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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fYJbWQKBj8HyySvd7TrKsKz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000600307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20211051</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Progn&#243;stica da Reserva de Fluxo Fracionada em Diferentes Estratos nos Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4207-5364</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pellegrini</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica,Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7895-8281</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica,Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soccol</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Czarnobai</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lasevitch</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3668-9976</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Agostini</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dussin</surname>
            <given-names>Alice</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio Vinicius Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wagner</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Bernardes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">PUCRS</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Denise Pellegrini &#8226; Pontificia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Av. Ipiranga, 6690. CEP 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>pellegrini.de@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20211051</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Existem dados limitados sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de les&#245;es coronarianas n&#227;o tratadas de acordo com sua gravidade funcional no mundo real.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os resultados cl&#237;nicos de at&#233; 5 anos em pacientes com les&#245;es revascularizadas com reserva de fluxo fracionada (FFR) &#8804; 0,8 e em pacientes com les&#245;es n&#227;o revascularizadas com FFR &gt; 0,8.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo FFR foi realizada em 218 pacientes seguidos por at&#233; 5 anos. Os participantes foram classificados com base na FFR no grupo isqu&#234;mico (&#8804; 0,8, grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, n = 55), no grupo FFR normal-baixa (&gt; 0,8-0,9, n = 91) e no grupo FFR normal-alta (&gt; 0,9, n = 72). O desfecho prim&#225;rio foram eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (ECAMs), um composto de morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado neste estudo foi alfa = 0,05; deste modo, resultados com valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A maioria dos participantes era do sexo masculino (62,8%) com m&#233;dia de idade de 64,1 anos. Diabetes estava presente em 27%. &#192; angiografia coronariana, a gravidade da estenose avaliada foi de 62%, 56,4% e 54,3% nos grupos isqu&#234;mico, FFR normal-baixa e FFR normal-alta, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,05). O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 3,5 anos. A incid&#234;ncia ECAM foi de 25,5%, 13,2% e 11,1%, respectivamente (p = 0,037). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia de ECAM entre os grupos FFR normal-baixa e FFR normal-alta (p = NS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Pacientes com FFR indicativa de isquemia apresentaram piores desfechos quando comparados aos dos grupos n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos. Entre os grupos que apresentaram valores de FFR considerados normal-baixo e normal-alto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia de eventos. H&#225; necessidade de estudos de longo prazo e com grande n&#250;mero de pacientes para melhor avaliar os desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes portadores de estenose coronariana moderada com valores de FFR entre 0,8 e 1,0.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Reserva de Fluxo Fracionada</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfechos</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Avalia&#231;&#227;o Progn&#243;stica da Reserva de Fluxo Fracionada em Diferentes Estratos nos Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>FFR: reserva de fluxo fracionada; OR: raz&#227;o de chances (de odds ratio); IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20211051-11051-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) tornou-se um dos pilares na decis&#227;o da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A gravidade anat&#244;mica das les&#245;es coronarianas est&#225; associada a eventos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A reserva de fluxo fracionada (FFR) surgiu como a ferramenta de refer&#234;ncia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade funcional das les&#245;es coronarianas. Sua signific&#226;ncia no tratamento da DAC foi ressaltada nos &#250;ltimos anos pela observa&#231;&#227;o de que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, de acordo com a signific&#226;ncia funcional da les&#227;o, est&#225; associada a desfechos cl&#237;nicos melhores a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Existem dados j&#225; publicados quanto aos resultados cl&#237;nicos das les&#245;es coronarianas n&#227;o revascularizadas de acordo com a gravidade funcional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e acredita-se que os desfechos cl&#237;nicos sejam diferentes de acordo com diferentes estratos da FFR. Contudo, n&#227;o h&#225; uniformidade nos estudos quanto &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos valores da FFR, podendo os desfechos, desta forma, serem diferentes. Al&#233;m disso, os fatores cl&#237;nicos que est&#227;o associados a resultados cl&#237;nicos adversos em les&#245;es n&#227;o revascularizadas tamb&#233;m diferem entre os estudos. Descrever a evolu&#231;&#227;o e identificar os fatores progn&#243;sticos de les&#245;es n&#227;o revascularizadas t&#234;m grande relev&#226;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivos 1) avaliar os resultados cl&#237;nicos de 5 anos das les&#245;es n&#227;o tratadas de acordo com a gravidade funcional e 2) definir os fatores associados aos resultados adversos em les&#245;es n&#227;o tratadas. Devido &#224; progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, o risco de eventos aumenta gradualmente com a redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores da FFR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Assim, os pacientes deixados sem revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com uma FFR &#8220;baixa&#8221; (ou seja, de 0,80 a 0,90) poderiam estar em maior risco de isquemia ou complica&#231;&#245;es do que aqueles com valores mais altos (&gt; 0,90).</p>
      <p>O presente estudo pretendeu avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de desfechos em pacientes com FFR em diferentes estratos ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de at&#233; 5 anos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Material e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Tratou-se de um estudo observacional de coorte hist&#243;rica. Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente e armazenados no banco de dados da unidade de cardiologia intervencionista.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos do estudo</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Composto, eventos cardiovasculares maiores (&#243;bito, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#211;bito;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o; e</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo</title>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi composta por pacientes encaminhados &#224; Unidade de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2013 a setembro de 2018, submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da FFR de ao menos uma les&#227;o coronariana com estenose de pelo menos 50%.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional da les&#227;o coronariana; e</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Estenoses coronarianas &#8805; de 50% do di&#226;metro do vaso pela estimativa visual da angiografia.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Les&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Choque cardiog&#234;nico;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;via;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias extremamente tortuosas e/ou calcificadas;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Expectativa de vida inferior a 2 anos; e</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Pacientes gr&#225;vidas.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
      <p>Foram registrados dados angiogr&#225;ficos e n&#227;o angiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia coronariana</title>
        <p>A angiografia coronariana foi realizada com cateteres diagn&#243;sticos 5 F ou 6 F, atrav&#233;s de acesso femoral ou radial. Foi realizada a administra&#231;&#227;o seletiva intracoron&#225;ria de 200 mcg de nitroglicerina antes do in&#237;cio da angiografia das coron&#225;rias esquerda e direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>M&#250;ltiplas imagens cineangiogr&#225;ficas das coron&#225;rias esquerda e direita foram obtidas, em m&#250;ltiplas proje&#231;&#245;es nas angula&#231;&#245;es obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda ou direita, craniais ou caudais quando necess&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reserva de fluxo fracionada (FFR)</title>
