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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">LDGxzHYBpYJG8bxCrTLdwWF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000600401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220245</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiopatia Carcinoide: Relato de Caso e Revis&#227;o da Literatura</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1418-9361</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Edielle de Sant`Anna</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6786-233X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Armando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral-Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rizk</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie Itala</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5673-165X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Manuel de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pomarentzeff</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3339-8866</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittar</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Salvadori</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galas</surname>
            <given-names>Filomena Regina Barbosa Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3919-1743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Auler</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Otavio Costa</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hoff</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Marcelo Gehm</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva Costa &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251. CEP 01246-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>Isabela.bispo@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editora-convidada: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220245</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome do Carcinoide Maligno</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Carcinoide</kwd>
        <kwd>Tumores Neuroend&#243;crinos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A S&#237;ndrome Carcinoide (SC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome paraneopl&#225;sica frequentemente diagnosticada em pacientes com tumores neuroend&#243;crinos (TNEs) associados com secre&#231;&#227;o de fatores humorais. Esses fatores incluem a serotonina (5-HT), a qual parece ser a subst&#226;ncia mais comum associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome, al&#233;m de histamina, calicre&#237;na, prostaglandinas e taquicininas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entre os pacientes diagnosticados com TNEs localizados no duodeno e intestino delgado, cerca de 20% ir&#227;o desenvolver SC durante o acompanahmento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de SC est&#225; fortemente associada com maior grau e est&#225;gio do tumor, e associada com menor sobrevida em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes sem SC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sinais e sintomas relacionados &#224; SC incluem rubor, diarreia, dor abdominal, broncoespasmo, pelagra, cardiopatia carcinoide (CC) e fibrose mesent&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A CC &#233; caracterizada pelo envolvimento das v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas direitas (principalmente regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide e pulmonar), levando &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Pacientes com uma alta carga de doen&#231;a, como pacientes com tumores metast&#225;ticos geralmente apresentam cardiopatia. A presen&#231;a de CC est&#225; associada a um pior progn&#243;stico e a altas taxas de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os achados mais comuns da CC est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Cardiopatia Carcinoide: Relato de Caso e Revis&#227;o da Literatura</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>S&#237;ndrome carcinoide (SC): as manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais comuns da SC s&#227;o comprometimento cognitivo, rubor, dispneia/broncoespasmo, pelagra, fibrose mesent&#233;rica, diarreia e cardiopatia carcinoide. No manejo da CC, &#233; importante (a) reconhecer os sintomas, (b) realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, (c) administrar terapia medicamentosa e (d) administrar terapia intervencionista; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; 5HT: serotonina; 5HIAA: &#225;cido 5-hidroxi-indolac&#233;tico; AS: An&#225;logos de Somatostatina; TNEs; Tumores Neuroend&#243;crinos; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220245-20245-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de CC &#233; normalmente confirmado por exame de imagem card&#237;aca e biomarcadores. O manejo dos pacientes com CC &#233; complexo. Enquanto oncologistas t&#234;m como objetivo controlar a doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, reduzir a carga de tumor, e diminuir os n&#237;veis de neuro-horm&#244;nios, cardiologistas atuam na redu&#231;&#227;o de sintomas e da carga da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Determinar o momento mais apropriado para a cirurgia card&#237;aca e a estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica perioperat&#243;ria &#233; essencial para melhorar os desfechos da doen&#231;a. Nesta revis&#227;o, apresentamos o caso cl&#237;nico de um paciente com CC e doen&#231;a valvular grave. Desafios diagn&#243;sticos e a import&#226;ncia do reconhecimento e manejo precoce da doen&#231;a carcinoide s&#227;o pontos chaves na melhoria dos desfechos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente de 21 anos do sexo masculino, sem hist&#243;ria pessoal relevante apresentou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 2017, quando foi diagnosticado com estenose valvar pulmonar e regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide moderada. O paciente submeteu-se &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva pulmonar por uma biopr&#243;tese em outra institui&#231;&#227;o em mar&#231;o de 2017. O paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tico por seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Em seguida, o paciente desenvolveu dispneia progressiva e edema associado a rubor e diarreia. Em 2018, ap&#243;s investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, foi diagnosticado um tumor neuroend&#243;crino no jejuno com meat&#225;stases hep&#225;ticas. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) mostrou regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide grave com folhetos da valva tric&#250;spide fixos e disfun&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Direito (VD). O paciente recebeu diagn&#243;stico de SC, CC e insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita. O tratamento com inje&#231;&#245;es de acetato de lanreotida e diur&#233;ticos orais foi iniciado mensalmente, e o paciente apresentou melhora na classe funcional e controle da doen&#231;a oncol&#243;gica.</p>
