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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">58fFYd4TGCgMfnsHk5fndFj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220926</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nova T&#233;cnica de Preserva&#231;&#227;o do Fluxo na Veia Cef&#225;lica durante Implanta&#231;&#227;o de Marca-passo Ipsilateral a F&#237;stula Arteriovenosa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4491-5312</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carrington</surname>
            <given-names>Mafalda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>
              <sup>1</sup>
            </sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ant&#243;nio</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silv&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Natacha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Afonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8034-4529</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Esp&#237;rito Santo de &#201;vora</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#201;vora</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital do Esp&#237;rito Santo de &#201;vora, &#201;vora &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Lisboa Norte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Departamento de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Vasos, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Lisboa Norte, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro Acad&#234;mico de Medicina de Lisboa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Lisboa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Acad&#234;mico de Medicina de Lisboa (CAML), Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Lisboa Norte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Nefrologia e Transplante Renal, Departamento de Medicina, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Lisboa Norte, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Mafalda Carrington &#8226; Hospital Esp&#237;rito Santo de &#201;vora, 7000, &#201;vora &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>mafaldacarrington@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220926</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Fistula Arteriovenosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose Profunda de Membros Superiores</kwd>
        <kwd>Di&#225;lise Renal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O patrim&#244;nio vascular &#233; uma grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal terminal. Como os pacientes em programas cr&#244;nicos de hemodi&#225;lise experimentam taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia crescentes, eles frequentemente enfrentam m&#250;ltiplas falhas de acesso vascular e podem precisar de inser&#231;&#245;es recorrentes de cateter venoso central e reinterven&#231;&#245;es de f&#237;stulas/enxertos para otimizar seus acessos arteriovenosos. Al&#233;m disso, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e dist&#250;rbios do ritmo card&#237;aco s&#227;o comorbidades frequentes nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, e o implante de marca-passo ou desfibrilador card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel (DCI) &#233; frequentemente indicado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia estimada de implante de Dispositivos Eletr&#244;nicos Implant&#225;veis Cardiovasculares (DEIC) em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise cr&#244;nica &#233; de cerca de 10%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nosso objetivo foi descrever uma nova t&#233;cnica de implante de marca-passo, que consistia em preservar a veia cef&#225;lica ipsilateral ao fluxo da f&#237;stula arteriovenosa, e avaliar os resultados cl&#237;nicos dessa t&#233;cnica ao longo de 12 meses.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Implantamos um marca-passo endoc&#225;rdico em cinco pacientes consecutivos em programa cr&#244;nico de hemodi&#225;lise e que apresentavam f&#237;stula arteriovenosa radiocef&#225;lica esquerda madura (com mais de 2 anos) no antebra&#231;o. Quatro receberam dispositivo de dupla c&#226;mara com dois eletrodos de fixa&#231;&#227;o ativa 6-French e um recebeu dispositivo de c&#226;mara &#250;nica com o mesmo tipo de eletrodo. Em vez de interromper o fluxo da veia cef&#225;lica para fixa&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo, isso foi feito com a t&#233;cnica de sutura de cerclagem, permitindo assim a pat&#234;ncia e a manuten&#231;&#227;o do fluxo pelo vaso em todos os cinco pacientes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Ap&#243;s desbridamento tecidual e isolamento da veia cef&#225;lica, a veia foi clampeada proximalmente com pin&#231;a hemost&#225;tica de ponta reta. A seguir, duas pin&#231;as de ponta curva foram usadas para descolar a parede da veia e uma tesoura de Potts foi usada para cort&#225;-la e ter acesso ao l&#250;men do vaso. Ambos os eletrodos foram inseridos na veia e posicionados no &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo direitos. Por fim, um fio inabsorv&#237;vel foi colocado ao redor da pin&#231;a de ponta curva e os dois eletrodos e a cerclagem foram apertados sobre a parede da veia para fixa&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica das etapas necess&#225;rias para realizar a fixa&#231;&#227;o da cerclagem.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220926-20926-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fixa&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo do marca-passo com t&#233;cnica de cerclagem para preservar o fluxo da veia cef&#225;lica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220926-20926-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Durante um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 12 meses, a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e as complica&#231;&#245;es foram observadas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo da f&#237;stula arteriovenosa, bolso do marca-passo, posicionamento do eletrodo e desempenho foram registrados prospectivamente.</p>
