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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jvGdB8KHNMhxKg9GQbBFvZJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230290</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Ecocardiograma Intracard&#237;aco Deve Ser Utilizado em Todo Paciente Submetido a Abla&#231;&#227;o de FA?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3457-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">InCor</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FM USP (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Cristiano F. Pisani &#8226; Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FM USP (HC-FMUSP) &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>c.pisani@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230290</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Abla&#231;&#227;o/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial tornou-se uma t&#233;cnica amplamente utilizada no tratamento dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos devido ao melhor conhecimento dos seu mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos, evolu&#231;&#227;o nas t&#233;cnicas de isolamento das veias pulmonares e redu&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nesse per&#237;odo houve grande investimento em novas tecnologias pela ind&#250;stria, principalmente no aperfei&#231;oamento das imagens como os sistemas de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico, desenvolvimento de novos cateteres e novas energias para produzir les&#245;es mais efetivas e duradouras e tamb&#233;m com o uso do ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco (EIC) para adicionar seguran&#231;a na realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento ao permitir de maneira instant&#226;nea a visualiza&#231;&#227;o das estruturas do cora&#231;&#227;o e suas rela&#231;&#245;es com os cateteres e bainhas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O EIC &#233; uma t&#233;cnica de imagem invasiva que utiliza um cateter especializado em fornecer as imagens ultrassonogr&#225;ficas a partir de uma sonda que est&#225; localizada dentro do cora&#231;&#227;o. Apresenta excelente defini&#231;&#227;o de imagem capaz de reconhecer com detalhes o local da fossa oval, localiza&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;stios das veias pulmonares. Permite acompanhar o posicionamento e contato adequados da ponta do cateter com as estruturas de interesse durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF, assim como a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos ou microbolhas e altera&#231;&#245;es na refring&#234;ncia tecidual que precedem a forma&#231;&#227;o dos chamados &#8220;Steam-pops&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Outra vantagem do EIC &#233; que &#233; operado em campo pelo pr&#243;prio eletrofisiologista, sem a necessidade do ecocardiografista.</p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o mais importante do eco intracard&#237;aco na abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial est&#225; em guiar a pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal com seguran&#231;a,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> inclusive em pacientes sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com INR terap&#234;utico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Entretanto os benef&#237;cios n&#227;o s&#227;o restritos &#224; pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal; o EIC permite reconhecer a rela&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago com o &#225;trio esquerdo com os locais de aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF na parede posterior, guiar a posi&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de temperatura esof&#225;gica reduzindo a chance de ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas e identificar a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos intracavit&#225;rios durante o procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Uma tend&#234;ncia recente nos laborat&#243;rios de eletrofisiologia &#233; reduzir ao m&#225;ximo a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao RX do paciente e da equipe m&#233;dica e auxiliares. O uso do mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico foi fundamental nesse processo e atualmente com a associa&#231;&#227;o do EIC, &#233; poss&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento sem fluoroscopia. Al&#233;m dos benef&#237;cios da redu&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao RX o m&#233;todo &#8220;zero fluoro&#8221; permite reduzir o risco de problemas ortop&#233;dicos pela n&#227;o necessidade dos aventais de chumbo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m destas, uma aplica&#231;&#227;o validada recentemente &#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do EIC para a investiga&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de trombos, principalmente no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, prescindindo do eco tranesof&#225;gico. A t&#233;cnica foi validada recentemente com o posicionamento do cateter do EIC na art&#233;ria pulmonar com demonstra&#231;&#227;o de equival&#234;ncia quando comparada com o eco transesof&#225;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Sant`Anna et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstraram em um estudo cl&#237;nico observacional, n&#227;o randomizado, comparando 13 pacientes onde foi utilizado o EIC com 36 pacientes em que foi utilizado o eco transesof&#225;gico durante o procedimento. O principal achado foi que o tempo de procedimento foi menor quando o EIC foi utilizado (129&#177;27 min e 189&#177;41min; p&lt;0,001), com menor dose de radia&#231;&#227;o (51296&#177;24790mGY e 75874&#177;24293; p=0,002). A principal limita&#231;&#227;o desse estudo &#233; que n&#227;o houve randomiza&#231;&#227;o na inclus&#227;o dos pacientes, sendo a sele&#231;&#227;o baseada na libera&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o do EIC pelo seguro sa&#250;de; contudo os autores demonstraram que as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos. Nessa mesma s&#233;rie n&#227;o foi observado maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es ou mudan&#231;as no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel avaliar nessa s&#233;rie a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s o procedimento. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es os resultados s&#227;o coerentes e confirmados por outros estudos cl&#237;nicos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e metan&#225;lises.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Vale destacar que a maioria desses estudos tamb&#233;m apresentam a mesma limita&#231;&#227;o da n&#227;o randomiza&#231;&#227;o e os melhores resultados podem refletir uma melhor curva de aprendizado.</p>
    <p>Uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o para a implementa&#231;&#227;o do EIC nos procedimentos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos tem sido o custo adicional da sonda do ecocardiograma, que &#233; utilizada em grande parte dos servi&#231;os apenas uma vez, seguida do descarte da mesma. Essa limita&#231;&#227;o pode ser atenuada pelo seu reprocessamento, uma vez que utilizando protocolos adequados, a sua reutiliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; permitida no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Outro ponto importante &#233; o fato de que no nosso pa&#237;s ainda n&#227;o faz parte do ROL dos materiais de libera&#231;&#227;o obrigat&#243;ria na abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, portanto algumas operadoras de sa&#250;de ainda n&#227;o liberam o procedimento apesar das evid&#234;ncias demonstrarem o benef&#237;cio, inclusive sendo esse o motivo nessa s&#233;rie da separa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em dois grupos, sendo eles selecionados para uma ou outra tecnologia quando a operadora liberava ou n&#227;o os cateteres.</p>