        <p>Um cateter-guia 6 F de rotina foi utilizado para cateterizar seletivamente a coron&#225;ria para realiza&#231;&#227;o da FFR, com aten&#231;&#227;o ao alinhamento coaxial com o &#243;stio da coron&#225;ria para evitar o <italic>damping</italic> da curva de press&#227;o. Ap&#243;s, um fio-guia de 0,014&#8217; com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o foi calibrado &#224; press&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica e avan&#231;ado at&#233; a extremidade do cateter-guia. A seguir, foi realizada a equaliza&#231;&#227;o com a press&#227;o a&#243;rtica (Pa) do cateter-guia. O fio-guia foi, ent&#227;o, avan&#231;ado a parte distal do vaso para registrar a press&#227;o coron&#225;ria distal (Pd), garantindo que o sensor de press&#227;o esteja localizado al&#233;m da les&#227;o a ser avaliada. A FFR das les&#245;es das coron&#225;rias esquerda e direita foram registradas durante a hiperemia m&#225;xima induzida com adenosina endovenosa em um acesso perif&#233;rico de bom calibre na dose de 140 &#181;m/kg/min, durante 3 a 5 minutos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O valor da FFR foi automaticamente calculado como o gradiente de press&#227;o (Pa/Pd) mais baixo atingido durante a hiperemia m&#225;xima. Um valor de FFR menor ou igual a 0,8 foi definido como hemodinamicamente significativo, ou seja, anormal de acordo com as evid&#234;ncias atuais; assim, foi indicada a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Pacientes com les&#245;es com FFR maior do que 0,8 foram mantidos em acompanhamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>Os participantes foram classificados com base na FFR no grupo isqu&#234;mico (&#8804; 0,8, grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, n = 55), no grupo FFR normal-baixa (&gt; 0,8-0,9, n = 91) e no grupo FFR normal-alta (&gt; 0,9, n = 72). Os pacientes do grupo isqu&#234;mico foram revascularizados com <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros angiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica quantitativa (AAQ) da les&#227;o que foi funcionalmente avaliada foi obtida utilizando o Cardiac Viewer (&#8482;Philips). Pacientes com pelo menos 50% de estenose coronariana (por an&#225;lise visual) em pelo menos dois vasos foram considerados como portadores de doen&#231;a multivascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento e desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram seguidos por at&#233; 5 anos ap&#243;s o procedimento. O acompanhamento foi realizado prospectivamente atrav&#233;s de consulta telef&#244;nica. Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos foram definidos como morte, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo, nova hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e acidente vascular cerebral. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo &#233; definida como qualquer revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica no vaso previamente tratado devido &#224; reestenose ou outra complica&#231;&#227;o relacionada &#224; les&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Tamanho da amostra</title>
      <p>Para detectar uma diferen&#231;a de eventos cardiovasculares maiores de 12% nos grupos FFR normal-baixa (0,8-0,9) e FFR normal-alta (&gt; 0,9) e de 30% no grupo isqu&#234;mico em uma raz&#227;o de 3 para 1, com um poder estat&#237;stico de 80% em um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia bicaudal de 5%, foi estimado que seriam necess&#225;rios 150 pacientes nos grupos FFR normal-baixa e FFR normal-alta e 50 no grupo isqu&#234;mico; ou seja, um total de 200 pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Dados quantitativos foram descritos por m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Com base no teorema central do limite, n&#227;o foram utilizados testes estat&#237;sticos para verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade dos dados quantitativos. Dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos por contagem e percentuais. A compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias foi realizada por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) one-way, e a compara&#231;&#227;o dos eventos categ&#243;ricos foi realizada pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Quando necess&#225;rio, foi utilizado o procedimento de <italic>post-hoc</italic> de Tukey para m&#233;dia e o ajuste de Benjamini-Hochberg para situa&#231;&#245;es categ&#243;ricas. Inicialmente foram obtidas estimativas de raz&#227;o de chances (OR, de <italic>odds ratio</italic> ) e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% na an&#225;lise univariada com signific&#226;ncia baseada no teste de qui-quadrado. A seguir, modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, como an&#225;lise multivariada, foram utilizados para o c&#225;lculo de ORs ajustadas para potenciais efeitos confundidores. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia (erro tipo I bicaudal) adotado neste estudo foi de alfa = 0,05; deste modo, resultados com valor p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Os c&#225;lculos foram efetuados com aux&#237;lio do programa IBM SPSS, vers&#227;o 25.0.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os participantes foram divididos de acordo com o valor de FFR em grupos isqu&#234;mico (FFR &#8804; 0,80, ou interven&#231;&#227;o, n = 55), FFR normal-baixa (&gt; 0,8-0,9, n&#227;o revascularizados, n = 91) e FFR normal-alta (&gt; 0,9, n&#227;o revascularizados, n = 72). No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2013 a setembro de 2018, foram inclu&#237;dos 241 pacientes; destes, 218 completaram acompanhamento (90,4%). O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 3,5 anos. A m&#233;dia de idade dos indiv&#237;duos foi de 64,1 anos. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (62,8%), e diabetes melito estava presente em 27% dos pacientes. As demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto a maior parte das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais, excetuando-se a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados demogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</th>
                <th>Grupo isqu&#234;mico n = 55</th>
                <th>Grupo normal-baixo n = 81</th>
                <th>Grupo normal-alto n = 53</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">63,2&#177;10,3</td>
                <td align="center">65,1&#177;10,4</td>
                <td align="center">64,2&#177;10,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero masculino</td>
                <td align="center">37 (67,3)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (63,7)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (58,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (70,9)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (56,0)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (68,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (47,3)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (27,0)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (21,9)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (31,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (30,9)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (25,3)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (21,8)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (19,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioplastia coronariana pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (27,5)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">41 (74,5)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (89,0)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (73,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">9 (16,4)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (13,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto sem supra do segmento ST</td>
                <td align="center">5 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto com supra do segmento ST</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS</td>
                <td align="center">43 (78,2)</td>
                <td align="center">67 ( 73,6)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (74,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">30 (54,5)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (53,8)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (51,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">42 (76,4)</td>
                <td align="center">71(78)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (74,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">33 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (61,5)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (55,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;tico</td>
                <td align="center">12 (21,8)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (24,2)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (20,9)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA</td>
                <td align="center">15 (23,7)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (29,7)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (25,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipoglicemiante oral</td>
                <td align="center">15 (27,3)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (24,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas, o vaso avaliado com maior frequ&#234;ncia foi a art&#233;ria descendente anterior no grupo isqu&#234;mico, seguida pelo grupo normal-baixo ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). O grau de estenose angiogr&#225;fica tamb&#233;m diferiu entre os grupos, sendo de maior gravidade no grupo isqu&#234;mico ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados angiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Dados angiogr&#225;ficos</th>
                <th>Grupo isqu&#234;mico n = 55</th>
                <th>Grupo normal-baixo n = 91</th>