      <p>Contudo, em abril de 2021, o paciente foi admitido no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada. O eletrocardiograma mostrou ritmo juncional de 44 bpm e sinais de sobrecarga do VD. Ap&#243;s tratamento com infus&#227;o de inotr&#243;pico (dobutamina), o paciente retornou ao ritmo sinusal. A radiografia de t&#243;rax revelou &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal e congest&#227;o pulmonar. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-B (BNP) foi 338pg/mL (valor de refer&#234;ncia &lt; 100pg/mL), e a de &#225;cido 5-hidroxi-indolac&#233;tico (5-HIAA) foi 30,4mg/24 horas (valor de refer&#234;ncia 2-6 mg/24 horas).</p>
      <p>O paciente submeteu-se &#224; ETT bidimensional e ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, que mostraram c&#226;mara card&#237;aca e v&#225;lvulas esquerdas normais ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ). As c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas (di&#226;metro basal do VD: 41 mm; &#225;rea do &#225;trio direito: 19cm<sup>2</sup>) encontravam-se um pouco aumentadas, e se notava espessamento da parede livre do VD (9mm). A biopr&#243;tese valvular pulmonar apresentou fun&#231;&#227;o e gradientes normais. Os folhetos da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide encontravam-se espessados, im&#243;veis e retra&#237;das, resultando em uma v&#225;lvula sem coapta&#231;&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ). A varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do VD foi de 34%. Com o volume de amostra do Doppler de pulso posicionado no anel tric&#250;spide lateral no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras focado no VD, obteve-se a velocidade de pico sist&#243;lico (VPS) por Doppler tecidual (9,5 cm/s). A excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) foi registrada posicionando-se o cursor do modo M atrav&#233;s da base do anel tric&#250;spide lateral e quantificando seu movimento longitudinal, que foi de 16mm. Esses tr&#234;s par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD encontravam-se no limite inferior de normalidade. Medidas do <italic>strain</italic> do VD (global e da parede livre) apresentaram valores normais de 12,4% e 13,6%, respectivamente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica e transtor&#225;cica bidimensional. A) corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras na s&#237;stole mostrando a v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide aberta e retra&#237;da e a v&#225;lvula mitral fechada; B) corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras na s&#237;stole (foco no ventr&#237;culo direito) mostrando a v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide aberta e retra&#237;da e a v&#225;lvula mitral fechada; C) curva do fluxo tric&#250;spide no Doppler cont&#237;nuo, mostrando uma equaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o entre o &#225;trio direito e o ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220245-20245-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras (foco no ventr&#237;culo direito); quantifica&#231;&#227;o do strain ventricular direito por ecocardiografia speckle-tracking mostrando valores anormais do strain global e do strain da parede livre (12,4% e 13,6%, respectivamente).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220245-20245-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) identificou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita normal (58%). A v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide encontrava-se retra&#237;da e espessada, com mobilidade reduzida, resultando em regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide grave. O &#225;trio direito e o VD apareciam como uma cavidade &#250;nica. As imagens adquiridas bem ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste mostraram realce tardio de gadol&#237;nio na parede atrial direita e padr&#245;es circunferenciais e difusos no VD, compat&#237;veis com fibrose endoc&#225;rdica ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> ). Resultados da angiografia coron&#225;ria por tomografia computadorizada foram normais.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; A e B) cine-resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de quatro c&#226;maras e tr&#234;s c&#226;maras, respectivamente; h&#225; um aumento na espessura da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito e do m&#250;sculo papilar e retra&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide. O &#225;trio direito e o ventr&#237;culo direito aparecem como uma c&#226;mara &#250;nica. O septo interventricular encontra-se deslocado para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sugerindo um aumento do volume ventricular direito. C e D) mostram presen&#231;a de realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (RTG) na regi&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica da parede livre, m&#250;sculo papilar e septo interventricular. N&#227;o se observou RTG no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. E) t&#233;cnica do sangue escuro (dark blood) mostrando aumento da espessura do mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e aus&#234;ncia de edema; F) imagens da transi&#231;&#227;o toracoabdominal mostrando hepatomegalia, m&#250;ltiplos n&#243;dulos hep&#225;ticos e ascite, caracter&#237;stico de tumores neuroend&#243;crinos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220245-20245-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s melhora dos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com o tratamento com diur&#233;tico intravenoso e restri&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quidos, o paciente submeteu-se &#224; embolia arterial das les&#245;es metast&#225;ticas hep&#225;ticas hipervascularizadas. O paciente recebeu alta com melhora cl&#237;nica significativa. Apesar do controle da doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, o paciente foi internado em setembro de 2021 por sintomas persistentes de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide.</p>
