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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">FJzW7VpPpjbTsPVgfdt4Fxw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230265</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Jejum Intermitente e a Redu&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial: Mecanismos Relacionados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Rui P&#243;voa &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Rua Professora Carolina Ribeiro, 221 Apto 91. CEP 04116-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230265</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Jejum</kwd>
        <kwd>Restri&#231;&#227;o Cal&#243;rica</kwd>
        <kwd>Perda Peso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A obesidade, junto com uma dieta inadequada s&#227;o fatores de risco modific&#225;veis com importante peso no aumento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Apresentam um risco atribu&#237;vel estimado de 13% na mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Existem v&#225;rias interven&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas que podem melhorar este risco, principalmente a restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica, que est&#225; ligada a redu&#231;&#227;o do peso, melhoras da sensibilidade a insulina e redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O jejum intermitente (JI) &#233; uma interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica semelhante a restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica, pois utiliza o princ&#237;pio da restri&#231;&#227;o da ingesta de alimentos. Os dois tipos mais abrangentes s&#227;o o jejum diurno alternativo (24 horas de jejum seguidos de um per&#237;odo de 24 horas de alimenta&#231;&#227;o) e o jejum com restri&#231;&#227;o de tempo (varia&#231;&#245;es de 16-20 horas).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Alguns estudos em humanos mostraram benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares e redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica com a pr&#225;tica do JI. Sutton et al., em 2018 avaliando a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial com o JI de 18 horas encontraram ap&#243;s seis semanas redu&#231;&#227;o de 11&#177; 4 mmHg para a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e 10 &#177; 4 mmHg para a diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os mecanismos que prop&#245;em explicar estas varia&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas s&#227;o complexos e multifatoriais, como a pr&#243;pria g&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o. Entretanto a diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica e o aumento do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico, al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade do sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona (SRAA) s&#227;o os fen&#244;menos mais concorrentes para esta queda press&#243;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os estudos experimentais em ratos, onde &#233; poss&#237;vel controlar melhor as vari&#225;veis, apontam neste sentido, onde o JI corrige o desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico, reduzindo a press&#227;o, al&#233;m de eleva&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vagal associado a menores n&#237;veis de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entretanto estudos controlados avaliando estes sistemas e suas intera&#231;&#245;es em humanos s&#227;o bastante escassos, com resultados que n&#227;o permitem uma explica&#231;&#227;o coerente.</p>
    <p>Dermirci et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> analisaram a influ&#234;ncia do JI na press&#227;o arterial com extensa avalia&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de atividade do SRAA e da atividade simp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O trabalho envolveu uma quantidade significante de pacientes hipertensos com avalia&#231;&#245;es antes e depois do JI e os resultados foram muito interessantes, principalmente nos marcadores relacionados com o desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o. Ap&#243;s 15-16 horas de jejum durante 30 dias encontraram redu&#231;&#245;es significantes da enzima conversora da angiotensina I (ECA) e da angiotensina II (Ang-II) e aumento, tamb&#233;m significante, da angiotensina I (ang-I). Aliada a estes resultados houve redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, tanto da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica quando da diast&#243;lica, inclusive a noite. Resultados coerentes que v&#227;o ao encontro dos aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>Sabemos que a perda de peso corp&#243;reo &#233; um fator importante para a redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica sendo que o JI, a curto prazo, pode proporcionar estes benef&#237;cios.</p>
    <p>Evidentemente os efeitos do JI no estudo de Dermirci et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> poderiam estar, de forma direta, relacionados com uma poss&#237;vel perda de peso, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve nos 30 dias de jejum altera&#231;&#245;es significantes no peso. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o ocorreram altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico e glic&#237;dico. Alguns estudos de JI consideram que os benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licos se devem devido a perda de massa gorda e melhora dos lip&#237;dios com redu&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides e da LDL, al&#233;m da melhora do estresse oxidativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste estudo houve somente diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis de PCR, pois o per&#237;odo de 30 dias &#233; n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para ocorrerem altera&#231;&#245;es significantes do ponto de vista metab&#243;lico. Patikorn et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> em extensa metan&#225;lise de estudos com JI (total de 130 estudos) verificaram que a m&#233;dia de tempo era 2-5 meses, com achados expressivos na redu&#231;&#227;o do peso corp&#243;reo e melhora nas condi&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, aliados &#224; queda press&#243;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dermici et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> foram muito modestos nas conclus&#245;es do trabalho. Avaliar o SRAA e o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico em humanos hipertensos &#233; importante tamb&#233;m para gerar hip&#243;teses para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de trabalhos futuros. Assim, com desenhos de estudos mais acurados talvez possamos responder com fundamentos mais s&#243;lidos &#224;s quest&#245;es da complexa fisiopatologia da hipertens&#227;o arterial. O tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial se fundamenta principalmente em bloqueios nos diversos n&#237;veis da SRAA, al&#233;m de reduzir a atividade simp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Por isso o conhecimento desta din&#226;mica &#233; fundamental no manuseio terap&#234;utico dos f&#225;rmacos que agem no sistema cardiovascular, principalmente no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o e em outras situa&#231;&#245;es que envolvam o SRAA como a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
  </body>
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          <article-title>Significant improvement in cardiometabolic health in healthy nonobese individuals during caloric restriction-induced weight loss and weight loss maintenance</article-title>