                <th>Grupo normal-alto n = 72</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Vaso avaliado</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Art&#233;ria descendente anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (85,5)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (65,9)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (43,1)</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros vasos al&#233;m da art&#233;ria descendente anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (34,1)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (56,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estenose angiogr&#225;fica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62,0&#177;7,7</td>
                <td align="center">56,5&#177;6,2</td>
                <td align="center">54,0&#177;8,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FFR</td>
                <td align="center">0,75&#177;0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,85&#177;0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,94&#177;0,03</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>* p = &lt; 0,001 para frequ&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria descendente anterior entro os grupos normal-baixo e normal-alto. FFR: reserva de fluxo fracionada.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio (eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores [ECAMs]), combinado de morte, infarto, necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, nova hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e acidente vascular cerebral, foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos, ocorrendo em 25,5% no grupo isqu&#234;mico, em 13,2% no grupo FFR normal-baixa e em 11,1% no grupo FFR normal-alta (p = 0,037) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). A OR para a ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM do grupo isqu&#234;mico para o grupo FFR normal-alta foi de 2,73 (IC 95% 1,03-7,09; p = 0,039). A OR para ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM do grupo isqu&#234;mico para o grupo FFR normal-baixa foi de 2,25 (IC 95% 0,95-5,29; p = 0,064), e a OR para ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM do grupo FFR normal-baixa para o grupo FFR normal-alta foi de 1,22 (IC 95% 0,47-3,15; p = 0,680) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfechos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Desfechos, n (%)</th>
                <th>Grupo isqu&#234;mico n = 55</th>
                <th>Grupo normal-baixo n = 91</th>
                <th>Grupo normal-alto n = 72</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Desfecho combinado</td>
                <td align="center">14 (25,5)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Necessidade de nova angioplastia</td>
                <td align="center">12 (21,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Necessidade de nova interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">12 (23,6)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Necessidade de cateterismo card&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">15 (27,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (ECAMs) entre os grupos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20211051-11051-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A mortalidade foi 3,6%, 6,6% e 4,2% nos grupos isqu&#234;mico, normal-baixo e normal-alto, respectivamente (p = 0,67). Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ocorreu em um paciente do grupo isqu&#234;mico, em tr&#234;s pacientes do grupo normal-baixo e em um paciente do grupo normal-alto (p = 0,70). Houve maior necessidade de nova angioplastia durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico em 21,8% dos pacientes no grupo isqu&#234;mico, significativamente maior do que os 5,5% no grupo normal-baixo e do que os 7,1% no grupo normal-alto (p = 0,04) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Acidente vascular cerebral ocorreu em um paciente no grupo isqu&#234;mico e FFR normal-alta. N&#227;o houve ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral no grupo FFR normal-baixa. Maior necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar ocorreu no grupo isqu&#234;mico, em 23% dos indiv&#237;duos, significativamente maior do que nos grupos FFR normal-baixa e FFR normal-alta, em que foram de 6,6% e 8,6%, respectivamente (p = 0,01).</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de subgrupo, quando s&#227;o avaliados os pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica &#8211; 175 dos 218 pacientes (80,2%), ou seja, a maioria dos participantes do estudo &#8211;, observa-se diferen&#231;a significativa na ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM entre os grupos. Os pacientes com FFR &#8804; 0,8 apresentaram uma ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos de 29,3%, o estrato FFR normal-baixa apresentou ocorr&#234;ncia de 11,1%, e o estrato FFR normal-alta, de 7,5% ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ). A ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM foi diferente provavelmente &#224;s custas de maior necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o no grupo isqu&#234;mico. Entre os grupos FFR normal-baixa e FFR normal-alta, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos (p = 0,56).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfechos no subgrupo dos pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Desfechos, n (%)</th>
                <th>Grupo isqu&#234;mico n = 41</th>
                <th>Grupo normal-baixo n = 81</th>
                <th>Grupo normal-alto n = 53</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Desfecho combinado</td>
                <td align="center">12 (29,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Necessidade de nova angioplastia</td>
                <td align="center">10 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Necessidade de nova interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">11 (26,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Necessidade de cateterismo card&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">11 (26,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise univariada foi realizada para identificar determinantes de ECAM entre todos os participantes. Na an&#225;lise de risco univari&#225;vel, observou-se que sexo masculino, idade &gt; 65 anos, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito, dislipidemia, infarto pr&#233;vio, angioplastia pr&#233;via e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) pr&#233;via n&#227;o foram significativamente associados aos eventos cardiovasculares maiores analisados isoladamente. Contudo, o valor de FFR &#8804; 0,80 foi preditor de ECAM (OR 2,73, IC 95% 1,05-7,09; p = 0,039; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise univariada para preditores de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (ECAMs)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Sem ECAM n = 184</th>
                <th>Com ECAM n = 34</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (62,7)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (64,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,42-1,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade &gt; 60 anos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">123 (66,5)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (64,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,42-1,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FFR, n.&#186;/n.&#186; total (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 0,90</td>
                <td align="center">64/184 (34,8)</td>
                <td align="center">8/34(23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0,81-0,89</td>
                <td align="center">79/184 (42,9)</td>
                <td align="center">12/34 (35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,47-3,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 0,80</td>
                <td align="center">41/184 (22,3)</td>
                <td align="center">14/34 (41,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2,73</td>
                <td align="center">1,05-7,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (64,9)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (58,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,37-1,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,561</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (24,9)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">1,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,75-3,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (44,9)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (41,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,41-1,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,42-2,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioplastia pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,2-5,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,65-2,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>OR: raz&#227;o de chances (odds ratio); IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; FFR: reserva de fluxo fracionada; CRM: cirurgia de revaculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, ap&#243;s o ajuste para os fatores sexo, idade, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes melito, houve a manuten&#231;&#227;o da diferen&#231;a entre os estratos de FFR na ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM (OR 2,72, IC 95% 1,03-7,14; p = 0,04).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo, envolvendo 218 pacientes com DAC acompanhados por at&#233; 5 anos e submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da FFR, mostrou um n&#250;mero maior de ECAM no grupo isqu&#234;mico comparado aos grupos FFR normal-baixa e FFR normal-alta, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as entre estes dois &#250;ltimos.</p>
