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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">GGPfKn5bDDSC79nmBwbdPYC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230250</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Manejo das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares em Mulheres: &#201; Trabalho de Todos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0990-6151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wenger</surname>
            <given-names>Nanette Kass</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Emory University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Atlanta</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Georgia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Av. Pedro Calmon, 550. CEP 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230250</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs) s&#227;o a principal causa de carga de doen&#231;a no mundo. Dados recentes do projeto <italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic> (GBD) de 2021 apresentaram valores de 3568,0 DALYs por 100 mil habitantes ( <italic>disability-adjusted life years</italic> , ou anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade; um DALY representa a perda equivalente a um ano de vida saud&#225;vel) e 162,2 mortes por 100 mil habitantes, com uma preval&#234;ncia de 6905,6 por 100 mil habitantes no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Enquanto progressos consider&#225;veis foram feitos na redu&#231;&#227;o de mortes por DCVs no Brasil de 1980 ao in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada 2020, houve um aumento preocupante na mortalidade bruta e nos DALYs nos &#250;ltimos anos, principalmente entre as mulheres, devido a infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, entre outras causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Assim, novas estrat&#233;gias s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para melhorar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O Brasil &#233; um pa&#237;s continental com muitas desigualdades apesar de um sistema de sa&#250;de com cobertura universal. O sistema baseia-se, entre outros, no Programa Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia presente em 5568 cidades de todas as regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s. De 1990 a 2019, houve um n&#250;mero maior de mortes e DALYs por acidente vascular cerebral nas mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens em todas as regi&#245;es, principalmente Norte e Nordeste, enquanto o n&#250;mero de mortes e DALYs por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica foi pouco diferente entre os sexos nas regi&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A Organiza&#231;&#227;o para a Coopera&#231;&#227;o e Desenvolvimento Econ&#244;mico (OECD) lan&#231;ou recentemente um relat&#243;rio sobre aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de no Brasil, que n&#227;o fez men&#231;&#227;o &#224; DCV nas mulheres, mas apenas sugest&#245;es para a abordagem do c&#226;ncer de mama e c&#226;ncer de ov&#225;rio. No entanto, as DCVs causam duas vezes mais mortes que todas as neoplasias combinadas nas mulheres brasileiras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De 1990 a 2019, aproximadamente 80% das mortes por DCV no Brasil foram atribu&#237;das aos fatores de risco (FRs). Nesse per&#237;odo, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o no tabagismo e nos FRs ambientais, mas um aumento nos FRs metab&#243;licos. Press&#227;o arterial elevada e h&#225;bitos alimentares n&#227;o saud&#225;veis s&#227;o os principais FRs para mortalidade por DCV e DALYs no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Enquanto houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na taxa de mortalidade padronizada para a idade atribu&#237;da aos FRs avaliados, as taxas brutas de mortalidade aumentaram ou se mantiveram est&#225;veis, exceto em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo, em ambos os sexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Vale ressaltar o risco aumentado de morte atribu&#237;da a &#237;ndice de massa corporal elevado e diabetes nas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No estudo Vigitel 2021, uma pesquisa sobre a vigil&#226;ncia de fatores de risco e prote&#231;&#227;o para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, baseada em entrevistas telef&#244;nicas conduzidas em 27 estados do Brasil, a frequ&#234;ncia de mulheres obesas foi 22,6%; a frequ&#234;ncia da obesidade aumentou at&#233; a idade de 64 anos e diminuiu com o aumento da escolaridade, atingindo os valores mais baixos entre as mulheres com 12 ou mais anos de estudo. Ainda, a frequ&#234;ncia de atividade f&#237;sica, incluindo tempo de lazer e o tempo equivalente a 150 minutos de exerc&#237;cio moderado, foi maior entre homens (43,1%) que mulheres (31,3%). A atividade f&#237;sica diminuiu com o avan&#231;o da idade, e aumentou enormemente com o incremento do n&#237;vel educacional. Importante ressaltar a frequ&#234;ncia dos diagn&#243;sticos de diabetes (9,6%) e de depress&#227;o (14,7%), ambos mais elevados entre as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> &#201; fundamental corrigir os h&#225;bitos alimentares melhorando o consumo de frutas, verduras, gr&#227;os integrais, leite, fibras, c&#225;lcio e &#225;cidos graxos poli-insaturados, os quais fazem parte da dieta dos brasileiros, e reduzir o consumo de carne vermelha, carnes processadas, bebidas a&#231;ucaradas, &#225;cidos graxos trans e s&#243;dio, mais consumidos atualmente no Brasil. Ainda, &#233; essencial melhorar os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica neste pa&#237;s continental rico em &#225;reas verdes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os FRs espec&#237;ficos do sexo feminino s&#227;o fundamentais, pois afetam a ocorr&#234;ncia de DCV ao longo da vida de uma mulher. Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, diabetes gestacional, hipertens&#227;o induzida por gravidez, parto pr&#233;-termo, e fetos pequenos para idade gestacional s&#227;o indicadores precoces de risco cardiovascular materno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> De acordo com dados do estudo GBD 2019, doen&#231;as hipertensivas na gravidez foram a segunda causa de mortalidade e DALYs em mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Dados do estudo CHAP mostraram que o tratamento de hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica na gravidez com um alvo de press&#227;o arterial &lt; 140/90 mmHg melhorou os desfechos relacionados com o nascimento do beb&#234; e reduziu a taxa de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia com quadros graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Interessante mencionar que um estudo que utilizou dados do UK Biobank enfatizou que mulheres com hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o gestacional apresentaram um risco 80% maior de doen&#231;a coronariana incidente, 70% maior de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca incidente, e riscos aumentados de estenose a&#243;rtica e regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral. Os riscos foram ainda maiores em mulheres que apresentaram hipertens&#227;o recorrente durante as gesta&#231;&#245;es. A hip&#243;tese dos autores foi que a hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o pode acelerar o envelhecimento cardiovascular nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Assim, uma hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica detalhada sobre o per&#237;odo da gesta&#231;&#227;o faz-se necess&#225;ria para melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos FRs. Deve ser adicionado os FRs espec&#237;ficos do sexo feminino, que n&#227;o fazem parte das calculadoras tradicionais de risco cardiovascular, aos FRs tradicionais. Portanto, a gravidez pode ser uma janela para a sa&#250;de cardiovascular futura da mulher, e uma parceria com obstetras e ginecologistas torna-se crucial para otimizar a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Existe uma &#237;ntima rela&#231;&#227;o entre o &#205;ndice Sociodemogr&#225;fico (SDI) e diminui&#231;&#227;o de mortes por DCV em mulheres brasileiras. O SDI no Brasil &#233; semelhante ao SDI dos pa&#237;ses de alta renda. No entanto, as desigualdades sociais observadas no Brasil s&#227;o impulsionadores essenciais para DALYs padronizados por idade atribu&#237;vel a FRs metab&#243;licos e comportamentais de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Resolver essas desigualdades e os piores resultados associados ao cuidado da sa&#250;de cardiovascular das mulheres exigir&#227;o investimento em ci&#234;ncia direcionada para o sexo feminino e advocacia para pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de, bem como incorporar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do impacto dessas barreiras na presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados de sa&#250;de para as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Assim, s&#227;o fundamentais as iniciativas para aumentar o conhecimento da import&#226;ncia da sa&#250;de cardiovascular no curso de vida das mulheres. Ainda, &#233; essencial melhorar o entendimento da sa&#250;de cardiovascular das mulheres em diferentes regi&#245;es para serem definidas as pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas e a aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de espec&#237;ficas, reduzir a desigualdade entre os sexos, e promover a igualdade de g&#234;neros na assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de das brasileiras.</p>
    <p>As sociedades m&#233;dicas e seus parceiros, tais como organiza&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o governamentais, s&#227;o agentes fundamentais para mudar paradigmas e agregar <italic>stakeholders</italic> no manejo das DCVs em mulheres. A cardiologia personalizada, baseada em dados, e centrada no paciente ser&#225; o futuro da pesquisa cl&#237;nica. Adicionalmente, esses agentes podem promover a educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica com base em diretrizes das DCVs e elaborar pol&#237;ticas comunit&#225;rias para melhorar a educa&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica e traduzir o conhecimento para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em benef&#237;cio das mulheres com DCVs. A incapacidade causada por DCV n&#227;o diminuiu nos &#250;ltimos anos, diferentemente do que se observou com a taxa de mortalidade por DCVs. Tal fato &#233; um desafio global importante devido &#224;s consequ&#234;ncias econ&#244;micas e sociais, tais como mortalidade precoce e gastos diretos com sa&#250;de. Uma chamada para a&#231;&#227;o liderada por todos as partes interessadas poderia reduzir a carga global das DCVs, melhorando tanto os FRs modific&#225;veis e os Determinantes Sociais da Sa&#250;de (DSS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ainda, &#233; necess&#225;ria uma educa&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais da sa&#250;de que seja culturalmente sens&#237;vel e com a participa&#231;&#227;o da comunidade para preven&#231;&#227;o de DCVs nas mulheres. Acesso igualit&#225;rio &#224; assist&#234;ncia de sa&#250;de cardiovascular preventiva baseada em evid&#234;ncias