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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">rJBH7tpkbjpP9LKxdGX8fYv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230298</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Auricular do Nervo Vago na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: An&#225;lise Cr&#237;tica e Perspectivas Futuras</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5338-3242</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Denise Tessariol Hachul &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Rua Joaquim C. A. Marques, 1205. CEP 05688-021, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>denise.hachul@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230298</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Auricular/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Nervo Vago</kwd>
        <kwd>Epilepsia/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o do Nervo Vago/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica Nervosa Transcut&#226;nea/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O termo VAGO, proveniente do latim &#8220;vagar&#8221;, foi escolhido para denominar o nervo craniano com a mais complexa diversidade de fun&#231;&#245;es e que afeta in&#250;meros processos fisiol&#243;gicos, como a regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, imunol&#243;gica, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respirat&#243;ria e end&#243;crina. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O nervo vago &#233; composto por 20% de fibras eferentes e 80% de fibras aferentes, que fazem conex&#245;es rec&#237;procas entre o c&#233;rebro e nossos &#243;rg&#227;os. As fibras aferentes transmitem informa&#231;&#245;es sensoriais ascendentes e terminam em quatro n&#250;cleos localizados no bulbo cerebral, incluindo o n&#250;cleo do trato solit&#225;rio (NTS). Suas fun&#231;&#245;es eferentes incluem o envio de sinais colin&#233;rgicos parassimp&#225;ticos de n&#250;cleos cerebrais para os &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o invasiva do nervo vago (ENV) est&#225; estabelecida como terapia para epilepsias refrat&#225;rias h&#225; aproximadamente 20 anos. Pelo fato de dispor de uma entrada &#250;nica para o c&#233;rebro, sua eletroestimula&#231;&#227;o promove um acesso modulador sobre determinadas &#225;reas subcorticais encef&#225;licas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na d&#233;cada de 30 se sabia que a ENV causava altera&#231;&#245;es no eletroencefalograma (EEG). Em 1988, foi implantado o primeiro dispositivo e em 1997 foi aprovado pelo FDA para o tratamento de epilepsia refrat&#225;ria, ap&#243;s demonstra&#231;&#245;es de redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero e gravidade das crises, em pacientes n&#227;o responsivos aos tratamentos farmacol&#243;gico e cir&#250;rgico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O ent&#227;o &#8220;estimulador&#8221; vagal tem sido implantado por meio de uma cirurgia minimamente invasiva, com inser&#231;&#227;o de um eletrodo ao redor do nervo vago cervical esquerdo e de um gerador de corrente na regi&#227;o intraclavicular, semelhante ao marca-passo card&#237;aco artificial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A estimula&#231;&#227;o do lado esquerdo &#233; preferida por reduzir o risco de bradicardia ou assistolia, que pode ser induzida pela estimula&#231;&#227;o do vago cervical direito.</p>
    <p>A ENV pode provocar uma gama de efeitos colaterais: desde rouquid&#227;o, disfagia e dor local (pela sua proximidade o nervo glossofar&#237;ngeo), at&#233; s&#250;bitos bloqueios atrioventriculares, por seu efeito eferente sobre o n&#243; sinusal e atrioventricular, mas o aprimoramento t&#233;cnico e ajustes dos par&#226;metros de estimula&#231;&#227;o tornaram compensador o balan&#231;o risco/benef&#237;cio, especialmente por reduzir a taxa de mortalidade em pacientes portadores de epilepsias intrat&#225;veis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar de numerosos estudos demonstrando sua efic&#225;cia, o mecanismo pelo qual a ENV controla a epilepsia ainda n&#227;o foi totalmente desvendado. H&#225; hip&#243;teses de que atue na redu&#231;&#227;o da excitabilidade cerebral <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e por a&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;ria, j&#225; que recentemente se demonstrou o papel da inflama&#231;&#227;o na ocorr&#234;ncia de crises epil&#233;pticas.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o sucesso da terapia para epilepsia, os efeitos da ENV passaram a ser mais estudados e aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas come&#231;aram a ser experimentadas para uma gama de doen&#231;as, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> como enxaqueca, obesidade, depress&#227;o, doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias intestinais e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No contexto da IC, ainda utilizando dispositivos implant&#225;veis, dois importantes estudos cl&#237;nicos foram realizados. O NECTAR-HF demonstrou melhora estatisticamente significante na qualidade de vida e na classe funcional (NYHA) no grupo submetido &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e no t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico. No INOVATE-HF, os pacientes que receberam dispositivo implant&#225;vel ou tratamento m&#233;dico