      <p>Os programas de hemodi&#225;lise n&#227;o foram interrompidos e todos os tratamentos foram realizados com a f&#237;stula arteriovenosa original. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a t&#233;cnicas mensais de vigil&#226;ncia do fluxo da f&#237;stula arteriovenosa (medidas de Qa por ultrassonografia Doppler<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica semanal, e nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o foi registrada durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es locais relacionadas &#224; bolsa do marca-passo ou ao posicionamento do eletrodo na radiografia. Finalmente, nenhum dos pacientes apresentou evid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo no final do primeiro m&#234;s ou nas visitas de acompanhamento do marca-passo no primeiro ano.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente e acompanhamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="13%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">G&#234;nero</th>
                <th>Idade</th>
                <th>Indica&#231;&#227;o de MP</th>
                <th>Dispositivo de c&#226;mara &#250;nica ou dupla</th>
                <th>Tempo desde a 1&#170; canula&#231;&#227;o da f&#237;stula arteriovenosa (no implante do MP)</th>
                <th>Qa pr&#233;-implanta&#231;&#227;o (ml/min)</th>
                <th>Varia&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de Qa p&#243;s-implanta&#231;&#227;o (%)</th>
                <th>Dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Masc.</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">Bloqueio AV completo</td>
                <td align="center">Dupla</td>
                <td align="center">6 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1132</td>
                <td align="center">-5%</td>
                <td align="center">12 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fem.</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">Bloqueio AV completo</td>
                <td align="center">Dupla</td>
                <td align="center">2 anos</td>
                <td align="center">988</td>
                <td align="center">+9%</td>
                <td align="center">12 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masc.</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">Bloqueio AV 2:1</td>
                <td align="center">Dupla</td>
                <td align="center">5 anos</td>
                <td align="center">781</td>
                <td align="center">-7%</td>
                <td align="center">12 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masc.</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">Bloqueio AV completo</td>
                <td align="center">Dupla</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;10 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1780</td>
                <td align="center">-3%</td>
                <td align="center">12 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masc.</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">Bradi-AF</td>
                <td align="center">&#218;nica</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;10 anos</td>
                <td align="center">699</td>
                <td align="center">-11%</td>
                <td align="center">12 meses</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; AV: auriculoventricular; MP: marca-passo. As medi&#231;&#245;es de Qa relatadas representam a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s valores obtidos para cada paciente</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora a trombose venosa profunda cr&#244;nica relacionada ao marca-passo seja uma complica&#231;&#227;o bem conhecida (descrita em 21-45% dos pacientes), a maioria permanece assintom&#225;tica devido ao desenvolvimento de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral venosa adequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, a trombose da veia subcl&#225;via pode ter s&#233;rias implica&#231;&#245;es quando o paciente apresenta uma f&#237;stula arteriovenosa ipsilateral concomitante, embora n&#227;o haja evid&#234;ncias suficientes para recomendar a implanta&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo contralateral a uma f&#237;stula arteriovenosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Pequenos estudos observacionais demonstraram que a constru&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula arteriovenosa em pacientes com DCEI pode aumentar a falha da f&#237;stula no mesmo lado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e que h&#225; maior incid&#234;ncia de estenose venosa central em pacientes com DCEI ipsilateral e f&#237;stula arteriovenosa, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com estrat&#233;gia contralateral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em uma coorte retrospectiva,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> houve taxas mais altas de interven&#231;&#227;o na veia central nos casos ipsilaterais, ainda