e guiada por diretrizes deveria ser dispon&#237;vel e direcionada a todas as mulheres. Infelizmente, essas diretrizes n&#227;o s&#227;o igualmente incorporadas na pr&#225;tica, destacando a necessidade de uma chamadas para a&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Foram iniciados projetos envolvendo <italic>stakeholders</italic> para melhorar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular de mulheres brasileiras. Inicialmente, em 2019, o &#8220;Women&#8217;s Letter&#8221; deliberou a&#231;&#245;es concretas para reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade por DCV entre as mulheres. Algumas dessas a&#231;&#245;es foram: trabalhar coletivamente para a defesa de objetivos globais para prevenir e controlar doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, principalmente DCV no Brasil; estabelecer campanhas de preven&#231;&#227;o de DCVs, promover esfor&#231;os consistentes para alcan&#231;ar uma meta de redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% na mortalidade por DCVs at&#233; 2030; elaborar e sugerir pol&#237;ticas governamentais para fomentar meios favor&#225;veis para reduzir a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao risco, facilitando a ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis na escola, no trabalho, e ambientes de lazer para combater as DCVs nas mulheres, al&#233;m de incorporar tecnologias de alto custo efetividade para reduzir morbimortalidade por DCVs nas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Desde 2020, e com base nos dados do GBD, v&#225;rios pesquisadores produziram dados epidemiol&#243;gicos sobre DCV no Brasil para elucidar disparidades locais e analisar custos associados a interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No ano passado, foi aprovado o projeto de lei para se comemorar o &#8220;Dia Nacional de Conscientiza&#231;&#227;o das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares na Mulher&#8221; para enfatizar a necessidade de se assegurar igualdade essencial entre homens e mulheres, particularmente quanto &#224; conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre as DCVs nas mulheres, doen&#231;as negligenciadas no Brasil. Al&#233;m disso, n&#243;s atuamos com a comunidade, a m&#237;dia e o governo para aumentar a sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o da import&#226;ncia da DCV em geral, principalmente para mulheres. Ainda, por meio do Departamento de Cardiologia da Mulher da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, foram realizados f&#243;runs com ginecologistas e obstetras para expandir a assist&#234;ncia cardiovascular entre as mulheres e elaborar posicionamentos sobre a sa&#250;de cardiovascular das mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Superar disparidades que afetem a sa&#250;de cardiovascular das mulheres inclui mudan&#231;as nas pol&#237;ticas, educa&#231;&#227;o e treinamento, inova&#231;&#245;es na assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, e diversifica&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a de trabalho em cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A chamada para a&#231;&#227;o do <italic>American Heart Association</italic> &#8220; <italic>Call to Action for Cardiovascular Disease in Women</italic> &#8221; lista uma s&#233;rie de a&#231;&#245;es para reduzir tais lacunas, entre as quais, destacam-se: otimizar a preven&#231;&#227;o e o atendimento m&#233;dico, promover colabora&#231;&#227;o interdisciplinar entre cardiologistas, neurologistas, cirurgi&#245;es vasculares, angiologistas, m&#233;dicos de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, ginecologistas, obstetras e outros profissionais de sa&#250;de; promover campanhas de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o culturalmente sens&#237;vel com tradu&#231;&#227;o para as audi&#234;ncias adequadas; engajar comunidades para otimizar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular ao longo da vida; direcionar pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas e interven&#231;&#245;es legislativas aos DSS, incluindo acesso a alimentos saud&#225;veis e seguran&#231;a alimentar, espa&#231;os seguros para atividade f&#237;sica, ar limpo (ambientes fechados e abertos), e acesso &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o e ao tratamento de qualidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Assim, o manejo das DCVs das mulheres &#233; trabalho para todos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Manejo das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares entre as mulheres: de quem &#233; o trabalho? &#201; de todos. DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; DSS: Determinantes Sociais da Sa&#250;de.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20230250-30250-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Managing Women&#8217;s Cardiovascular Diseases: It&#8217;s Everyone&#8217;s Job</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0990-6151</contrib-id>
          <name>