      <p>Os par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o da severidade anat&#244;mica, como di&#226;metro da estenose, extens&#227;o, excentricidade da placa, &#226;ngulo e calcifica&#231;&#227;o, podem ser indicativos de complexidade e progn&#243;stico da les&#227;o. Contudo, o progn&#243;stico de um paciente difere significativamente de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em uma determinada les&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Desta forma, h&#225; necessidade de superar as limita&#231;&#245;es da angiografia na avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto funcional da les&#227;o coronariana, para a qual a FFR tem sido utilizada como ferramenta de refer&#234;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica invasiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, v&#225;rios estudos relataram de forma consistente os resultados favor&#225;veis da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o por angioplastia guiada por FFR na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. No estudo DEFER, os resultados cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s a n&#227;o interven&#231;&#227;o com base na FFR foram excelentes durante o acompanhamento de 15 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que a avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina de FFR reduziu significativamente a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho cl&#237;nico composto de morte, infarto n&#227;o fatal e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial que foram tratados com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico no estudo Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation (FAME 1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a angioplastia guiada por FFR associada &#224; terapia m&#233;dica otimizada diminuiu a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia em compara&#231;&#227;o com a terapia m&#233;dica otimizada isolada em pacientes est&#225;veis com les&#227;o coronariana funcionalmente significativa, de acordo com o estudo FAME 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Considerando os resultados desses estudos, o tratamento das les&#245;es coronarianas guiado pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da FFR pode garantir melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, o progn&#243;stico em longo prazo de indiv&#237;duos com les&#245;es coronarianas isqu&#234;micas revascularizadas foi significativamente pior do que o de pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas que n&#227;o foram revascularizadas, indicando que, no mundo real, mesmo a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos associada ao manejo cl&#237;nico convencional n&#227;o foi capaz de reduzir os desfechos nos pacientes isqu&#234;micos ao ponto de torn&#225;-los compar&#225;veis aos desfechos de pacientes livres de isquemia pela FFR.</p>
      <p>A maior ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM no grupo isqu&#234;mico se deu &#224;s custas de maior necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o fundamentalmente de outras les&#245;es. Esse achado indica que pacientes com les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas apresentam pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica relacionada &#224; progress&#227;o cl&#237;nica da aterosclerose em outros territ&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Tal fato decorre de poss&#237;vel aumento da carga de placa, o que resulta em maiores eventos conforme o &#237;ndice FFR torna-se menor, como sugerido em estudos pr&#233;vios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nossos &#237;ndices de ECAM foram um pouco piores do que aqueles encontrados no grupo FFR dos estudos FAME 2 e iFR- Swedeheart ap&#243;s seguimento de 5 anos, por&#233;m similares aos descritos no FAME 1, o que pode estar relacionado ao uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos de ultima gera&#231;&#227;o nos dois primeiros estudos supracitados e tamb&#233;m ao controle cl&#237;nico mais rigoroso em pacientes recrutados para estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os primeiros estudos com FFR demonstravam que valores baixos de FFR identificavam les&#245;es com alta probabilidade de induzirem isquemia, e les&#245;es com FFR &lt; 0,8 n&#227;o revascularizadas eram consideradas de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Acima desse valor, poderia se imaginar que pacientes com FFR normal-baixa (&gt; 0,8-0,9) apresentariam maior risco de eventos causados pela progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica do que aqueles com valores normais-altos (&gt; 0,9), o que foi demonstrado em estudos pr&#233;vios, como o IRIS-FFR (Interventional Cardiology Research In-cooperation Society Fractional Flow Reserve), demonstrando maior ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos nos pacientes com valor da FFR de 0,81-0,85, quando comparados ao grupo de FFR com valor &#8805; 0,9. Contudo, nosso estudo diferiu do IRIS-FFR na estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos valores de FFR, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos desfechos para o grupo com FFR normal-baixa (0,81-0,9) quando comparado ao grupo com FFR normal-alta (&gt; 0,9).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Isso pode ter ocorrido pelo fato de os nossos intervalos terem sido amplos e o n&#250;mero de pacientes, limitado.</p>
      <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o de isquemia por estenose coronariana pode ser considerada uma vari&#225;vel dicot&#244;mica, identificada por uma FFR acima ou abaixo de 0,8. N&#227;o foi feita, neste estudo, uma an&#225;lise do <italic>continuum</italic> da FFR como foi realizado em alguns estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> uma vez que este estudo n&#227;o objetivava definir os valores de corte ideais para a FFR.</p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, avaliamos pacientes com valores de FFR acima de 0,8, portanto sem evid&#234;ncia de isquemia, estratificados pelo grau de restri&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo coronariano em FFR normal-baixa (&gt; 0,8-0,9) ou FFR normal-alta (&gt; 0,9). Entretanto, nosso estudo n&#227;o identificou diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia de desfechos clinicamente relevantes entre pacientes com diferentes estratos de FFR n&#227;o isqu&#234;mico devido, possivelmente, aos intervalos de 0,81-0,9 e de &gt; 0,9 serem muito amplos e ao n&#250;mero de pacientes ser limitado.</p>
      <p>O conceito de FFR como marcador cont&#237;nuo de risco foi estudado em uma metan&#225;lise com quase 6 mil pacientes, em que os autores encontraram que o melhor ponto de corte para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o seria &lt; 0,75.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o valor da FFR e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o foi detalhada entre os pacientes sem revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e com FFR &gt; 0,8, e o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico foi limitado a 1 ano e meio. Em outro estudo com acompanhamento de 2 anos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> foi demonstrada maior ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM conforme a diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice FFR, sugerindo novamente que, quanto menor o valor de FFR, maior o risco de ECAM em 2 anos.</p>
      <p>O valor real da FFR prevalece sobre o valor progn&#243;stico da gravidade da estenose angiogr&#225;fica por estimativa visual, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apenas o segmento esten&#243;tico, mas tamb&#233;m a carga ateroscler&#243;tica total do vaso e seu impacto na perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica regional. Quanto menor o valor da FFR, mais grave ou mais intensa ser&#225; a isquemia para o mesmo n&#237;vel de estresse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), a evolu&#231;&#227;o pode estar amplamente associada &#224; instabilidade cl&#237;nica e &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica do paciente. Desta forma, n&#227;o realizamos essa an&#225;lise adicional, excluindo-se esse subgrupo. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; estudos indicando que o benef&#237;cio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da FFR em SCA &#233; controverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste trabalho, reportamos os desfechos cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes em diferentes estratos de FFR com acompanhamento de at&#233; 5 anos. A incid&#234;ncia de eventos coronarianos &#233; compar&#225;vel &#224;s reportadas por outros estudos de acompanhamento a longo prazo com ou sem interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m apresenta achados compar&#225;veis aos do estudo PROSPECT (A prospective Natural History Study of Coronary Atherosclerosis),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> em que a ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio (morte, infarto ou re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por angina inst&#225;vel ou angina progressiva) em 3 anos foi de 11,6% em les&#245;es revascularizadas, por&#233;m n&#227;o culpadas pela SCA.</p>