      <p>Uma equipe multidisciplinar composta de cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos e cirurgi&#245;es, anestesiologistas e oncologista estabeleceu estrat&#233;gias para reduzir a morbidade cir&#250;rgica, incluindo medidas para prevenir uma crise carcinoide. Infus&#227;o intravenosa cont&#237;nua de octreotida na dose de 100 &#181;&#947;/h foi administrada 12 horas antes da cirurgia e mantida at&#233; 72 horas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. O manejo anest&#233;sico consistiu em terapia hemodin&#226;mica avan&#231;ada e anestesia intravenosa. Vasopressina e epinefrina foram usadas durante a cirurgia e por 48 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia para controlar a s&#237;ndrome vasopl&#233;gica e aumentar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e o inotropismo. &#211;xido n&#237;trico inalat&#243;rio foi usado para reduzir a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, reduzindo a p&#243;s-carga do VD. O paciente recebeu ainda complexo protromb&#237;nico (duas unidades) e albumina (100mL). N&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria transfus&#227;o de sangue.</p>
      <p>Observou-se espessamento do peric&#225;rdio durante a cirurgia, e foi realizada pericardiectomia parcial. Os folhetos da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide n&#227;o foram claramente identificados. Na topografia da v&#225;lvula observou-se somente uma &#225;rea extensa de atrofia e fibrose. Um segmento cil&#237;ndrico de m&#250;sculo papilar foi ressecado e enviado para an&#225;lise anatomopatol&#243;gica, que revelou um endoc&#225;rdio espesso e fibroso ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figuras 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">5</xref> ). A substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide foi realizada usando uma biopr&#243;tese n&#250;mero 25.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Esp&#233;cimes patol&#243;gicos constitu&#237;dos de um segmento cil&#237;ndrico do m&#250;sculo papilar medindo 18mm, com presen&#231;a de tecido esbranqui&#231;ado espesso em uma das extremidades (A). Se&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas transversais do m&#250;sculo papilar revelaram um endoc&#225;rdio fibroso espessado (B; corante tricromo de Masson).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220245-20245-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Se&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas longitudinais do tecido esbranqui&#231;ado na ponta do m&#250;sculo papilar mostra um tecido fibroso denso (A) corante tricromo de Masson), com um foco central de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o, infiltra&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica leve (B- colora&#231;&#227;o de hematoxilina-eosina) e algumas fibras el&#225;sticas irregulares (C- colora&#231;&#227;o de Verhoeff).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220245-20245-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, o paciente desenvolveu choque vasopl&#233;gico com les&#227;o renal aguda, tratada com sucesso com ressuscita&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica e drogas vasoativas sem necessidade de terapia renal substitutiva. Foram realizadas duas parecenteses durante a interna&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento de ascite e hipertens&#227;o intra-abdominal. O paciente teve boa recupera&#231;&#227;o e recebeu alta sem sintomas, com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal. O ETT mostrou fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular preservada e biopr&#243;teses tric&#250;spide e pulmonar normais.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Revis&#227;o da Literatura</title>
        <p>TNEs s&#227;o neoplasias raras, com uma incid&#234;ncia entre 2,5 a 5 casos por 1000000 habitantes. A maioria desses tumores s&#227;o benignos, sendo que menos de 10% s&#227;o malignos, e os pacientes com doen&#231;a localizada apresentam progn&#243;stico favor&#225;vel, com uma taxa de sobrevida em cinco anos entre 78% e 93%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Eles ocorrem geralmente no trato gastrointestinal ou no sistema broncopulmonar.</p>
        <p>Os TNEs gastrointestinais, originalmente denominados carcinoides, apresentam crescimento lento, causando pouco ou nenhum sintoma, at&#233; se tornarem grandes ou tenham criado met&#225;stases. O f&#237;gado &#233; o local mais comum de met&#225;stase (cerca de 80%), e nos TNEs metast&#225;ticos, a sobrevida em cinco anos &#233; baixa, variando entre 19% e 38%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Aproximadamente 30% a 40% dos pacientes apresentam caracter&#237;sticas de SC, com epis&#243;dios de altera&#231;&#245;es vasomotoras (rubor e hipotens&#227;o), diarreia, e broncoespasmo, devido &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias vasoativas, tais como serotonina, cininas, prostaglandinas, subst&#226;ncia P e cromogranina A.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A CC &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o grave da SC, associada a altas taxas de mortalidade. Sua fisiopatologia envolve efeitos mitog&#234;nicos nos fibroblastos e c&#233;lulas musculares lisas do cora&#231;&#227;o, sob a a&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e o aumento do fator decrescimento transformador-&#946;<sub>1</sub> induzido por 5-HT via ativa&#231;&#227;o dos receptores 5-HT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Um diagn&#243;stico precoce do envolvimento card&#237;aco, uma estrat&#233;gia multimodal de cuidado perioperat&#243;rio, e uma substitui&#231;&#227;o em tempo h&#225;bil da v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca s&#227;o essenciais para melhorar o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com TNEs e envolvimento card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>N&#237;veis elevados de 5-HIAA, BNP e cromogranina A s&#227;o &#250;teis biomarcadores na avalia&#231;&#227;o do envolvimento card&#237;aco e progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Embora a cromogranina A n&#227;o seja um bom marcador para o diagn&#243;stico, &#233; &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de