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            <given-names>Nanette Kass</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Av. Pedro Calmon, 550. Postal Code 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. Recent data from the 2021 Global Burden of Diseases project have estimated standardized rates of DALYs of 3568.0 (disability-adjusted life years - one DALY represents the loss of the equivalent of one year of total health) and 162.2 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, with a standardized prevalence rate of 6905.6 per 100 000 inhabitants, in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> While considerable progress has been made in decreasing CVD deaths in Brazil from the 1980s to the early 2020s, there has been a worrying increase in crude mortality and DALYs in recent years, especially among young women, due to myocardial infarction, among other causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Therefore, new strategies are needed to improve cardiovascular health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Brazil is a continental country with many inequalities despite a health system with universal coverage. This system is based on the Family Health Program present in 5568 municipalities across all Brazilian geographic regions. From 1990 to 2019 there was a higher number of deaths and DALYs due to stroke in women versus men in all areas, especially in the North and Northeast of Brazil, while the numbers of deaths and DALYs due to ischemic heart disease were similar in the different regions for both sexes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has recently released a report on primary health care in Brazil, with no mention of CVD in women, but only suggestions for approaching breast and ovarian neoplasms. However, CVDs cause twice as many deaths as all neoplasms combined in Brazilian women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>From 1990 to 2019, approximately 80% of the mortality from CVD in Brazil was attributable to risk factors (RFs). In that period, there was a reduction in the smoking and environmental RFs but an increase in the metabolic RFs. High systolic blood pressure and unhealthy dietary habits remain the leading RFs for CVD mortality and DALYs in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> While there was a decline in age-standardized mortality rates attributable to the assessed RFs, there was stability or an increase in crude mortality rates, except for smoking, in both sexes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> It is worth noting the increased risk of death attributable to high body mass index and diabetes in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the 2021 Vigitel study, a survey on the risk and protective factors of chronic diseases, based on telephone interviews carried out in all 27 Brazilian Federative Units, the frequency of obese women was 22.6% and the frequency of obesity increased up to the age of 64 years and decreased with the increase in schooling, reaching its lowest value among women with 12 and more years of schooling. In addition, the frequency of physical activity, including leisure time and equivalent to 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week, was higher among men than women (43.1% vs 31.3%). Physical activity decreased with increasing age and increased enormously with the level of education. Important to note was the frequency of the medical diagnosis of diabetes (9.6%) and depression (14.7%), both higher among women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> It is crucial to correct the dietary risk by improving the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, milk, fibers, calcium, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are part of Brazilian eating habits, and reducing the consumption of red meat, processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, trans-fatty acids, and sodium, which are now highly consumed in Brazil. Furthermore, improving physical activity levels in this continental country with many green areas is essential.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sex-specific RFs are of fundamental importance and affect the occurrence of CVD throughout a woman&#8217;s life. Preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preterm delivery, and small for gestational-age newborns are early indicators of maternal cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> According to data from the GBD 2019 study, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy were the second cause of mortality and DALYs in Brazilian women of childbearing age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Data from the CHAP trial showed that treating chronic hypertension in pregnancy to a target &lt;140/90 mm Hg improves birth outcomes and reduces the rate of preeclampsia with severe features.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Interestingly, a study using data from UK Biobank has emphasized that women with a history of gestational hypertension had an 80% increased risk for incident coronary heart disease, 70% increased risk of incident heart failure, and increased risks of aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation. The risks are even higher in women who experience recurrent hypertension during pregnancy. The authors have hypothesized that this syndrome may accelerate cardiovascular aging in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Thus, a detailed pregnancy health history is needed for all women to better stratify RFs, adding sex-specific to traditional RFs, which are not part of the traditional cardiovascular risk calculators. Therefore, pregnancy may be a window to a woman&#8217;s future health and partnership with obstetricians and gynecologists is crucial to optimize prevention and clinical care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>There is a close relationship between the sociodemographic index (SDI) and the decrease in mortality from CVD in Brazilian women. The SDI in Brazil is close to that of high-income countries. However, the social inequalities observed in Brazil are essential drivers for age standardized DALYs attributable to metabolic and behavioral RFs of CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Solving these inequalities and associated worse outcomes in women will require investment in sex-specific science and health policy advocacy, as well as incorporating awareness of the impact of these barriers into our health care delivery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Therefore, promoting initiatives to enhance knowledge of the importance of cardiovascular health throughout women&#8217;s lives is fundamental. In addition, it is essential to better understand the local differences in women&#8217;s cardiovascular health to define public policies and health care, reduce the gender gap, and promote sex equity regarding Brazilian health care.</p>