que a necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o nos acessos arteriovenosos para hemodi&#225;lise fosse semelhante em ambos os grupos. Nesse estudo, os casos ipsilaterais corresponderam mais frequentemente a pacientes em que as f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas foram constru&#237;das ap&#243;s implante de DCEI (81%) e os casos contralaterais a pacientes com f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas anteriores ao implante de DCEI (56%), sugerindo assim que a maturidade da f&#237;stula arteriovenosa pode desempenhar um papel importante na preven&#231;&#227;o da trombose venosa profunda e na necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o. De fato, os enxertos maduros podem estar associados ao aumento do fluxo e di&#226;metro da veia cef&#225;lica, contribuindo assim para a pat&#234;ncia do acesso. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que a avalia&#231;&#227;o com Doppler da veia cef&#225;lica pode ser &#250;til para recomendar a implementa&#231;&#227;o desta t&#233;cnica inovadora de cerclagem.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, embora as complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas sejam relativamente pouco frequentes na popula&#231;&#227;o geral com dispositivos, os pacientes com doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio terminal t&#234;m um risco 9 vezes maior de infec&#231;&#227;o por DEIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Alguns autores defendem que alternativas como eletrodos epic&#225;rdicos, DCI subcut&#226;neo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> ou marca-passos sem eletrodos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> devem ser usadas em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No entanto, tais dispositivos sem eletrodos intracavit&#225;rios s&#227;o menos dispon&#237;veis e mais caros, e n&#227;o permitem tanto a detec&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio quanto a estimula&#231;&#227;o. Embora os marca-passos sem eletrodos pare&#231;am ter um perfil de seguran&#231;a aceit&#225;vel e um baixo risco de infec&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> faltam evid&#234;ncias de seu benef&#237;cio e seguran&#231;a em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise altamente com&#243;rbidos, pois esses pacientes foram sub-representados em ensaios cl&#237;nicos. Al&#233;m disso, embora os eletrodos do marca-passo epic&#225;rdico e do DCI subcut&#226;neo n&#227;o sejam intravasculares e, portanto, n&#227;o sejam suscet&#237;veis &#224; coloniza&#231;&#227;o bacteriana e endocardite, os geradores de pulso tamb&#233;m podem estar sujeitos a infec&#231;&#227;o de bolsa. A maioria das complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas em pacientes com DCEI est&#225; relacionada &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o de bolsa, conforme demonstrado em uma revis&#227;o retrospectiva de todos os pacientes com infec&#231;&#245;es de dispositivos card&#237;acos internados na Mayo Clinic, onde a incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o de bolsa (com ou sem bacteremia) esteve presente em quase tr&#234;s quartos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Finalmente, a trombose venosa profunda do lado da f&#237;stula arteriovenosa poderia ser minimizada pela pun&#231;&#227;o da veia axilar maior ou implante no lado contralateral. No entanto, nenhuma das op&#231;&#245;es reduziria o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o principalmente associado ao acesso vascular repetido durante a di&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Outra desvantagem da &#250;ltima estrat&#233;gia &#233; que o DCI no lado direito frequentemente resulta em limiares de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o mais altos, exigindo assim testes de limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com esta s&#233;rie de casos, pretendemos demonstrar que, em pacientes com f&#237;stulas maduras, o implante de marca-passo com t&#233;cnica que preserva o fluxo da veia cef&#225;lica pode ser seguro e inofensivo para uma f&#237;stula arteriovenosa ipsilateral. Essa estrat&#233;gia simples parece permitir a preserva&#231;&#227;o do patrim&#244;nio vascular contralateral sem comprometer o programa de di&#225;lise estabelecido, tornando-se uma poss&#237;vel alternativa aos dispositivos sem eletrodos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>New Technique for Preserving Cephalic Vein Flow in Pacemaker Implantation Ipsilateral to Arteriovenous Fistula</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4491-5312</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carrington</surname>
            <given-names>Mafalda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>
              <sup>1</sup>
