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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">sQbstg3HP689PKQmf6bj4tL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230274</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Medida da Press&#227;o Arterial no Bra&#231;o: H&#225; Mais do que os Olhos Enxergam</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9719-3176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9983-4720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes D. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0003-5102</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Wilson Nadruz &#8226; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#8211; Universidade Estadual de Campinas &#8211; Cidade Universit&#225;ria &#8220;Zeferino Vaz&#8221; &#8211; CEP 13081-970, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>wilnj@fcm.unicamp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230274</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Monitor de Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Bra&#231;os</kwd>
        <kwd>Tecido Adiposo</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; o fator de risco mais importante para eventos cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o mundial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Portanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o desse fator &#233; fundamental para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular. A avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o arterial (PA) usando manguitos nos bra&#231;os &#233; o m&#233;todo recomendado para diagnosticar e controlar a hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, essa avalia&#231;&#227;o deve ser feita de forma adequada e precisa para evitar medidas n&#227;o acuradas da PA e decis&#245;es de manejo inadequadas.</p>
    <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do manguito &#233; uma etapa fundamental na avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA e depende da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o do indiv&#237;duo examinado. Um manguito menor do que o necess&#225;rio superestima a PA, enquanto um manguito maior do que o necess&#225;rio subestima a PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Alguns estudos relataram diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias na PA sist&#243;lica de 6 mmHg quando s&#227;o usados manguitos de tamanho inadequado, embora discrep&#226;ncias marcadamente maiores possam ser observadas em alguns indiv&#237;duos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nos Estados Unidos, aproximadamente 51% dos adultos com hipertens&#227;o precisam de manguitos grandes ou extragrandes, incluindo 84% daqueles com obesidade e 65% daqueles com idade entre 18 e 34 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Como a obesidade &#233; altamente prevalente em todo o mundo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> esses n&#250;meros americanos destacam a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o para a medi&#231;&#227;o precisa da PA na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Em artigo publicado recentemente, Souza et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> ampliaram o conhecimento atual e forneceram dados que sugerem que a circunfer&#234;ncia e a composi&#231;&#227;o do bra&#231;o podem influenciar as medidas da PA. Os autores avaliaram 489 indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis com idades entre 18 e 29 anos, que realizaram medidas de comprimento e circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o e tiveram a PA aferida simultaneamente em ambos os bra&#231;os por meio de aparelhos oscilom&#233;tricos com manguitos de tamanho adequado. Al&#233;m disso, todos os participantes tiveram a dobra cut&#226;nea do tr&#237;ceps medida e, com base nessas medidas e nos valores da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o, foi estimado o &#237;ndice de gordura do bra&#231;o (IGB) de cada bra&#231;o. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada mostrou que a PA sist&#243;lica estava diretamente relacionada &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia e comprimento do bra&#231;o e inversamente relacionada ao IGB. An&#225;lises posteriores usando modelos de <italic>machine learning</italic> (ML) confirmaram os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear e demonstraram que valores mais altos de PA sist&#243;lica foram encontrados em bra&#231;os com menor IGB e maior comprimento do bra&#231;o, mas, surpreendentemente, com menor circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que as medi&#231;&#245;es da PA sist&#243;lica s&#227;o subestimadas nos bra&#231;os com maior IGB. Embora os achados sejam interessantes e provocativos, alguns aspectos do estudo merecem coment&#225;rios adicionais.</p>
    <p>Primeiro, apesar da escassez de evid&#234;ncias avaliando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre IGB e PA, estudos anteriores demonstraram que a PA est&#225; inversamente relacionada &#224; massa de gordura do bra&#231;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e diretamente relacionada &#224; massa muscular do bra&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Esses dados refor&#231;am a no&#231;&#227;o de que a varia&#231;&#227;o na composi&#231;&#227;o tecidual do bra&#231;o pode influenciar a medida da PA. Como bem discutido por Souza et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> a menor PA associada a maior IGB poderia ser devida &#224; menor densidade de tecido adiposo que ofereceria menor resist&#234;ncia para a compress&#227;o do manguito da art&#233;ria braquial, gerando assim menor leitura da PA em bra&#231;os com mais gordura. No entanto, para confirmar a suposi&#231;&#227;o de que a PA sist&#243;lica &#233; de fato subestimada em bra&#231;os com IGB mais alto, ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos que validem medidas indiretas de PA com medidas de PA intra-arterial em bra&#231;os com uma ampla gama de IGB.</p>
    <p>Em segundo lugar, os autores avaliaram uma amostra de jovens aparentemente saud&#225;veis, sem hipertens&#227;o nem uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. Esses indiv&#237;duos s&#227;o notavelmente distintos daqueles que geralmente procuram atendimento m&#233;dico para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o. Resta estabelecer se a associa&#231;&#227;o entre IGB e PA &#233; reprodut&#237;vel em idosos hipertensos com maior enrijecimento da art&#233;ria braquial e consequentemente maior resist&#234;ncia &#224; compress&#227;o do manguito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em terceiro lugar, os autores usaram modelos de ML como uma estrat&#233;gia adicional para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis do bra&#231;o e a PA. Esta abordagem tem sido cada vez mais utilizada na medicina cardiovascular e tem grande potencial para encontrar insights ocultos sem ser explicitamente programada para onde procurar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No entanto, os modelos de ML tamb&#233;m t&#234;m limita&#231;&#245;es e seu desempenho depende de v&#225;rias vari&#225;veis, incluindo qualidade de dados, m&#233;todos de valida&#231;&#227;o, estrat&#233;gia de integra&#231;&#227;o de dados, escolha de algoritmo de ML e evid&#234;ncia ortogonal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Algumas dessas quest&#245;es podem estar envolvidas nos achados contradit&#243;rios relatados pelos autores referentes &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o entre circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o e PA quando avaliadas por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o cl&#225;ssica e modelos de ML.</p>