convencional, n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a nos desfechos prim&#225;rios (morte por todas as causas, piora da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e no volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo). Mas houve melhora da qualidade de vida e no resultado do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos no grupo estimulado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pelo seu car&#225;ter invasivo, efeitos colaterais e complica&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#224; cirurgia, modalidades n&#227;o invasivas de ENV passaram a ser desenvolvidas, particularmente a estimula&#231;&#227;o transauricular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O ramo auricular do nervo vago pode influenciar o sistema cardiovascular indiretamente, por vias aferentes que atingem o n&#250;cleo do trato solit&#225;rio (NTS), cujos neur&#244;nios se projetam para neur&#244;nios vagais centrais eferentes cardioinibit&#243;rios. Esses, por sua vez, propagam a atividade parassimp&#225;tica para o n&#243; sinoatrial e &#225;trio ventricular. O NTS, por meio de outras vias, tamb&#233;m inibe o impulso excitat&#243;rio para os neur&#244;nios pr&#233;-ganglionares simp&#225;ticos da medula espinhal. Essa inibi&#231;&#227;o diminui a atividade simp&#225;tica no sistema cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora potencialmente eficaz e menos invasiva, os protocolos propostos de estimula&#231;&#227;o auricular e seus resultados apresentam grandes varia&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A regi&#227;o engloba outros nervos auriculares que podem ser estimulados inadvertidamente.</p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o de diferentes nervos auriculares pode induzir efeitos cerebrais e perif&#233;ricos diversos, que afetam a reprodutibilidade do m&#233;todo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> M&#250;ltiplos reflexos podem ser acionados, tais como o reflexo de tosse de Arnold e do lacrimejamento, cefaleia, irrita&#231;&#227;o da pele local, tonturas e mesmo s&#237;ncopes.</p>
    <p>O artigo publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> avaliou prospectivamente 2 grupos de pacientes com IC compensada. No grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, utilizaram um eletrodo transcut&#226;neo na concha superior e o outro no l&#243;bulo da orelha direita, com o objetivo de estimular termina&#231;&#245;es do vago, mas tamb&#233;m do grande nervo auricular do l&#243;bulo, por facilidade t&#233;cnica e uniformiza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo. No grupo <italic>sham</italic> , ambos eletrodos foram alocados no l&#243;bulo auricular direito. O tempo de interven&#231;&#227;o foi empiricamente determinado, assim como a dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento.</p>
    <p>O grupo interven&#231;&#227;o apresentava idade mais elevada e maior &#237;ndice rMSSD e o grupo <italic>sham</italic> tinha melhor &#237;ndice de qualidade de vida e melhor classe funcional, no momento do recrutamento. Em ambos os grupos houve uma melhora do desempenho no TC6min. No grupo interven&#231;&#227;o a melhora foi estatisticamente significativa, mas ainda assim, a performance foi inferior &#224; do grupo <italic>sham.</italic></p>
    <p>Observou-se melhora na qualidade de vida no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, sem diferen&#231;a no grupo controle, cuja qualidade de vida era superior antes da interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; um m&#233;todo consagrado h&#225; anos para avaliar o t&#244;nus vagal, uma vari&#225;vel considerada cardioprotetora, associada a outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nota-se que os valores de rMSSD eram maiores antes das interven&#231;&#245;es no grupo <italic>sham</italic> e n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos ap&#243;s o tratamento. O &#250;nico par&#226;metro que apresentou melhora ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o foi o SDNN. No entanto, &#233; dif&#237;cil avaliar o valor de um par&#226;metro isoladamente, em pacientes com IC sob tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, sobre os quais n&#227;o temos informa&#231;&#245;es a respeito das drogas utilizadas.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que a estimula&#231;&#227;o do l&#243;bulo da orelha (um local inervado pelo nervo auricular maior) &#233; comumente utilizada para simula&#231;&#245;es de estimula&#231;&#227;o ( <italic>sham</italic> ), em estudos controlados. E foi essa a regi&#227;o escolhida no estudo citado. A RNM encef&#225;lica funcional, no entanto, demonstrou que essa regi&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; fisiologicamente inerte e h&#225;, portanto, necessidade de explorar locais alternativos para estimula&#231;&#227;o simulada ( <italic>sham</italic> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A literatura &#233; escassa em publica&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e funcionais e n&#227;o h&#225; consenso claro sobre os locais mais densamente inervados pelo ramo auricular do vago. As regi&#245;es cerebrais ativadas pela ENV auricular dependem de par&#226;metros espec&#237;ficos do estimulador, tamb&#233;m ainda n&#227;o bem definidos. Os resultados dos estudos de RNM funcional sugerem que a concha e o tragus interno sejam os s&#237;tios mais adequados para essa interven&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#192; despeito do grande entusiasmo sobre a potencialidade da estimula&#231;&#227;o vagal auricular nas mais diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, se esta terapia corresponder&#225; &#224;s expectativas ainda &#233; uma inc&#243;gnita. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> As in&#250;meras publica&#231;&#245;es no assunto utilizam sistemas e metodologias de estimula&#231;&#227;o diversos, o que torna sua aplicabilidade duvidosa. Quest&#245;es como a dura&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o, o tempo de tratamento, par&#226;metros relacionados ao est&#237;mulo, como largura de pulso, frequ&#234;ncia e intensidade, bem como a defini&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de aplica&#231;&#227;o ainda requerem muitos estudos experimentais e ensaios cl&#237;nicos amplos, com acompanhamento de longo prazo, para a ENV transauricular tornar-se uma ferramenta terap&#234;utica comprovadamente &#250;til nas diversas &#225;reas da medicina.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Neuromodula&#231;&#227;o Vagal Auricular e sua Aplicabilidade em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida</italic>
        </p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Heart Failure: Critical Analysis and Future Perspectives</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5338-3242</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Denise Tessariol Hachul &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Rua Joaquim C. A. Marques, 1205. Postal Code 05688-021, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: denise.hachul@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Auricular Stimulation/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Vagus Nerve</kwd>
        <kwd>Epilepsy/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The term VAGUS, from the Latin, was chosen to name the cranial nerve with the most complex diversity of functions and which affects numerous physiological processes, such as autonomic, immunological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory and endocrine regulation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The vagus nerve is made up of 20% efferent fibers and 80% afferent fibers, which make reciprocal connections between the brain and our organs. Afferent fibers transmit sensory information upward and terminate in four nuclei located in the medulla, including the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Its efferent functions include sending parasympathetic cholinergic signals from brain nuclei to target organs. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Invasive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been established as a therapy for refractory epilepsies for approximately 20 years. Because it has a single entrance to the brain, its electrostimulation promotes modulating access to certain brain subcortical areas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the 1930s, it was known that VNS caused changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG). In 1988, the first device was implanted and, in 1997, approved by the FDA for the treatment of refractory epilepsy, after demonstrations of reduction in the number and severity of seizures, in patients unresponsive to pharmacological and surgical treatments. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The so-called vagal &#8220;stimulator&#8221; has been implanted through a minimally invasive surgery, with the insertion of an electrode around the left cervical vagus nerve and a current generator in the infraclavicular region, similarly to an artificial cardiac pacemaker. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Stimulation on the left side left is preferred as it reduces the risk of bradycardia or asystole, which can be induced by stimulation of the right cervical vagus.</p>
      <p>VNS can cause a range of side effects: from hoarseness, dysphagia, and local pain (due to its proximity to the glossopharyngeal nerve), to sudden atrioventricular blocks, due to its efferent effect on the sinus and atrioventricular node, but technical improvement and parameter adjustments of stimulation made the risk/benefit balance worthwhile, especially by reducing the mortality rate in patients with intractable epilepsy. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite numerous studies demonstrating its effectiveness, the mechanism by which VNS controls epilepsy has not yet been fully understood. There are hypotheses that it acts by reducing brain excitability <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and by its anti-inflammatory action, as the role of inflammation in the occurrence of epileptic seizures has recently been demonstrated.</p>