acompanhamento para ocorr&#234;ncia de neoplasias recorrentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em pacientes com SC, o fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP) &#233; um marcador espec&#237;fico e sens&#237;vel para a presen&#231;a de CC na aus&#234;ncia de outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Recomenda-se que todos os pacientes com SC seja submetido &#224; quantifica&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP a cada seis a 12 meses para detectar sinais precoces de CC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Ainda, o 5-HIIA &#233; o produto final do metabolismo da serotonina, e pode ser medido pelo exame de urina 24 horas. Trata-se de um teste diagn&#243;stico inicial &#250;til para SC, principalmente para identificar pacientes em risco para desenvolver CC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A medida 5-HIIA plasm&#225;tico ou na urina de 24 horas &#233; mandat&#243;ria para o diagn&#243;stico e seguimento de SC.</p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; o exame de imagem de escolha no diagn&#243;stico e no acompanhamento da CC. O exame pode ser usado para caracterizar doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide e estimar o tamanho e fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e o tamanho do &#225;trio direito. O envolvimento t&#237;pico da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide &#233; caracterizado pela presen&#231;a de um anel dilatado e folhetos difusamente espessados e retra&#237;dos, que n&#227;o fecham durante a s&#237;stole, sem completa abertura na di&#225;stole, exibindo mobilidade limitada. Aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes apresentam regurgita&#231;&#227;o ou estenose da v&#225;lvula pulmonar, com c&#250;spides difusamente espessadas, e v&#225;rios graus de retra&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#245;es na excurs&#227;o. A an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> e a ecocardiografia s&#227;o t&#233;cnicas complementares para confirmar a gravidade das les&#245;es valvares e avaliar o progn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>A RMC &#233; o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD por RMC &#233; essencial na tomada de decis&#245;es sobre a cirurgia. A partir da RMC em pacientes com CC, &#233; poss&#237;vel (a) melhorar a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das v&#225;lvulas, (b) avaliar os volumes regurgitantes, os tamanhos das c&#226;maras e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, (c) identificar e quantificar a fibrose, (d) diagnosticar met&#225;stase no mioc&#225;rdio, e (e) auxiliar na defini&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Os achados t&#237;picos na RMC s&#227;o espessamento da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide e/ou dos folhetos da v&#225;lvula pulmonar com defeitos de coapta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Utilizando contraste de fase, &#233; poss&#237;vel estimar os volumes de regurgita&#231;&#227;o e classificar o envolvimento da v&#225;lvula como leve, moderado ou grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Neste paciente, a RMC mostrou um envolvimento difuso raro do VD, com fibrose na v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide, mioc&#225;rdio e no m&#250;sculo papilar.</p>
        <p>A Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) card&#237;aca pode ser realizada em pacientes com CC como um m&#233;todo complementar. &#201; especialmente indicada quando h&#225; envolvimento da v&#225;lvula pulmonar, e permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Ainda, a TC card&#237;aca pode diagnosticar met&#225;stases e analisar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o cora&#231;&#227;o e os vasos, e identificar complica&#231;&#245;es como pericardite constritiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O manejo dos pacientes com CC inclui dois pontos principais &#8211; o controle de TNEs e o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Para controle do sintoma, reduzir os n&#237;veis hormonais ou a carga do tumor &#233; essencial, e o tratamento sist&#234;mico com an&#225;logos de somatostatina (AS) de longa dura&#231;&#227;o &#233; indicado. Hofland et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> em uma meta-an&#225;lise recente, mostraram que os AS, tais como octreotida e lanreotida, levaram &#224; melhora dos sintomas em 65-72% dos pacientes, e &#224; resposta bioqu&#237;mica em 45-46% dos pacientes. Um ajuste na dose ou na frequ&#234;ncia, ou a troca entre classes levou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos rubores e/ou diarreia em 72-85% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Na doen&#231;a refrat&#225;ria, a terapia local deve ser considerada para pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica dominante, com possibilidade de citorredu&#231;&#227;o. Nesses casos, &#233; poss&#237;vel interven&#231;&#227;o com ressec&#231;&#227;o, abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia, emboliza&#231;&#227;o branda, quimioemboliza&#231;&#227;o ou radioemboliza&#231;&#227;o. Em pacientes a quem a terapia direcionada &#233; contraindicada, terapias alternativas com doses progressivas de AS, aumentando-se a frequ&#234;ncia de inje&#231;&#227;o ou alterando-se o AS. Para pacientes com diarreia frequente apesar do uso de medicamentos antidiarreicos, o telotristat etil &#233; recomendado. Em casos raros, em pacientes com sintomas refrat&#225;rios, a terapia com radionucl&#237;deos do receptor de pept&#237;deo e interferon-alfa pode ser aplicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar grave, identificada por ecocardiografia ou RMC, deve-se considerar o tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Em pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide e pulmonar grave, a deteriora&#231;&#227;o progressiva da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e sintomas persistentes de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca causada por CC favorecem o tratamento cir&#250;rgico. &#201; essencial consultar o oncologista no momento da decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica para avaliar o controle adequado da SC e a expectativa de vida para ponderar os riscos e os benef&#237;cios da cirurgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O cuidado perioperat&#243;rio &#233; essencial