    <p>Apesar das considera&#231;&#245;es anteriores, o estudo de Souza et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> merece destaque porque levanta a hip&#243;tese de que a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#243; da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o, mas tamb&#233;m da composi&#231;&#227;o da gordura do bra&#231;o pode ser relevante para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa da PA. Novas pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para avaliar e validar o impacto do IGB na medi&#231;&#227;o da PA em diferentes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Influ&#234;ncia da Gordura do Bra&#231;o sobre Medida Indireta da Press&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea: Uma Abordagem Estat&#237;stica e de Machine Learning</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Blood Pressure Measurement: There&#8217;s More Than Meets the Arm</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9719-3176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9983-4720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes D. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0003-5102</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Wilson Nadruz &#8226; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas &#8211; Cidade Universit&#225;ria &#8220;Zeferino Vaz&#8221; &#8211; Postal Code13081-970, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: wilnj@fcm.unicamp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Arms</kwd>
        <kwd>Adipose Tissue</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Hypertension is the most important risk factor for cardiovascular events in the population worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Therefore, the identification of this risk factor is crucial for the assessment of cardiovascular risk. Non-invasive evaluation of blood pressure (BP) using cuffs in the arms is the recommended method for diagnosing and managing hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, this evaluation must be done properly and accurately to avoid suboptimal BP measurement and inappropriate management decisions.</p>
      <p>The selection of cuff size is a fundamental step in evaluating BP and depends on the arm circumference of the examined individual. A smaller-than-required cuff overestimates BP, while a larger-than-required cuff underestimates BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Some studies have reported average differences in systolic BP of 6 mmHg when inappropriately sized cuffs are used, even though markedly greater discrepancies can be observed in some individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In the United States, approximately 51% of adults with hypertension need large or extra-large cuffs, including 84% of those with obesity and 65% of those aged 18-34.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Because obesity is highly prevalent worldwide,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> these American figures highlight the importance of systematic evaluation of arm circumference for accurate BP measurement in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>In a recently published article, Souza et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> expanded the current knowledge and provided data suggesting that arm circumference and composition may influence BP measurements. The authors evaluated 489 apparently healthy individuals aged 18-29 years who underwent arm length and circumference measurements and had BP simultaneously measured in both arms using oscillometric devices with appropriate cuff sizes. In addition, all participants had their triceps skinfold thickness measured, and based on these measurements and arm circumference values, the arm fat index (AFI) of each arm was estimated. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that systolic BP was directly related to arm circumference and length and inversely related to AFI. Further analysis using machine learning (ML) models confirmed the results of linear regression analysis and demonstrated that higher values of systolic BP were found in arms with lower AFI and higher arm length but, surprisingly, with lower arm circumference. The authors concluded that systolic BP measurements are underestimated in arms with higher AFI. Although the findings are interesting and provocative, some study aspects deserve further comments.</p>
      <p>First, despite a paucity of evidence evaluating the association between AFI and BP, previous reports demonstrated that BP is inversely related to arm fat mass<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and directly related to arm muscle mass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> These data strengthen the notion that variation in arm tissue composition may influence BP measurements. As nicely discussed by Souza et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> the lower BP associated with greater AFI could be due to the lower density of adipose tissue that would offer less resistance for cuff compression of the brachial artery, thus generating a lower BP reading in arms with more fat. However, to confirm the assumption that systolic BP is indeed underestimated in arms with higher AFI, further studies validating indirect BP measurements with intra-arterial BP measurements in arms with a wide range of AFI are still needed.</p>
      <p>Second, the authors evaluated a sample of apparently healthy young individuals who did not have hypertension or were not using antihypertensive medications. These individuals are remarkably distinct from those who usually seek medical care for hypertension diagnosis and management. Whether the association between AFI and BP is reproducible in elderly hypertensive individuals with greater brachial arterial stiffening and consequent greater resistance for cuff compression<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> remains to be established.</p>
      <p>Third, the authors used ML models as an additional strategy to evaluate the relationship between arm variables and BP. This approach has been increasingly used in cardiovascular medicine and has great potential to find hidden insights without being explicitly programmed where to look.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, ML models also have limitations, and their performance depends on several variables, including data quality, validation methods, data integration strategy, choice of machine learning algorithm, and orthogonal evidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Some of these issues might be involved in the contradictory findings of arm circumference and BP relationship when evaluated by classical regression analysis and ML models reported by the authors.</p>
      <p>Despite the above considerations, the study by Souza et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> deserves to be highlighted because it raises the assumption that evaluation not only of arm circumference but also of arm fat composition may be relevant for an accurate assessment of BP. New research is needed to evaluate and validate the impact of AFI on BP measurement in distinct clinical scenarios.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Influence of Arm Fat on the Indirect Measurement of Blood Pressure: A Statistical and Machine Learning Approach</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