      <p>O nosso estudo levanta a hip&#243;tese de que os pacientes com FFR normal-alta (&gt; 0,9) n&#227;o apresentam menor ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos quando comparados aos pacientes com FFR normal-baixa (&gt; 0,8-0,9).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, tratou-se de uma an&#225;lise observacional de dados armazenados em um banco de dados de um &#250;nico centro de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana. O seguimento dos pacientes foi realizado atrav&#233;s de consulta telef&#244;nica, o que pode ter impacto na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos a longo prazo. Foi realizada uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o diferente de estudos previamente publicados devido ao tamanho reduzido da amostra. O tamanho da amostra deste registro e o n&#250;mero limitado de eventos podem ser insuficientes para revelar o real impacto cl&#237;nico de acordo com a gravidade da les&#227;o avaliada por FFR, o que levou &#224; divis&#227;o dos grupos em estratos diferentes dos habitualmente utilizados nesse tipo de estudo. Para poder avaliar uma poss&#237;vel diferen&#231;a entre os grupos FFR normal-baixa e FFR normal-alta, a amostra deveria ser pr&#243;xima a 2 mil pacientes em cada grupo, o que tornaria o trabalho invi&#225;vel em nosso meio. O per&#237;odo de seguimento de at&#233; 5 anos pode n&#227;o ter sido suficiente para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cardiovasculares pretendidos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo mostrou que os indiv&#237;duos do grupo isqu&#234;mico apresentam piores desfechos quando comparados aos grupos n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos. Entre os grupos que apresentam valores de FFR considerados normal-baixos e normal-altos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares. Contudo, esses pacientes n&#227;o devem ser considerados de baixo risco para eventos cardiovasculares a longo prazo, tendo em vista a poss&#237;vel progress&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica j&#225; demostrada em estudos pr&#233;vios. H&#225; necessidade de estudos prospectivos de longo prazo e com grande n&#250;mero de pacientes para melhor avaliar os desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes portadores de estenose coronariana moderada com valores de FFR entre 0,8 e 1,0.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Denise Pellegrini pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2.829.027. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Assessment of Fractional Flow Reserve in Different Strata in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4207-5364</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pellegrini</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Statistical analysis,Obtaining financing,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7895-8281</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Statistical analysis,Obtaining financing,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soccol</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Czarnobai</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lasevitch</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3668-9976</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Agostini</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data,Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dussin</surname>
            <given-names>Alice</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio Vinicius Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wagner</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Bernardes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data,Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Statistical analysis,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Denise Pellegrini &#8226; Pontificia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Av. Ipiranga, 6690. Postal Code 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: pellegrini.de@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>There are limited real-world data on the clinical course of untreated coronary lesions according to their functional severity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the 5-year clinical outcomes of patients with revascularized lesions with fractional flow reserve (FFR) &#8804; 0.8 and patients with non-revascularized lesions with FFR &gt; 0.8.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The FFR assessment was performed in 218 patients followed for up to 5 years. Participants were classified based on FFR into ischemia group (&#8804; 0.8, intervention group, n = 55), low-normal FFR group (&gt; 0.8-0.9, n = 91), and high-normal FFR group (&gt; 0.9, n = 72). The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), a composite of death, myocardial infarction, and need for repeat revascularization. The significance level was set at 0.05; therefore, results with a p-value &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Most patients were male (62.8%) with a mean age of 64.1 years. Diabetes was present in 27%. On coronary angiography, the severity of stenosis was 62% in the ischemia group, 56.4% in the low-normal FFR group, and 54.3% in the high-normal FFR group (p&lt;0.05). Mean follow-up was 3.5 years. The incidence of MACEs was 25.5%, 13.2%, and 11.1%, respectively (p=0.037). MACE incidence did not differ significantly between the low-normal and high-normal FFR groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Patients with FFR indicative of ischemia had poorer outcomes than those in non-ischemia groups. There was no difference in the incidence of events between the low-normal and high-normal FFR groups. Long-term studies with a large sample size are needed to better assess cardiovascular outcomes in patients with moderate coronary stenosis with FFR values between 0.8 and 1.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Fractional Flow Reserve</kwd>
        <kwd>Outcomes</kwd>
        <kwd>Ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Prognostic Assessment of Fractional Flow Reserve in Different Strata in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>FFR: fractional flow reserve; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20211051-11051-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Physiological assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) has become one of the cornerstones of decision-making for myocardial revascularization.</p>
        <p>The anatomic severity of coronary lesions is associated with adverse events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Fractional flow reserve (FFR) has emerged as a reference tool for assessing the functional severity of coronary lesions. The significance of FFR in the treatment of CAD has been highlighted in recent years by the observation that coronary revascularization according to the functional significance of the lesion is associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> There are published data on the clinical results of non-revascularized coronary lesions according to functional severity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and clinical outcomes are believed to differ according to the different FFR strata. However, the studies lack uniformity in the stratification of FFR values and, therefore, the outcomes may be different. Furthermore, the clinical factors that are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in non-revascularized lesions also differ between studies. Describing the clinical course and identifying the prognostic factors of non-revascularized lesions are of great relevance in clinical practice. Therefore, this study aimed to 1) evaluate the 5-year clinical outcomes of untreated lesions according to functional severity; and 2) define factors associated with adverse outcomes in untreated lesions. Due to the progression of atherosclerotic disease, the risk of events gradually increases with decreasing FFR values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Thus, patients who are left unrevascularized with a &#8220;low&#8221; FFR (i.e., 0.80 to 0.90) could be at increased risk of ischemia or complications than those with higher values (&gt; 0.90).</p>
        <p>The present study aimed to evaluate the incidence of outcomes in patients with different FFR strata after a 5-year follow-up period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>Observational historical cohort study. Data were collected prospectively and stored in the database of the interventional cardiology unit.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study endpoints</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), a composite of death, myocardial infarction, and need for repeat revascularization;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Death;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Myocardial infarction;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Ischemic stroke;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Need for repeat revascularization;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Target-vessel revascularization.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Patients referred to the Cardiovascular Intervention and Interventional Cardiology Unit from January 2013 to September 2018 who underwent FFR assessment of at least one coronary lesion with at least 50% stenosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients with an indication for functional assessment of coronary lesions;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Coronary lesion with a &#8805; 50% diameter stenosis by visual estimation on angiography.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Left main coronary artery lesion;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Cardiogenic shock;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Extremely tortuous and/or calcified coronary arteries;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Life expectancy of less than 2 years;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pregnancy.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study protocol</title>
          <p>Angiographic and non-angiographic data were recorded.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Coronary angiography</title>