para prevenir crise carcinoide e complica&#231;&#245;es. A crise carcinoide &#233; uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o letal da SC caracterizada por profunda instabilidade auton&#244;mica em situa&#231;&#245;es de libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas causada por estresse, manipula&#231;&#227;o do tumor, ou anestesia. Nesse cen&#225;rio, pode ocorrer choque cardiog&#234;nico por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, com altas taxas de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Outras complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias associadas s&#227;o hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, choque vasopl&#233;gico, sangramento e insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda. Recomenda-se o uso de octreotida intravenosa durante o per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A medica&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; importante para prevenir hipercapnia, hipotermia, hipoxemia e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Nesses pacientes, sugerem-se monitores de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco para avaliar o status h&#237;drico, otimizar o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco e prevenir hip&#243;xia tecidual. No choque vasopl&#233;gico, hidrocortisona (100mg a cada oito horas) e vasopressina intravenosa (0,04 U &#8211; 0,06 u/hora) pode ser consideradas.</p>
        <p>Este caso ilustra o importante papel da suspeita cl&#237;nica no diagn&#243;stico correto da CC. Sintomas e sinais de insufici&#234;ncia do VD, biomarcadores card&#237;acos elevados, e anormalidades na v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide e pulmonar, avaliados por ecocardiografia e RMC s&#227;o sugestivos de CC. &#201; necess&#225;ria intera&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua entre cardiologistas, oncologistas, e cirurgi&#245;es para melhor controle da CC e para o estabelecimento das melhoras terapias por meio de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o personalizadas dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A CC &#233; uma doen&#231;a potencialmente grave que envolve principalmente v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas direitas, e leva &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e piores desfechos em pacientes com TNEs. T&#233;cnicas mais avan&#231;adas de imagem cardiovascular, tais com ecocardiografia <italic>speckle tracking</italic> e RMC melhoraram a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Uma equipe envolvendo cardiologista, oncologista, cirurgi&#245;es, enfermeiros e anestesiologistas &#233; essencial para o manejo de CC para alcan&#231;ar controle de sintomas e maiores taxas de sobrevida e qualidade de vida.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da USP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE56680022.3.0000.0068. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carcinoid Heart Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1418-9361</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Edielle de Sant`Anna</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6786-233X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Armando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral-Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rizk</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie Itala</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5673-165X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Manuel de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pomarentzeff</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3339-8866</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittar</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Salvadori</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galas</surname>
            <given-names>Filomena Regina Barbosa Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3919-1743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Auler</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Otavio Costa</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hoff</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Marcelo Gehm</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva Costa &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251. Postal Code 01246-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: Isabela.bispo@hc.fm.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Guest Editor: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Carcinoid Heart Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Neuroendocrine Tumors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Carcinoid syndrome (CS) is a paraneoplastic syndrome frequently diagnosed in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) associated with the secretion of humoral factors. These factors include serotonin (5-HT), which appears to be the most common substance associated with the syndrome, as well as histamine, kallikrein, prostaglandins, and tachykinins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Among patients diagnosed with NETs located in the duodenum and small intestine, approximately 20% will develop CS during follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The presence of CS is strongly associated with a higher tumor grade and stage and is associated with shorter survival than in patients without CS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Symptoms and signs related to CS are flushing, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bronchospasm, pellagra, carcinoid heart disease (CHD) and mesenteric fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> CHD is characterized by the involvement of the right-sided heart valves (mostly tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation), leading to right ventricular (RV) dilatation and dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Heart disease is usually found in patients with a high burden of disease, notably patients with metastatic tumors. The presence of CHD is associated with a worse prognosis and high mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The most common findings of CS are described in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Carcinoid Heart Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Carcinoid Syndrome: The most common manifestations present in CS are cognitive impairment, flushing, dyspnea/bronchospasm, pellagra, mesenteric