    <p>Todo avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico &#233; bem-vindo e sua implementa&#231;&#227;o deve considerada, principalmente quando pode tornar os procedimentos mais seguros e eficazes. Entretanto, essa decis&#227;o deve levar em conta a viabilidade institucional baseada na rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade e o impacto econ&#244;mico da sua aplica&#231;&#227;o. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o ainda &#233; necess&#225;ria para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o mais ampla do EIC nos procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA que deve ser compartilhada com as operadoras de sa&#250;de e os &#243;rg&#227;os respons&#225;veis do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de que arcam com os custos desses procedimentos. Nesse sentido, estudos cl&#237;nicos com avalia&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade realizados aqui no Brasil ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para dar suporte para a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o justificada, assim como a de outros procedimentos de alto custo.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
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          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Abla&#231;&#227;o da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Impacto da Ecocardiografia Intracard&#237;aca na Redu&#231;&#227;o do Tempo de Procedimento e Interna&#231;&#227;o</italic>
        </p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Intracardiac Echocardiography Must Be Used in All Patients Who Underwent AF Ablation?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3457-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FM USP (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Cristiano F. Pisani &#8226; Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FM USP (HC-FMUSP) &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: c.pisani@hc.fm.usp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmia Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods, Catheter Ablation/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography Transesophageal/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Ablation Techniques/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation ablation has become a widely used technique in treating patients with atrial fibrillation in the last 20 years due to better knowledge of its pathophysiological mechanisms, evolution in techniques for isolating pulmonary veins, and reduction of complications associated with the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> During this period, there have been large investments in new technologies by the industry, mainly in the improvement of images such as electroanatomical mapping systems, development of new catheters and new energies to produce more effective and lasting lesions and also with the use of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) to add safety in the performance of the procedure to the allow instant visualization of heart structures and their relationships with catheters and sheaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The ICE is an invasive imaging technique that uses a specialized catheter to deliver ultrasound images from a probe that is located inside the heart. It presents an excellent image definition capable of recognizing in detail the location of the oval fossa and the ostia of the pulmonary veins. Allows monitoring the proper positioning and contact of the catheter tip with the structures of interest during RF application, as well as monitoring the formation of thrombi or microbubbles and alterations in tissue refraction that precede the formation of the so-called &#8220;Steam-pops&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Another advantage of the ICE is that it is operated in the field by the electrophysiologist himself, without the need for an echocardiographer.</p>
      <p>The most important application of intracardiac echo in atrial fibrillation ablation is to safely guide the transseptal puncture,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> even in patients under anticoagulation with therapeutic INR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, the benefits are not restricted to transseptal puncture; ICE allows recognizing the relationship of the esophagus with the left atrium with the RF application sites on the posterior wall, guiding the position of esophageal temperature monitoring devices, reducing the chance of occurrence of esophageal injuries and identifying the formation of intracavitary thrombi during the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A recent trend in electrophysiology laboratories is to reduce the exposure to X-rays of the patient and the medical staff and assistants as much as possible. The use of electroanatomical mapping was fundamental in this process, and currently, with the association of ICE, it is possible to perform the procedure without fluoroscopy. In addition to the benefits of reducing exposure to X-rays, the &#8220;zero fluoro&#8221; method allows for reducing the risk of orthopedic problems by not requiring lead aprons.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In addition to these, a recently validated application is the use of ICE to investigate the presence of thrombi, mainly in the left atrial appendage, before performing AF ablation, dispensing with transesophageal echo. The technique was recently validated with the positioning of the ICE catheter in the pulmonary artery, demonstrating equivalence when compared with the transesophageal echo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> , Sant`Anna et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstrated in an observational, non-randomized clinical study, comparing 13 patients in which ICE was used with 36 patients in which transesophageal echo was used during the procedure. The main finding was that the procedure time was shorter when ICE was used (129&#177;27 min and 189&#177;41min; p&lt;0.001), with lower radiation dose (51296&#177;24790mGY and 75874&#177;24293; p=0.002). The main limitation of this study is that there was no randomization in the inclusion of patients; the selection is based on the release or not of the ICE by the health insurance; however, the authors demonstrated that the baseline characteristics of the patients were not different between the groups. In the same series, no greater risk of complications or changes in the length of hospital stay was observed, and it was also not possible to assess the recurrence rate after the procedure in this series. Despite these limitations, the results are consistent and confirmed by other clinical studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and meta-analyses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> It is worth noting that most of these studies also have the same limitation of non-randomization, and better results may reflect a better learning curve.</p>
      <p>An important limitation of implementing ICE in electrophysiological procedures has been the additional cost of the echocardiogram probe, which is used in most services only once, followed by its disposal. This limitation can be mitigated by its reprocessing since using appropriate protocols allows its reuse in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Another important point is the fact that in our country, it is not yet part of the ROL of materials for mandatory release in the ablation of AF, so some health operators still do not release the procedure despite the evidence demonstrating the benefit, including this being the reason in this series for separating patients into two groups, being selected for one or another technology when the operator released or not the catheters.</p>
      <p>Every technological advance is welcome, and its implementation should be considered, especially when it can make procedures safer and more effective. However, this decision must consider the institutional viability based on the cost-effectiveness ratio and the economic impact of its application. This information is still necessary for the broader use of ICE in AF ablation procedures, which must be shared with healthcare providers and the responsible bodies of the Ministry of Health that bear the costs of these procedures. In this sense, clinical studies with cost-effectiveness evaluation carried out here in Brazil are still necessary to support its justified use and that of other high-cost procedures.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short editorial related to the article: Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Impact of Intracardiac Echocardiography in Reducing Procedure Time and Hospitalization</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