            <p>Coronary angiography was performed with a 5F or 6F diagnostic catheter via femoral or radial access. Selective intracoronary administration of 200 mcg of nitroglycerin was performed immediately before angiography of both left and right coronary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Multiple cineangiographic images of the left and right coronary arteries were obtained in the left or right anterior oblique view, and cranial or caudal angulation if necessary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Fractional flow reserve (FFR)</title>
            <p>A 6F guide catheter was routinely used to selectively catheterize the coronary artery for FFR measurement, paying attention to achieve coaxial alignment with the coronary ostium to avoid pressure damping. A 0.014&#8217; guidewire with pressure monitoring was calibrated at atmospheric pressure, advanced to the end of the guide catheter, and equalized with the aortic pressure (Pa) of the guide catheter. The guidewire was then advanced to the distal part of the vessel to record the distal coronary pressure (Pd), ensuring that the pressure sensor was located beyond the lesion to be assessed. FFR of the left and right coronary lesions was recorded during maximal hyperemia induced by intravenous adenosine via good caliber peripheral access at a dose of 140 &#181;g/kg/min for 3-5 minutes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
            <p>FFR was automatically calculated as the lowest pressure gradient (Pa/Pd) reached during maximal hyperemia. An FFR of 0.8 or less was defined as hemodynamically significant (i.e., abnormal) according to current evidence, and revascularization was therefore indicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Patients with lesions with an FFR &gt; 0.8 or more were followed up clinically.</p>
            <p>Participants were classified based on FFR into ischemia group (&#8804; 0.8, intervention group, n = 55), low-normal FFR group (&gt; 0.8-0.9, n = 91), and high-normal FFR group (&gt; 0.9, n = 72). Patients in the ischemia group were revascularized with drug-eluting stents.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Angiographic parameters</title>
            <p>Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) analysis of the lesion that was functionally assessed was performed using Cardiac Viewer (Philips&#8482;). Patients with at least 50% coronary stenosis (by visual assessment) in at least 2 vessels were considered to have multivessel disease.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Follow-up and clinical outcomes</title>
            <p>Patients were followed for up to 5 years after the procedure. Follow-up was performed prospectively via telephone contact. The following clinical outcomes were assessed: death, acute myocardial infarction, repeat target-vessel revascularization, rehospitalization, and stroke. Target-vessel revascularization was defined as any percutaneous or surgical revascularization in a previously treated vessel due to restenosis or other lesion-related complication.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample size</title>
        <p>To detect a difference in MACEs of 12% in the low-normal FFR (0.8-0.9) and high-normal FFR (&gt; 0.9) groups and of 30% in the ischemia group, at a ratio of 3:1, with a statistical power of 80% and a two-tailed significance level of 5%, a total sample size of 200 patients was necessary: 150 patients in the low-normal and high-normal FFR groups and 50 in the ischemia group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Quantitative data were expressed as mean (SD). Based on the central limit theorem, statistical tests were not used to assess the normality of quantitative data distribution. Categorical data were expressed as counts and percentages. One-way ANOVA was used to compare mean values, followed by Tukey&#8217;s post hoc test if necessary. The chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to compare categorical events, followed by Benjamini-Hochberg correction if necessary. Odds ratio (OR) estimates and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained in the univariate analysis with significance based on the chi-square test. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate ORs adjusted for potential confounding effects. The significance level (two-tailed type I error) in this study was set at 0.05; therefore, results with a p-value &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using IBM-SPSS, version 25.0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Participants were divided according to the FFR value into ischemia group (FFR &#8804; 0.80, or intervention, n = 55), low-normal FFR group (&gt; 0.8-0.9, non-revascularized, n = 91), and high-normal FFR group (&gt; 0.9, non-revascularized, n = 72). A total of 241 patients were included in the study from January 2013 to September 2018, 218 of whom completed follow-up (90.4%). Mean follow-up was 3.5 years. Mean patient age was 64.1 years. Most patients were male (62.8%), and diabetes mellitus was present in 27% of patients. Other clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Most baseline clinical characteristics did not differ between the groups, except for clinical presentation ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Clinical characteristics</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Ischemia group n=55</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Low-normal FFR group n=81</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">High-normal FFR group n=53</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.2 &#177; 10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">65.1&#177; 10.4</td>
                  <td align="center">64.2 &#177; 10.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (67.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (63.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (58.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (70.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (56.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (68.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (47.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smokers, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (27.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (21.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (31.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (30.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (25.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (25.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous myocardial infarction, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (21.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (11.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (19.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous coronary angioplasty, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (38.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (27.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous CABG, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Clinical presentation, (n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic angina</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (74.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (89.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (73.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unstable angina</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (16.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (13.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (9.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ST segment elevation myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medications, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASA</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (78.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (73.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (74.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (54.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (53.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (51.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (76.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (78.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (74.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (60.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (61.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (55.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretic</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (21.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (24.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (28.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (20.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (31.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (23.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (29.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (25.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oral hypoglycemic agent</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (27.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (18.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (24.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding angiographic characteristics, the most frequently assessed vessel was the left anterior descending coronary artery in the ischemia group, followed by the low-normal FFR group ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). The degree of angiographic stenosis also differed between the groups, being more severe in the ischemia group ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Angiographic data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Angiographic data</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Ischemia group n=55</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Low-normal FFR group n=91</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">High-normal FFR group n=72</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vessel assessed</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anterior descending coronary artery, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (85.