fibrosis, diarrhea and carcinoid heart disease. In the management of CHD, it is important to (a) recognize the symptoms, (b) perform a diagnostic evaluation, (c) administer drug treatment and (d) administer interventional treatment. RV: right ventricular; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide; 5HT: serotonin; 5HIAA: 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; SSAs: somatostatin analogues; NETs: neuroendocrine tumors</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220245-20245-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The diagnosis of CHD is usually confirmed by cardiac imaging and biomarkers. The management of patients with CHD is complex. Oncologists aim to control the systemic disease, reduce the tumor load, and decrease the neurohormone levels, while cardiologists act to reduce the symptoms and the burden of heart failure. Determining the appropriate time for cardiac surgery and the optimal perioperative care is essential to improve disease outcomes. In this review, we report a clinical case of a CHD patient with severe valvular disease. Diagnostic challenges and the importance of the prompt recognition and management of carcinoid disease are key points to improve outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 21-year-old man with no relevant personal history presented with heart failure in 2017, when he was diagnosed with severe pulmonary valve stenosis and moderate tricuspid regurgitation. He underwent pulmonary valve replacement with a bioprosthesis at another institution in March 2017. The patient remained asymptomatic for six months after the surgical procedure. Then, he developed progressive dyspnea and edema associated with flushing and diarrhea. In 2018, after clinical investigation, a neuroendocrine tumor of the jejunum with hepatic metastases was diagnosed. The transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed severe tricuspid regurgitation with fixed tricuspid leaflets and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. The patient had a diagnosis of CS and CHD, with RV heart failure. Treatment with lanreotide injections and oral diuretics was started monthly, and the patient presented functional class improvement and oncologic disease control.</p>
        <p>However, in April 2021, the patient was admitted to the InCor due to acute decompensated heart failure. The electrocardiogram showed a junctional rhythm of 44 bpm and signs of RV overload. After treatment with inotropic infusion (dobutamine), the patient returned to sinus rhythm. Chest X-ray revealed a normal cardiac area and pulmonary congestion. The B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level was 338 pg/mL (reference &lt; 100 pg/mL), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was 30.4 mg/24 h (reference 2&#8211;6 mg/24 h).</p>
        <p>The patient underwent two-dimensional (2D) TTE and transesophageal echocardiogram, which showed a normal left cardiac chamber and valves ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ). The right cardiac chambers (basal diameter of the right ventricle: 41 mm; right atrium area: 19 cm<sup>2</sup>) were mildly enlarged, and the RV free wall thickening was noticeable (9 mm). The pulmonary bioprosthesis had a normal function and gradients. The leaflets of the tricuspid valve were thickened, immobile and retracted, leading to a valve without coaptation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ). The RV fractional area change (FAC) was 34%. With the pulsed-wave Doppler sample volume positioned at the lateral tricuspid annulus in the RV focused apical four-chamber view, the peak systolic velocity (PSV) by tissue Doppler was obtained (9.5 cm/s). The tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) was recorded by placing the M-mode cursor through the base of the lateral tricuspid annulus, and measuring its longitudinal motion at peak systole, which was 16 mm. These three parameters of RV function were at the lower limit of normality. The RV strain measurements (global and free wall strain) showed abnormal values of 12.4% and 13.6%, respectively ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Two-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation; A) apical four-chamber view in systole displaying an opened and retracted tricuspid valve, while the mitral valve is closed; B) apical four-chamber view in systole (focused on the right ventricle) displaying an opened and retracted tricuspid valve, while the mitral valve is closed; C) triscupid flow curve, by continuous Doppler, showing a pressure equalization between the right atrium and ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220245-20245-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Apical four-chamber view (focused on the right ventricle); quantification of right ventricular strain by speckle-tracking echocardiography showing abnormal global and free wall strain values (12.4% and 13.6%, respectively).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220245-20245-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRi) identified a normal RV ejection fraction (58%). The tricuspid valve was retracted and thickened, with reduced mobility, resulting in severe tricuspid regurgitation. The right atrium and the right ventricle appeared as a single cavity. The images acquired late after contrast injection showed the presence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging in the right atrial wall and circumferential and diffuse patterns in the right ventricle, compatible with endocardial fibrosis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> ). The coronary tomography angiogram was normal.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging evaluation. A and B) cine resonance magnetic imaging in 4-chamber and 3-chamber, respectively; there is an increase in the thickness of the free wall of the right ventricle and papillary muscle and a retracted tricuspid valve. The right atrium and the right ventricle appear as a single chamber. The interventricular septum is displaced to the left ventricle, suggesting an increased volume of the right ventricle. C and D) show the presence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in the subendocardial region of the free wall, papillary muscle and interventricular septum. There was no LGE in the left ventricle. E) dark blood sequence with increased thickness of the right ventricular myocardium and absence of edema. F) images of the thoracoabdominal transition showing hepatomegaly, multiple hepatic nodules and ascites, characteristic of neuroendocrine tumors.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220245-20245-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>After improvement of the heart failure symptoms with intravenous diuretic treatment and fluid restriction, the patient underwent arterial embolization of the hypervascular liver metastatic lesions. He was discharged with significant clinical improvement. Despite control of systemic disease, due to persistence of symptoms of heart failure, in September 2021, the patient was admitted for surgical replacement of the tricuspid valve.</p>