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        <mixed-citation>10. Patikorn C, Roubal K, Veettil SK, Chandran V, Pham T, Lee YY, et al. Intermittent Fasting and Obesity-Related Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4(12):e21139558. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.39558</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Roubal</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Veettil</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Chandran</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Pham</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
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            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
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          <article-title>Intermittent Fasting and Obesity-Related Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses of Randomized Clinical Trials</article-title>
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        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Barroso WKS, Rodrigues CIS, Bortolotto LA, Mota-Gomes MA, Brand&#227;o AA, Feitosa ADM, et alDiretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(3):516-658. DOI: 10.36660/abc.20201238</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Barroso</surname>
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              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
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              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
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              <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Melhora da Press&#227;o Arterial ap&#243;s Jejum Intermitente na Hipertens&#227;o: O Sistema Renina-Angiotensina e o Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo Podem Funcionar?</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Intermittent Fasting and Blood Pressure Reduction: Related Mechanisms</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Rui P&#243;voa &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Rua Professora Carolina Ribeiro, 221 Apto 91. Postal Code 04116-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rmspovoa@cardiol.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Fasting</kwd>
        <kwd>Caloric Restriction</kwd>
        <kwd>Weight Loss</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Obesity and an inadequate diet are modifiable risk factors that play an important role in the increase of cardiovascular diseases. They have an estimated 13% attributable risk of cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Several dietary interventions can improve this risk, most notably calorie restriction, which is linked to weight loss, improved insulin sensitivity, and reduced blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary intervention similar to calorie restriction, as it uses the principle of restricting food intake. The two most comprehensive types are alternate daytime fasting (24 hours followed by a 24-hour eating period) and time-restricted fasting (16-20 hour variations).</p>
      <p>Some human studies have shown cardiovascular benefits and pressure reduction with IF. Sutton et al., in 2018, evaluated the reduction in blood pressure with the 18-hour IF, finding a reduction of 11 &#177; 4 mmHg for systolic blood pressure after six weeks and 10 &#177; 4 mmHg for systolic blood pressure diastolic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The mechanisms that propose to explain these pressure variations are complex and multifactorial, like the very genesis of hypertension. However, the decrease in sympathetic activity and the increase in parasympathetic tonus, in addition to the reduction in the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), are the most concurrent phenomena for this pressure drop.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Experimental studies in rats, where it is possible to control the variables better, point in this direction, where the IF corrects the autonomic imbalance, reducing the pressure and vagal elevation associated with lower levels of inflammatory cytokines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, controlled studies evaluating these systems and their interactions with humans are very scarce, with results that do not allow a coherent explanation.</p>
      <p>Dermirci et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> analyzed the influence of IF on blood pressure with an extensive assessment of RAAS activity markers and sympathetic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The work involved a significant number of hypertensive patients with evaluations before and after the IF, and the results were very interesting, especially in markers related to the development of hypertension. After 15-16 hours of fasting for 30 days, they found significant reductions in angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II (Ang-II) and an equally significant increase in angiotensin I (ang-I). Allied with these results, there was a statistically significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, including at night. Consistent results that meet the pathophysiological aspects of arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>We know that losing body weight is an important factor for blood pressure reduction and that IF can provide these benefits in the long run.</p>
      <p>Evidently, the effects of IF in the study by Dermirci et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> could be directly related to a possible weight loss, but there were no significant changes in weight during the 30 days of fasting. There were also no alterations in the lipid and glucose profiles. Some IF studies consider that the cardiovascular and metabolic benefits are due to the loss of fat mass and improvement in lipids with a reduction in triglycerides and LDL, in addition to the improvement in oxidative stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this study, there was only a significant decrease in CRP levels, as the 30-day period is not enough for significant changes to occur from the metabolic point of view. Patikorn et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> in an extensive meta-analysis of studies with IF (a total of 130 studies), found that the average time was 2-5 months, with significant findings in the reduction of body weight and improvement in metabolic conditions, combined with a drop in blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dermici et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> were very modest in their conclusions. Assessing the RAAS and the sympathetic nervous system in hypertensive humans is also important to generate hypotheses for future work. Thus, with more accurate study designs, we may be able to respond with more solid foundations to the questions of the complex pathophysiology of arterial hypertension. The treatment of arterial hypertension is mainly based on blocks at different levels of the RAAS, in addition to reducing sympathetic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Therefore, knowledge of this dynamic is fundamental in the therapeutic management of drugs that act on the cardiovascular system, especially in the treatment of hypertension and in other situations involving RAAS, such as heart failure.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Improvement in Blood Pressure After Intermittent Fasting in Hypertens&#305;on: Could Renin-Angiotensin System and Autonomic Nervous System Have a Role?</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