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (65.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (43.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vessels other than the anterior descending artery, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (34.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (56.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angiographic stenosis, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62.0 &#177; 7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">56.5 &#177; 6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">54.0 &#177; 8.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FFR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75 &#177; 0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85 &#177; 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 &#177; 0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* p &#8804; 0.001 for frequency of assessment of the anterior descending coronary artery between the low-normal and high-normal FFR groups. FFR: fractional flow reserve.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The primary endpoint (MACEs), a composite of death, myocardial infarction, need for repeat revascularization, rehospitalization, and stroke, differed significantly between the groups, occurring in 25.5% in the ischemia group, 13.2% in the low-normal FFR group, and 11.1% in the high-normal FFR group (p = 0.037) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). The OR for the occurrence of MACEs from the ischemia group to the high-normal FFR group was 2.73 (95% CI 1.03-7.09; p = 0.039). The OR for the occurrence of MACEs from the ischemia group to the low-normal FFR group was 2.25 (95% CI 0.95-5.29; p = 0.064), and the OR for the occurrence of MACEs from the low-normal FFR group to the high-normal FFR group was 1.22 (95% CI 0.47-3.15; p = 0.680) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Outcomes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Outcomes, n (%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Ischemia group n=55</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Low-normal FFR group n=91</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">High-normal FFR group n=72</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Composite outcome</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (25.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (13.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Need for repeat angioplasty</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (21.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Target-vessel revascularization</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Need for rehospitalization</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (23.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (8.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Need for cardiac catheterization</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (27.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (14.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Between-group comparison of MACEs. FFR: fractional flow reserve.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-06-e20211051-11051-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The mortality rate was 3.6% in the ischemia group, 6.6% in the low-normal FFR group, and 4.2% in the high-normal FFR group (p = 0.67). Myocardial infarction occurred in 1 patient in the ischemia group, in 3 patients in the low-normal FFR group, and in 1 patient in the high-normal FFR group (p = 0.70). A significantly higher rate of patients underwent repeat angioplasty during clinical follow-up in the ischemia group (21.8%) than in the low-normal (5.5%) and high-normal (7.1%) FFR groups (p = 0.04) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). Stroke occurred in 1 patient in the ischemia and in the high-normal FFR group. No stroke occurred in the low-normal FFR group. The need for rehospitalization was significantly higher in the ischemia group (23.6%) than in the low-normal (6.6%) and high-normal (8.6%) FFR groups (p = 0.01).</p>
        <p>A subgroup analysis evaluating patients with chronic CAD, who account for most participants in the study (175 of 218 patients, 80.2%), revealed a significant difference in the occurrence of MACEs between the groups. The MACE rate was 29.3% in patients with FFR &#8804; 0.8, 11.1% in the low-normal FFR stratum, and 7.5% in the high-normal FFR stratum ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ). The difference in the occurrence of MACEs was probably due to the greater need for repeat revascularization in the ischemia group. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of the outcomes between the low-normal and high-normal FFR groups (p = 0.56).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Outcome in the subgroup of patients with chronic coronary artery disease</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Outcomes, n (%)</th>
                  <th>Ischemia group n=41</th>
                  <th>Low-normal FFR group n=81</th>
                  <th>High-normal FFR group n=53</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Composite outcome</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (29.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Need for repeat angioplasty</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (24.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Target-vessel revascularization</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Need for rehospitalization</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (26.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Need for cardiac catheterization</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (26.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (9.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A univariate risk factor analysis was performed to identify MACE predictors in all participants and showed that being male, age &gt; 65 years, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, previous myocardial infarction, previous angioplasty, and previous CABG were not significantly associated with major cardiovascular events analyzed separately. However, FFR &#8804; 0.80 was a predictor of MACEs (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.05-7.09; p = 0.039) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate analysis for MACE predictors</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Without MACE n = 184</th>
                  <th>With MACE n = 34</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, n <bold>(</bold> %)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (62.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (64.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.42-1.96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age &gt; 60 years, n <bold>(</bold> %)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (66.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (64.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.42-1.98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FFR, n/total, n <bold>(</bold> %)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 0.90</td>
                  <td align="center">64/184 (34.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">8/34 (23.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0.81-0.89</td>
                  <td align="center">79/184 (42.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">12/34 (35.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.22</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.47-3.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.689</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 0.80</td>
                  <td align="center">41/184 (22.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">14/34 (41.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.73</td>
                  <td align="center">(1.05-7.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (64.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (58.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.37-1.63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.561</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (24.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.64</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.75-3.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (44.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (41.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.41-1.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous myocardial infarction, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (16.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (17.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.42-2.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous angioplasty, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (5.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.2-5.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous CABG, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (38.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.39</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.65-2.96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>MACE: major adverse cardiac event; OR: odds ratio; FFR: fractional flow reserve; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the multivariate analysis, after adjusting for sex, age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, the difference in MACE occurrence between the FFR strata remained unchanged (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.03-7.14; p = 0.04).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study, involving 218 patients with CAD followed for up to 5 years and subjected to FFR assessment, showed a larger number of MACEs in the ischemia group than in the low-normal and high-normal FFR groups, with no differences between the latter two groups.</p>