      <p>The medical societies and their partners, such as nongovernmental organizations, are critical agents to change paradigms and aggregate multiple stakeholders in managing women&#8217;s CVDs. Personalized, data-based, and patient-centered cardiology will be the future of clinical research. In addition, those agents can provide medical education based on the CVD guidelines and build policies for the community to improve public education and translate knowledge into clinical practice to benefit women with CVD. Disability caused by CVD has not declined, differently from that observed in the CVD mortality rate in past years. That disability is a significant global challenge because of its economic and social consequences, such as early mortality and direct health expenditures. A call to action driven by all stakeholders may reduce the burden of CVD globally, improving both modifiable RFs and the social determinants of health (SDOH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Moreover, culturally sensitive, peer-led community and healthcare professional education is necessary for CVD prevention in women. Equitable access to guideline-approved, evidence-based cardiovascular preventive health care based on available data should be available and targeted to all women. Sadly, these guidelines are not equally incorporated into practice, highlighting the need for a call to action.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>We initiated projects involving stakeholders to improve the cardiovascular health of Brazilian women. First, in 2019, the &#8220;Women&#8217;s Letter&#8221; advanced establishing deliberations of concrete actions to reduce CVD morbidity and mortality women. Some of those actions are: to work collectively towards the defense of global goals to prevent and control noncommunicable chronic diseases, especially CVD in Brazil; to establish cardiovascular prevention campaigns, promoting consistent efforts to reach the goal of a 30% reduction in CVD mortality by 2030; to elaborate and suggest governmental policies to foster favorable environments to reduce exposure to risk, facilitating the adoption of healthy habits at school, work, and leisure environments to fight women&#8217;s CVD; to work alongside governments to develop and implement a cardiovascular prevention program, in addition to incorporating cost-effective technologies to reduce CVD morbidity and mortality in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Since 2020 and based on GBD data, several researchers have built epidemiological data on CVD in Brazil to understand local disparities and analyze costs associated with hospital admissions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Last year, we passed a &#8220;National Day of Awareness of Women&#8217;s Cardiovascular Diseases&#8221; bill, to emphasize the need to ensure the essential equality between women and men, particularly regarding the awareness about women&#8217;s CVDs, which are neglected in Brazil. In addition, we work with the community, the media, and the government to raise awareness of the importance of CVD in general, especially for women. Moreover, through the Women&#8217;s Department of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, we are holding joint forums with gynecologists and obstetricians to expand the reach of women&#8217;s cardiovascular care and elaborate position statements on women&#8217;s cardiovascular health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Overcoming disparities that affect the women&#8217;s cardiovascular health includes policy changes, education and training, innovations in health care delivery, and diversification of the cardiology workforce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The American Heart Association&#8217;s &#8220;Call to Action for Cardiovascular Disease in Women&#8221; lists a series of actions to reduce these gaps, of which we highlight: to optimize prevention and clinical care, interdisciplinary collaboration between cardiologists, vascular neurologists, primary care clinicians, obstetricians-gynecologists, and other health professionals; to promote culturally-sensitive awareness campaigns with translation for the appropriate audiences; to engage communities to optimize cardiovascular health across a woman&#8217;s life course; to focus the advocacy of public policy and legislative interventions on SDOH, including access to healthy food and food security, safe spaces for physical activity, clean indoor and outdoor air, and access to high-quality care for prevention and treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Thus, managing women&#8217;s CVDs is everyone&#8217;s job ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Managing women&#8217;s cardiovascular diseases: whose job, is it? It&#180;s everyone&#8217;s job. CVD: cardiovascular diseases; SDOH: Social Determinants of Health.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20230250-30250-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
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