      <p>After the success of therapy for epilepsy, the effects of VNS began to be studied more and clinical applications began to be tried for many other conditions, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> such as migraine, obesity, depression, inflammatory bowel diseases and heart failure (HF). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the context of HF, still using implantable devices, two important clinical studies were carried out. NECTAR-HF demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in quality of life and functional class (NYHA) in the group submitted to the intervention, but not in echocardiographic parameters and autonomic tone. In INOVATE-HF, patients who received an implantable device or conventional medical treatment showed no difference in primary outcomes (death from all causes, worsening heart failure, and left ventricular end-systolic volume). But there was an improvement in quality of life and in the result of the 6-minute walk test in the stimulated group. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Due to its invasive nature, side effects and complications inherent to the surgery, non-invasive VNS modalities began to be developed, particularly trans auricular stimulation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The auricular branch of the vagus nerve can indirectly influence the cardiovascular system, via afferent pathways that reach the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), which neurons project to cardioinhibitory efferent central vagal neurons. These, in turn, propagate parasympathetic activity to the sinus node and AV node. The NTS, through other pathways, also inhibits excitatory impulses to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. This inhibition decreases sympathetic activity to the cardiovascular system. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although potentially effective and less invasive, proposed atrial pacing protocols and their results vary greatly. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The region encompasses other auricular nerves that may be inadvertently stimulated. Stimulation of different auricular nerves can induce different cerebral and peripheral effects, which affect the reproducibility of the method. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Multiple reflexes can be triggered, such as the Arnold cough reflex and tearing, headache, local skin irritation, dizziness and even syncope.</p>
      <p>The article published by <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> prospectively evaluated 2 groups of patients with compensated HF. In the intervention group, they used a transcutaneous electrode on the superior concha and the other on the right earlobe, with the aim of stimulating terminations of the vagus, but also of the great auricular nerve of the lobe, for technical ease and standardization of the protocol. In the sham group, both electrodes were placed on the right earlobe. The intervention time was empirically determined, as well as the duration of treatment.</p>
      <p>The intervention group was older and had a higher rMSSD index, and the sham group had a better quality of life index and better NYHA functional class at the time of recruitment. In both groups there was an improvement in performance in the 6mWT. In the intervention group, the improvement was statistically significant, but even so, the performance was inferior to that of the sham group.</p>
      <p>An improvement in quality of life was observed in the intervention group, with no difference in the control group, whose quality of life was higher before the intervention.</p>
      <p>Heart rate variability (HRV) is a method that has been used for years to assess vagal tonus, considered cardioprotective, associated with other clinical and laboratory variables. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> It is noted that the rMSSD values were higher before the interventions in the sham group and no significant difference was observed between the groups after the treatment. The only parameter that improved after stimulation was the SDNN. However, it is difficult to assess the value of a single HRV parameter in patients with HF under pharmacological treatment, for whom we have no information regarding the drugs used.</p>
      <p>It is important to note that stimulation of the earlobe (a site innervated by the greater auricular nerve) is commonly used for sham stimulation in controlled studies. And this was the region chosen in this specific study. Functional brain MRI, however, demonstrated that this region is not physiologically inert and there is, therefore, a need to explore alternative sites for sham stimulation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The literature is scarce in anatomical and functional publications and there is no clear consensus on the sites most densely innervated by the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. The brain regions activated by atrial VNS depend on specific parameters of the stimulator, which are also not yet well defined. The results of functional MRI studies suggest that the concha and internal tragus are the most suitable sites for this intervention. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite the great enthusiasm about the potential of atrial vagal stimulation in the most diverse clinical situations, whether this therapy will meet expectations is still unknown. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The numerous publications on the subject use different stimulation systems and methodologies, which makes its applicability doubtful.</p>
      <p>Issues such as stimulation duration, treatment time, stimulus-related parameters such as pulse width, frequency, and intensity, as well as the definition of the area of application still require many experimental studies and clinical trials, with long-term follow-up, for trans auricular VNS to become a proven useful therapeutic tool in HF and other several areas of medicine.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Auricular Vagal Neuromodulation and its Application in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