        <p>A multidisciplinary team composed of cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, anaesthesiologists and oncologists established strategies to reduce surgical morbidity, including measures to prevent a carcinoid crisis. Continuous intravenous octreotide at a dose of 100 &#181;&#947;/h was administered 12 hours before surgery and was maintained until 72 hours postoperatively. Anesthetic management consisted of advanced hemodynamic therapy and intravenous anesthesia. Vasopressin and epinephrine were used during surgery and for 48 hours postoperatively to control the vasoplegic syndrome and to increase the heart rate and inotropism. Inhaled nitric oxide was used to decrease the pulmonary vascular resistance, reducing the RV afterload. Intraoperatively, the patient also received prothrombin complex (two units) and albumin (100 mL). No blood transfusion was needed.</p>
        <p>A thickened pericardium was observed during the surgery, and a partial pericardiectomy was performed. The tricuspid valve leaflets were not clearly identified. In the valve topography, there was only an extensive area of atrophy and fibrosis. A cylindrical segment of papillary muscle was resected and sent for anatomopathological analysis, which revealed a thickened and fibrous endocardium ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">5</xref> ). Tricuspid valve replacement was performed using bioprosthesis number 25.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The pathological specimen was constituted by a cylindrical segment of the papillary muscle measuring 18 mm, presenting a thickened, whitish tissue at one end (A). Transversal histological sections of the papillary muscle revealed a thickened, fibrous endocardium (B; Masson trichrome stain).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220245-20245-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Longitudinal histological sections of the whitish tissue at the tip of the papillary muscle show a dense fibrous tissue (A- Masson trichrome stain), with a central focus of neovascularization, mild chronic inflammatory infiltration (B- hematoxylin-eosin stain) and few irregular elastic fibers (C- Verhoeff stain).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20220245-20245-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>After surgery, the patient developed vasoplegic shock with acute kidney injury, which was managed successfully with fluid resuscitation and vasoactive drugs without the need for renal replacement therapy. Two paracenteses were performed during the hospital stay to manage ascites and intraabdominal hypertension. The patient recovered well and was discharged without symptoms, with normal renal function. The TTE showed preserved biventricular function and normal tricuspid and pulmonary bioprostheses.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Literature Review</title>
          <p>Neuroendocrine tumors are rare neoplasms, with an incidence ranging from 2.5 to 5 cases per 100,000 population. Most such tumors are benign, with less than 10% being malignant, and for patients with localized disease, the prognosis is favorable, with a 5-year survival ranging from 78% to 93%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> They typically arise from the gastrointestinal tract or the bronchopulmonary system.</p>
          <p>Gastrointestinal NETs were originally named &#8220;carcinoids&#8221;; they usually grow slowly and cause few or no symptoms until they are large or have metastasized. The liver is the most common site of metastasis (approximately 80%), and in metastatic NETs, 5-year survival is poor, ranging from 19% to 38%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Approximately 30% to 40% of patients present with features of CS, with episodes of vasomotor alterations (flushing and hypotension), diarrhoea, and bronchospasm due to the release of vasoactive substances, such as serotonin, kinins, prostaglandins, substance P and chromogranin A.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>CHD is a severe complication of CS, associated with high rates of mortality. The pathophysiology involves mitogenic effects on fibroblasts and the cardiac smooth muscle cells, under the action of inflammatory cytokines and the upregulation of transforming growth factor-&#946;<sub>1</sub>induced by 5-HT through activation of 5-HT receptors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Early diagnosis of cardiac involvement, a multimodal strategy of perioperative care and timely heart valve replacement are essential to improve the prognosis of NETs patients with cardiac involvement.</p>
          <p>Biomarkers such as increased urinary 5-HIAA levels, BNP and chromogranin A are useful for evaluating cardiac involvement and disease progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Chromogranin A is not a good marker for diagnosis, but it is useful for follow-up evaluation for recurrent neoplasms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In patients with CS, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a sensitive and specific marker for the presence of CHD in the absence of other cardiac diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> It is recommended that all patients with CS undergo 6- to 12-month evaluations of serum NT-proBNP to detect early signs of CHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In addition, 5-HIAA is the final product of serotonin metabolism, and can be measured by 24-h urinary excretion. It is a useful initial diagnostic test for CS, especially to identify patients who are at risk for the development of CHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The measurement of either 24-h urine 5-HIAA or plasma 5-HIAA is mandatory for the diagnosis and follow-up of CS.</p>