            </sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ant&#243;nio</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silv&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Natacha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Afonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8034-4529</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital do Esp&#237;rito Santo de &#201;vora, &#201;vora &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Departamento de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Vasos, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Lisboa Norte, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Acad&#234;mico de Medicina de Lisboa (CAML), Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Nefrologia e Transplante Renal, Departamento de Medicina, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Lisboa Norte, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Mafalda Carrington &#8226; Hospital Esp&#237;rito Santo de &#201;vora, 7000, &#201;vora &#8211; Portugal E-mail: mafaldacarrington@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pacemaker, Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Arteriovenous Fistula, Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Dialysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Vascular patrimony is a major concern in patients with end-stage renal disease. As patients on chronic hemodialysis programs experience increasing survival rates, they frequently face multiple vascular access failures and may need recurrent central venous catheter insertions and fistula/grafts re-interventions to optimize their arteriovenous accesses. In addition, heart failure and heart rhythm disorders are frequent comorbidities in this population, and pacemaker or implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) implantation are frequently indicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The estimated prevalence of Cardiovascular Electronic Implantable Devices (CIED) implantation in patients on chronic hemodialysis is about 10%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> We aimed to describe a new technique for pacemaker implantation, which consisted in preserving cephalic vein ipsilateral to arteriovenous fistula flow, and in evaluating clinical outcomes of this technique over 12 months.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Description</title>
        <p>We implanted an endocardial pacemaker in five consecutive patients in a chronic hemodialysis program and that had a mature (with more than 2 years) left radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula in the forearm. Four received a double chamber device with two 6-French pacings active fixation leads, and one received a single chamber device with the same lead type. Instead of interrupting the cephalic vein flow for lead fixation, this was accomplished with a cerclage suture technique, thus allowing patency and flow maintenance through the vessel in all five patients ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). After tissue debridement and cephalic vein isolation, the vein was proximally clamped with straight-tip hemostatic forceps. Subsequently, two curved-tip forceps were used to detach the vein wall, and a Potts scissor was used to cut it and gain access to the vessel&#8217;s lumen. Both leads were inserted into the vein and positioned in the right atrium and ventricle. Finally, a non-absorbable thread was placed around the curved-tip forceps, and the two leads and the cerclage were tightened over the vein wall to fixate the electrodes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Schematic representation of the steps necessary to perform the cerclage fixation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220926-20926-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pacemaker lead fixation with a cerclage technique to preserve cephalic vein flow.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220926-20926-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Over a 12-month follow-up period, clinical evaluation and complications were observed. Arteriovenous fistula flow assessment, pacemaker pocket, lead positioning, and performance were prospectively registered.</p>
        <p>Hemodialysis programs were not interrupted, and all treatments were performed using the original arteriovenous fistula. All patients underwent monthly surveillance techniques of arteriovenous fistula flow (Qa measurements by Doppler ultrasound<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and weekly clinical evaluation, and no changes were recorded during the follow-up period ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). Moreover, no local complications concerning pacemaker pocket or lead positioning on x-ray were observed. Finally, none of the patients had evidence of lead dysfunction at the end of the first month or the first-year pacemaker follow-up visits.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patient characteristics and follow-up</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Genre</th>
                  <th>Age</th>
                  <th>PM indication</th>
                  <th>Single or double-chamber device</th>
                  <th>Time since 1<sup><bold>st</bold></sup> arteriovenous fistula cannulation (at PM implantation)</th>
                  <th>Pre-implantation Qa (ml/min)</th>
                  <th>Maximum post-implantation Qa variation (%)</th>
                  <th>Follow-up duration</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">Complete AV block</td>
                  <td align="center">Double</td>
                  <td align="center">6 years</td>
                  <td align="center">1132</td>
                  <td align="center">-5%</td>
                  <td align="center">12 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">Complete AV block</td>
                  <td align="center">Double</td>
                  <td align="center">2 years</td>
                  <td align="center">988</td>
                  <td align="center">+9%</td>
                  <td align="center">12 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">2:1 AV block</td>
                  <td align="center">Double</td>
                  <td align="center">5 years</td>
                  <td align="center">781</td>