        <p>Anatomic severity assessment parameters, such as diameter stenosis, extent, plaque eccentricity, angle and calcification, may be indicative of the complexity and prognosis of the lesion. However, the prognosis differs significantly between patients depending on whether or not myocardial ischemia is present in a given lesion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Therefore, there is a need to overcome the limitations of angiography in the assessment of the functional impact of coronary lesions, for which the FFR has been used as a reference tool in invasive physiological assessments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In recent years, several studies have consistently reported the favorable results of the FFR-guided revascularization strategy in clinical practice. In the DEFER trial, clinical outcomes following non-intervention on the basis of FFR measurement were excellent for a 15-year follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In the Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation (FAME) 1 trial, routine measurement of FFR was also shown to significantly reduce the rate of the composite clinical endpoint of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization in patients with multivessel CAD who were treated with drug-eluting stents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Furthermore, the FAME 2 trial showed that FFR-guided angioplasty plus optimal medical therapy decreased the need for urgent revascularization compared with optimal medical therapy alone in stable patients with functionally significant coronary lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Considering the results of these trials, the treatment of coronary lesions guided by FFR measurements can ensure better clinical outcomes.</p>
        <p>In the present study, the long-term prognosis of patients with revascularized ischemic coronary lesions was significantly worse than that of patients with non-revascularized non-ischemic coronary lesions. This indicates that, in the real world, revascularization with drug-eluting stents associated with conventional clinical management was unable to reduce outcomes in patients with ischemia to the point that they become comparable to the outcomes of patients without ischemia as determined by FFR.</p>
        <p>The higher MACE rate in the ischemia group was due to the greater need for repeat revascularization mainly of other lesions. This finding indicates that patients with ischemic lesions have worse clinical outcome related to the clinical progression of atherosclerosis in other territories.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This results from a possible increase in plaque burden that leads to an increase in the risk of events as the FFR values decrease, as suggested in previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Our MACE rates were slightly worse than those found for the FFR group in the FAME 2 and iFR-SWEDEHEART trials after 5-year follow-up, but similar to those reported in the FAME 1 trial, which may be related to the use of new-generation drug-eluting stents in the first two aforementioned studies and also to a more rigorous clinical management in patients recruited for randomized controlled trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The first studies with FFR demonstrated that low FFR values could identify lesions with high potential to induce ischemia, and non-revascularized lesions with an FFR &lt; 0.8 were at increased risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Above this value, it was assumed that patients with low-normal FFR (&gt; 0.8-0.9) would be at greater risk of events caused by the progression of atherosclerotic disease than those with high-normal FFR (&gt; 0.9), which was demonstrated in previous studies such as the Interventional Cardiology Research In-cooperation Society Fractional Flow Reserve (IRIS-FFR) registry, in which a higher rate of outcomes was reported in patients with an FFR of 0.81-0.85 than in those with an FFR &#8805; 0.9. However, our study differed from the IRIS-FFR registry in the stratification of FFR values and showed no difference in the outcomes between the low-normal (0.81-0.9) and high-normal (&gt; 0.9) FFR groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This may have resulted from our wide range of values and limited number of participants.</p>
        <p>Ischemia determined by coronary stenosis can be considered a dichotomous variable, identified by an FFR above or below 0.8. We did not perform a continuum analysis of FFR as performed in previous studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> because we did not aim to define the optimal cutoff value for FFR.</p>
        <p>In the present study, we evaluated patients with FFR values &gt; 0.8 (i.e., without evidence of ischemia) stratified by the degree of coronary flow restriction into low-normal FFR (&gt; 0.8-0.9) and high-normal FFR (&gt; 0.9). However, we found no difference in the incidence of clinically relevant outcomes between patients with different strata of non-ischemic FFR possibly because the range of values (0.81-0.9 and &gt; 0.9) was too wide and the number of patients was limited.</p>
        <p>The concept of FFR as a continuous risk marker was investigated in a meta-analysis of nearly 6000 patients, which found that the optimal cutoff point for revascularization would be &lt; 0.75.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> However, the relationship of FFR values with clinical outcomes was not detailed between patients without revascularization with an FFR &gt; 0.8, and clinical follow-up was limited to 1.5 years. Another study with a 2-year<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> follow-up demonstrated that MACEs increased as FFR decreased, again suggesting that lower FFR values increase the risk of MACEs at 2 years.</p>
        <p>The actual FFR value prevails over the prognostic value of the severity of the angiographic stenosis by visual estimation, taking into account not only the stenotic segment but also the total coronary atherosclerotic burden and its impact on regional myocardial perfusion. For the same stress level, ischemia increases in severity or intensity with decreasing FFR values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In patients with acute coronary syndrome, the outcome may be largely associated with clinical instability and the patient&#8217;s systemic inflammatory condition. Therefore, we did not perform an additional analysis excluding this subgroup. Furthermore, there are studies indicating that the benefit of using FFR in acute coronary syndromes is controversial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, we reported the clinical outcomes of patients with different FFR strata after a follow-up of up to 5 years. The incidence of coronary events was comparable to that reported by previous long-term follow-up studies with or without coronary intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Our study also presents findings comparable to those of the PROSPECT study (A Prospective Natural-History Study of Coronary Atherosclerosis),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> in which the 3-year cumulative rate of the primary endpoint (death, myocardial infarction, or rehospitalization due to unstable or progressive angina) was 11.6% in revascularized, nonculprit coronary lesions.</p>
        <p>Our study suggests the hypothesis that patients with high-normal FFR (&gt; 0.9) do not have a lower rate of events than patients with low-normal FFR (&gt; 0.8-0.9).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Limitations of the study include the fact that it is an observational analysis of data stored in a database of a single coronary intervention center. Patient follow-up was performed via telephone contact, which may have had an impact on the assessment of long-term outcomes. Stratification differed from that of previous publications because of our small sample size. The number of patients and events in our study could be insufficient to reveal the real clinical impact according to lesion severity assessed by FFR, which led us to divide the groups into FFR strata different from those usually used in this type of study. To detect a possible difference between the low-normal and high-normal FFR groups, the sample size should be close to 2000 patients per group, which would render the study unfeasible in our setting. The follow-up period of up to 5 years may not have been sufficient to assess the intended cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our results showed that patients in the ischemia group had poorer outcomes than those in the non-ischemia groups. There was no significant difference in the incidence of cardiovascular events between the low-normal and high-normal FFR groups. However, these patients should not be considered at low risk for long-term cardiovascular events given the possible progression of atherosclerotic plaque already demonstrated in previous studies. Long-term prospective studies with a large sample size are needed to better assess cardiovascular outcomes in patients with moderate coronary stenosis with FFR values between 0.8 and 1.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Denise Pellegrini, from Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul under the protocol number 2.829.027. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
