p>Risk percentiles may be particularly useful in young people whose calculated 10-year risk may be low even in the presence of risk factors, because age is the main determinant of risk. Our analyses identify men in their forties and women up to approximately 60 years as age groups in which a high risk percentile is more often associated with low 10-year risk. Proposals to guide preventive measures such as statin therapy in low 10-year risk individuals include the estimation of long-term risk and reducing the 10-year risk threshold to classify young persons as high-risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The use of risk percentiles based on the 10-year risk distribution, as a way to indirectly mirror the lifetime risk, may be seen as another attractive possibility. Moreover, we showed that individuals in the low risk/high risk percentile frequently have excess weight and other metabolic abnormalities, consistent with the evidence linking metabolic syndrome and ASCVD risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Conversely, these individuals often do not have very elevated LDL-c, especially in the presence of smoking or arterial hypertension. Therefore, a strategy of statin initiation solely based on very high LDL-c levels or 10-year risk thresholds would exclude many persons at high long-term risk. This issue becomes more relevant in the context of calls to preferentially use lifetime instead of 10-year risk prediction and treat ASCVD risk more intensively and earlier in life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Based on the pooled cohort equations, Navar et al. established ASCVD risk percentiles for sex, age, and race in the USA population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Some differences with our results can be noted. For example, Navar et al. reported the following 25<sup>th</sup>, 50<sup>th</sup>, and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles for 55-year-old non-Black males: 4.9%, 7.0%, and 10.2%, respectively. In our population, the respective percentiles were 4.7%, 6.0%, and 7.8%. In the USA population, the 25<sup>th</sup>, 50<sup>th</sup>, and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles for 65-year-old non-Black females were 5.1%, 6.9%, and 9.9%, respectively, while the respective numbers were 4.6%, 5.4%, and 7.4% in our population. Although the two studies used different methodological approaches to determine the percentiles, these differences may reflect a truly diverse risk distribution in the populations, reinforcing the limitations of extrapolating results from one country to another.</p>
        <p>A relevant issue in our analysis refers to the method to deal with participants on lipid-lowering drug. Unlike antihypertensive medication, use of lipid-lowering drugs is not a variable in the pooled cohort equations, as this therapy was relatively uncommon in the derivation cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Simply excluding those individuals from our analyses would act against the purpose of the study, that is, determining the risk percentiles in the whole target population. Imputing the total cholesterol value on medication into the risk equation could be misleading, underestimating the true risk. Thus, we opted to use an estimated total cholesterol level without medication in the risk calculation, as recommended by the most recent Brazilian guideline on dyslipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> We think that this approach was the most suitable for establishing population risk percentiles that may help clinicians decide whether statin therapy should be initiated, one of the main practical uses of ASCVD risk stratification.</p>
        <p>Our study has the strength of evaluating a large, contemporary sample, which allowed us to conduct sex- and age-specific analyses. However, several limitations must be highlighted. First, the pooled cohort equations were neither validated nor calibrated in the Brazilian population. In particular, the independent effects of race, a key component of the pooled cohort equations, on cardiovascular events in Brazil are largely unknown. Lotufo and Bense&#241;or reported higher age-adjusted death rates from total cardiovascular disease and stroke in Black persons;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> however, these analyses were not adjusted for other risk factors such as arterial hypertension, total cholesterol, and smoking. Second, our sample, which mostly comprised White individuals of high socioeconomic status who attended a private service in a large city in the Southeast Region, is far from being representative of the Brazilian population. Several studies report a lower burden of lipid abnormalities and high blood pressure in subgroups with higher socioeconomic or educational levels in Brazil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> which may be at least partially explained by the more frequent use of preventive medications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In our study, this treatment effect is probably attenuated as antihypertensive medication is already a variable in the pooled cohort equations, and we applied a conversion factor to estimate total cholesterol level without medication. Smoking rates in Brazil are also lower as years of schooling increase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> We also acknowledge that there are regional differences in the distribution of risk factors in the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> All these factors potentially modify the risk percentiles; therefore, caution must be exercised when applying the results of this study in other scenarios. Finally, cardiovascular risk estimation by scores is only the first step in risk stratification. Clinicians should bear in mind that several factors not contemplated in the risk equations, such as obesity, family history of premature ASCVD, inflammatory markers, and CAC may be used to identify at-risk persons.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>We established percentiles of the distribution of the 10-year ASCVD risk for sex and age in a large, although not representative sample of the Brazilian population. Most males up to 47 years and females up to 59 years above the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile are categorized as low-risk individuals by the 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol. Persons in the low risk/high risk percentile frequently have metabolic abnormalities and not very elevated LDL-c levels. These individuals very likely have high long-term ASCVD risk and may be candidates for more aggressive risk factor control, including early initiation of statin therapy. Expression of risk percentiles may improve risk communication, increase patient awareness and adherence to preventive strategies, and facilitate shared decision-making processes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>RDS receives a research scholarship from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Portuguese: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico [CNPq]), Brazil, #303734/2018-3.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12006/2022-0552-material-suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding : There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