                  <td align="center">-7%</td>
                  <td align="center">12 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">Complete AV block</td>
                  <td align="center">Double</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;10 years</td>
                  <td align="center">1780</td>
                  <td align="center">-3%</td>
                  <td align="center">12 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                  <td align="center">Bradi-AF</td>
                  <td align="center">Single</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;10 years</td>
                  <td align="center">699</td>
                  <td align="center">-11%</td>
                  <td align="center">12 months</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; AV: auriculoventricular; PM: pacemaker. Reported Qa measurements represent the mean of three values obtained for each patient.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Although pacemaker lead-related chronic deep venous thrombosis is a well-known complication (described in 21-45% of the patients), most remain asymptomatic due to the development of adequate venous collateral circulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Yet, subclavian vein thrombosis may have serious implications when the patient has a concomitant ipsilateral arteriovenous fistula, although there is not enough evidence to recommend device implantation contralateral to an arteriovenous fistula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Small observational studies have demonstrated that arteriovenous fistula construction in patients with CIED may increase primary arteriovenous fistula failure on the same side,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and that there is a higher incidence of central venous stenosis in patients with ipsilateral CIED and arteriovenous fistula, comparing to patients with contralateral strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In a retrospective cohort,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> there were higher rates of central vein intervention in ipsilateral cases, even if the need for intervention in arteriovenous hemodialysis accesses were similar in both groups. In that study, ipsilateral cases corresponded more frequently to patients in which arteriovenous fistulas were constructed after CIED implantation (81%) and contralateral cases to patients with arteriovenous fistulas prior to CIED implantation (56%), thus suggesting that the maturity of the arteriovenous fistula may play an important role in the prevention of deep venous thrombosis and need for intervention. In fact, mature grafts may be associated with increased cephalic vein flow and diameter, thus contributing to access patency. We hypothesize that cephalic vein Doppler ultrasound evaluation could be useful to recommend implementing this innovative cerclage technique.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, although infectious complications are relatively infrequent in the overall population with devices, patients with end-stage renal disease have a 9-fold higher risk of CIED infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Some authors argue that alternatives such as epicardial leads, subcutaneous ICD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> or leadless pacemakers<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> should be used in patients with chronic kidney disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, such devices without intracavitary leads are less available and more expensive, and they do not allow both atrium sensing and pacing. Although leadless pacemakers appear to have an acceptable safety profile and a low risk of infection,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> evidence of their benefit and safety in highly-comorbid hemodialysis patients is lacking, as these patients were underrepresented in clinical trials. In addition, although epicardial pacemaker and subcutaneous ICD leads are not intravascular and thus not susceptible to bacterial colonization and endocarditis, pulse generators may also be subject to pocket infection. The majority of infectious complications in patients with CIED are related to pocket infection, as demonstrated in a retrospective review of all patients with cardiac device infections admitted to the Mayo Clinic, where an incidence of pocket infection (with or without bacteriemia) was present in almost three quarters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Finally, deep venous thrombosis on the side of the arteriovenous fistula could be minimized by puncture of the larger axillary vein or implantation on the contralateral side. However, none of the options would lower the infection risk mostly associated with repeated vascular access during dialysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Another disadvantage of the latter strategy is that ICD on the right side frequently results in higher defibrillation thresholds, thus requiring defibrillation threshold testing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>With this case series, we intended to demonstrate that, in patients with mature fistulas, pacemaker implantation with a technique that preserves the cephalic vein flow may be safe and unharmful to an ipsilateral arteriovenous fistula. This simple strategy seems to allow the preservation of the contralateral vascular patrimony without compromising the established dialysis program, thus becoming a possible alternative to leadless devices.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