          <p>Echocardiography is the imaging modality of choice for CHD diagnosis and follow-up. The test can be used to characterize tricuspid valve disease and to estimate the RV size and function and the size of the right atrium. The typical tricuspid valve involvement is characterized by a dilated annulus and diffusely thickened and retracted leaflets, which do not close during systole, without complete opening in diastole, exhibiting limited mobility. Approximately 80% of patients have pulmonary valve regurgitation or stenosis, with valve cusps diffusely thickened, and varying degrees of retraction and excursion reduction. Strain analysis and oesophageal echocardiography are complementary techniques to confirm the severity of the valve lesions and to assess the prognosis.</p>
          <p>CMR is the gold standard method for quantifying biventricular function. The evaluation of the right ventricular ejection fraction by CMR is essential for making decisions about surgery. By performing CMR in patients with CHD, it is possible to (a) improve the characterization of the valves, (b) assess the regurgitant volumes, chamber sizes and RV function, (c) identify and quantify the fibrosis, (d) diagnose the myocardial metastasis and (e) assist in defining the surgical treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The typical findings in CMRi are thickened tricuspid and/or pulmonary valve leaflets with coaptation defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Using phase contrast imaging, it is possible to estimate the regurgitation volumes and to classify the valve involvement as mild, moderate, or severe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In this patient, the CMRi showed rare diffuse RV involvement, with fibrosis in the tricuspid valve, myocardium, and papillary muscle.</p>
          <p>Cardiac computed tomography (CT) can be performed in patients with CHD as a complementary method. It is especially indicated for involvement of the pulmonary valve, and it allows for the evaluation of coronary artery disease. Additionally, cardiac CT can diagnose metastases and analyze their relationship with the heart and vessels and may identify complications such as constrictive pericarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The management of patients with CHD includes two main aspects: the control of NETs and the treatment of heart failure. For symptom control, reducing the hormone levels or the tumor load is essential, and systemic treatment with long-acting somatostatin analogues (SSAs) is indicated. Hofland et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> in a recent meta-analysis, showed that SSAs, such as octreotide and lanreotide, resulted in symptomatic improvement in 65-72% and in a biochemical response in 45-46% of patients. An adjusted dose or frequency or interclass switch led to a reduction in flushes and/or diarrhea in 72-85% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In refractory disease, local therapy should be considered for patients with liver-dominant disease with the possibility of cytoreduction. In these cases, interventional treatment with resection, radiofrequency ablation, bland embolization, chemoembolization or radioembolization is possible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In patients for whom liver-directed therapy is not indicated, alternative treatments are escalating SSA doses, increasing the injection frequency or switching the SSA. For patients with frequent diarrhea despite antidiarrheals, teloristat ethyl is recommended. In rare cases, in patients with refractory symptoms, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy and interferon-alpha can be applied.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In patients with severe valve disease by echocardiography or CMRi, surgery must be considered. In patients with severe tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation, progressive deterioration of RV function and persistent heart failure symptoms caused by CHD favor surgical therapy. It is essential to consult the oncologist at the time of the therapeutic decision to assess the adequate control of the CS and the life expectancy to balance the risks and benefits of surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Perioperative care is essential to avoid a carcinoid crisis and complications. Carcinoid crisis is a life-threatening manifestation of CS characterized by profound autonomic instability in the setting of catecholamine release due to stress, tumor manipulation, or anesthesia. In this scenario, cardiogenic shock due to RV dysfunction might occur, resulting in high rates of mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Other associated postoperative complications are pulmonary hypertension, vasoplegic shock, bleeding and acute renal failure. It is recommended to use intravenous octreotide during the perioperative period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> It is also important to avoid hypercapnia, hypothermia, hypoxemia and hemodynamic instability. In these patients, cardiac output monitors are suggested to assess the fluid status, to optimize the cardiac index and to prevent tissue hypoxia. In vasoplegic shock, hydrocortisone (100 mg every 8 hours) and intravenous vasopressin (0.04 U &#8211; 0.06 U/h) might be considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>This case illustrates the important role of clinical suspicion in correctly diagnosing CHD. RV heart failure symptoms and signs, elevated cardiac biomarkers, and abnormal tricuspid and pulmonary valves assessed by echocardiography and CMR suggest the diagnosis of CHD. Continuous interaction between cardiologists, oncologists and surgeons is required to better control CHD and to establish the best therapies through a personalized evaluation of the patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>CHD is a potentially severe disease involving mainly right-sided valves, leading to heart failure and worse outcomes in patients with NETs. Advanced cardiovascular imaging, such as speckle-tracking echocardiography and CMRi, has improved diagnostic accuracy and early detection of cardiac dysfunction. A heart team involving cardiologist, oncologist, surgeons, nursers, and anesthetist is essential for the management of CHD to achieve symptom control and increased survival rates and quality of life.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina da USP under the protocol number CAAE56680022.3.0000.0068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
