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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WWv37fFh8xfQHf6Qgp337tv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220869</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acentuada Hipertrofia Mioc&#225;rdica Conc&#234;ntrica, com Boa Evolu&#231;&#227;o P&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, em Crian&#231;a com 4 Anos de Idade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7773-4174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Edmar Atik &#8226; Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74 cj 73. CEP 01308050 S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>edmaratik@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220869</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Anormalidades Cong&#234;nitas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (MCH), caracterizada por hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, n&#227;o encontra explica&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica sob condi&#231;&#245;es das causas usuais que originam sobrecarga card&#237;aca decorrente da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas obstrutivas e de outras patologias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Decorre de patologia gen&#233;tica cardiovascular ocasionando doen&#231;a complexa, desde a diversidade g&#234;nica (para a qual j&#225; foram identificadas mais de 1400 muta&#231;&#245;es, em 11 genes diferentes), &#224; express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica, &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas e &#224; sintomatologia manifestada. Os genes para beta miosinas <italic>(MYH7)</italic> ocorrem em 35% dos casos e miosina ligada &#224; prote&#237;na C (MYBPC3) em 49%, correspondendo a tr&#234;s quartos das muta&#231;&#245;es patog&#234;nicas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Maior risco evolutivo &#233; observado no primeiro grupo de altera&#231;&#245;es, principalmente &#224; morte s&#250;bita. O desarranjo de miofibrilas com n&#250;cleos bizarros e aumento do tecido conjuntivo extracelular caracterizam os achados histol&#243;gicos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico &#233; alcan&#231;ado em 80% desses casos em crian&#231;as, importante para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, do planejamento terap&#234;utico e o aconselhamento gen&#233;tico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os sintomas da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica podem incluir a respira&#231;&#227;o encurtada, especialmente durante a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios, dores no peito, desmaios, fadiga, sensa&#231;&#227;o de batimento card&#237;aco acelerado ou palpita&#231;&#245;es, sopro card&#237;aco decorrente de obstru&#231;&#245;es ao fluxo e da insufici&#234;ncia mitral correlata. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca &#233; a consequ&#234;ncia mais imprevis&#237;vel e temida da MCH, e ocorre predominantemente em jovens, em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos ou mesmo com sintomatologia frustra. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A preven&#231;&#227;o de riscos s&#250;bitos deve ser orientada a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, ap&#243;s tratamento cl&#237;nico ineficaz e ap&#243;s a devida avalia&#231;&#227;o por ecocardiograma com esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> &#201; reconhecida tamb&#233;m a efic&#225;cia exclusiva do cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) na preven&#231;&#227;o da morte s&#250;bita. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Na abordagem aos pacientes com MCH e respectivas fam&#237;lias, torna-se assim fundamental a correta avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de morte s&#250;bita e do potencial benef&#237;cio da implanta&#231;&#227;o desse dispositivo em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica ocorre em 36% dos pacientes, que se beneficiam com o uso de betabloqueadores adren&#233;rgicos. Essa medica&#231;&#227;o, dada em alta dose (&gt; 4,5 mg/Kg/dia) torna-se primordial no aumento da sobrevida desses pacientes, que passa de 54% para 93% ap&#243;s 5 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o e propicia melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, redu&#231;&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da ventricular, aumento da cavidade ventricular e aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Betabloqueadores s&#227;o assim as principais drogas no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. Aliviam os sintomas em 2/3 dos pacientes e reduzem a obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo durante o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, sendo, portanto, a droga de escolha nesses pacientes. Demonstra-se tamb&#233;m a efetividade da disopiramida, inotr&#243;pico negativo por bloqueio dos canais de s&#243;dio, no al&#237;vio da obstru&#231;&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, embora pare&#231;a que diminua seu efeito com o tempo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Importa recordar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American College of Cardiology Foundation e American Heart Association</italic> nesta patologia desde 2011 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e aspectos preventivos, principalmente da morte s&#250;bita. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> S&#227;o representados por pelo menos um desses elementos <bold>:</bold> espessura m&#225;xima da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8805; 30 mm, s&#237;ncope inexplicada, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada, hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita e resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial durante o exerc&#237;cio. Outros fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos combinados tamb&#233;m s&#227;o considerados como o gradiente de press&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo e a idade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dentre os pacientes com MCH, destaca-se que um ter&#231;o deles manifestam obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em um ter&#231;o essa obstru&#231;&#227;o se manifesta ao exerc&#237;cio e no outro ter&#231;o evoluem sem qualquer obstru&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Gravidade maior ocorre em exterioriza&#231;&#227;o precoce no primeiro ano de vida e o risco a partir da&#237; se assemelha ao do adulto, em cerca de 1% de malef&#237;cios ao ano. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em demonstrar o tratamento cir&#250;rgico de miectomia septal como procedimento de realce na melhora dos sintomas e na preven&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita, na compara&#231;&#227;o com o mesmo procedimento na literatura m&#233;dica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Crian&#231;a do sexo feminino com 4 anos de idade, h&#237;gida at&#233; desenvolver s&#237;ncope ap&#243;s ter subido rapidamente dois lances de escada h&#225; um m&#234;s, quadro que se repetiu no dia seguinte. Retrospectivamente, certo cansa&#231;o discreto era notado pela m&#227;e comparando-a com sua irm&#227; normal, mesmo g&#234;mea univitelina. Sopro card&#237;aco discreto havia sido auscultado h&#225; dois anos em vig&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o viral. Na ocasi&#227;o, o ecocardiograma havia salientado discreta altera&#231;&#227;o hipertr&#243;fica no septo ventricular. Ecocardiograma atual revelou a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica conc&#234;ntrica com predom&#237;nio septal e obstru&#231;&#227;o acentuada da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e com insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral. Medica&#231;&#227;o betabloqueadora foi iniciada a seguir, com propranolol- 40 mg/dia.</p>
        <p>Exame f&#237;sico: bom estado geral, eupneica, acian&#243;tica, pulsos normais nos quatro membros. Peso: 19 Kg, Alt.: 100 cm, PA: 80/50 mm Hg, FC: 90 bpm, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio=98%. Aorta n&#227;o palpada na f&#250;rcula.</p>
        <p>Prec&#243;rdio: <italic>ictus cordis</italic> n&#227;o palpado, sem impuls&#245;es sist&#243;licas na borda esternal esquerda. Bulhas card&#237;acas normofon&#233;ticas, sopro sist&#243;lico rude de moderada intensidade ++/4, de eje&#231;&#227;o, mais aud&#237;vel na borda esternal esquerda e na &#225;rea mitral. F&#237;gado n&#227;o palpado e pulm&#245;es limpos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames Complementares</title>
        <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma:</bold> ritmo sinusal, PR: 0,12, QRS: 0,93, QTc: 0,43, sinais de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda com ondas S profundas em V1-V3 e &#237;ndice de Sokolof de 38 mm. Morfologia rS em V1 e qR em V6. N&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. AP= +60 <sup>o</sup> , AQRS= +45 <sup>o</sup> , AT= +35 <sup>o</sup> . Demonstra&#231;&#227;o no plano horizontal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Radiografias de t&#243;rax em per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato salientam a forma globosa do cora&#231;&#227;o, decorrente da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e o ECG no plano horizontal mostra sinais da sobrecarga ventricular esquerda com repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Radiografia de t&#243;rax:</bold> &#225;rea card&#237;aca com limite normal (&#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico=0,50) com morfologia arredondada e globosa, arco a&#243;rtico normal e trama vascular pulmonar normal, em duas imagens em per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p><bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>: As cavidades card&#237;acas eram normais, sendo VE=27, AE=29, VD=18, Ao=15, FEVE=88%, septo ventricular=13, parede posterior de VE= 9 mm. Obstru&#231;&#227;o hipertr&#243;fica do septo ventricular basal com gradiente m&#225;ximo de 87 mm Hg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2-7</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07"/>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Corte paraesternal eixo longo, evidenciando obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo em via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e insufici&#234;ncia mitral. SIV: septo interventricular; PP: parede posterior; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AO: aorta; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Corte apical cinco c&#226;maras, evidenciando obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo em via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e insufici&#234;ncia mitral. SIV: septo interventricular; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AO: aorta; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VSVE: via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Corte apical cinco c&#226;maras, evidenciando obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo em via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo ao color Doppler. Gradiente m&#225;ximo obtido em via de sa&#237;da ventricular = 94 mmHg. AO: aorta; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Ecocardiograma intraoperat&#243;rio pr&#233; circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SIV: septo interventricular; AO: aorta; VSVE: via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico intraoperat&#243;rio pr&#233; e p&#243;s sa&#237;da de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC). VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SIV: septo interventricular; AO: aorta; VSVE: via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Corte apical cinco c&#226;maras, demonstrando redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente em via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao color Doppler (12 mmHg) ap&#243;s miectomia. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AO: aorta.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico:</bold> miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica conc&#234;ntrica com predom&#237;nio do septo ventricular com obstru&#231;&#227;o acentuada da via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada. Epis&#243;dios recentes de s&#237;ncope ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold><italic>Racioc&#237;nio Cl&#237;nico:</italic></bold> nesta crian&#231;a sem sintomas pr&#233;vios e com s&#237;ncope recente ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, os elementos cl&#237;nicos orientaram para o diagn&#243;stico presum&#237;vel de miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica com obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, denotado pelo sopro sist&#243;lico rude e intenso ao longo da borda esternal esquerda. Acresce a forma globosa do cora&#231;&#227;o na radiografia de t&#243;rax. Essa impress&#227;o foi consolidada pelo ecocardiograma, em uma demonstra&#231;&#227;o n&#237;tida da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica conc&#234;ntrica com predom&#237;nio do septo ventricular, que obstru&#237;a a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold><italic>Diagn&#243;stico diferencial:</italic></bold> em paciente com s&#237;ncope, diagn&#243;stico de poss&#237;vel arritmia card&#237;aca decorrente de alguma canulopatia, deve tamb&#233;m ser lembrada, assim como a possibilidade de compress&#227;o coron&#225;ria por anomalia de origem e trajeto coron&#225;rio an&#244;malo. Tais possibilidades, no entanto, foram afastadas em face da presen&#231;a do sopro sist&#243;lico que denunciou a obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo sangu&#237;neo.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><bold>Conduta:</bold> Dada a repercuss&#227;o da MCH com obstru&#231;&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia mitral e s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via, a orienta&#231;&#227;o imediata foi o al&#237;vio cir&#250;rgico dos defeitos. Por esternotomia mediana o timo foi preservado, circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea estabelecida pela aorta e duas veias cavas, em temperatura de 30 <sup>o</sup> C. O &#225;trio direito foi aberto assim como o septo atrial para descompress&#227;o das cavidades esquerdas. Pela aortomia, a valva a&#243;rtica era normal e se visualizou a presen&#231;a de acentuada hipertrofia septal na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Atrav&#233;s a miectomia dessa regi&#227;o houve al&#237;vio acentuado da obstru&#231;&#227;o. Tempo de CEC de 65 minutos e de an&#243;xia de 42 minutos. Na sa&#237;da de CEC, observadas extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares frequentes.</p>
        <p>Ecocardiograma transoperat&#243;rio revelou a MCH conc&#234;ntrica acentuada com predom&#237;nio septal. O segmento basal do septo era de 15 mm de espessura com gradiente m&#225;ximo na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 87 mm Hg. Havia movimento sist&#243;lico anterior da valva mitral e insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada. Ap&#243;s a miectomia septal da regi&#227;o basal, o gradiente m&#225;ximo se tornou de 4 mm Hg e a insufici&#234;ncia mitral discreta com dois jatos pequenos. Houve preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular com a continuidade da altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento ventricular esquerdo.</p>
        <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o imediata houve desaparecimento do sopro sist&#243;lico da borda esternal esquerda. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mais baixa no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato de cerca de 60 bpm aumentou para 80 bpm em ritmo sinusal em uso de Noradrenalina e vasodilatador sist&#234;mico, Milrinona em doses baixas, por tr&#234;s dias. Permaneceu com drenagem exagerada pelos drenos pleural e do mediastino por 4 dias. A radiografia de t&#243;rax mostrou o mesmo aspecto do pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio com a forma globosa e o eletrocardiograma tamb&#233;m permaneceu inalterado, exce&#231;&#227;o ao ritmo juncional intercalado com o sinusal. Na restitui&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o com Propranolol, teve alta em boas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, na esperan&#231;a do controle do quadro sincopal, mas com a continuidade do cuidado evolutivo da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica &#233; a segunda forma mais comum de doen&#231;a do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco que afeta crian&#231;as e adolescentes e &#233; a principal causa de morte s&#250;bita em jovens atletas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A maioria na inf&#226;ncia &#233; causada por muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes da prote&#237;na do sac&#244;mero card&#237;aco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico de MCH em beb&#234;s geralmente &#233; feito durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o de um sopro card&#237;aco ou em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. As crian&#231;as geralmente s&#227;o encaminhadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o de sintomas, anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou pelo encontro de sopro card&#237;aco, ou ainda para triagem familiar ap&#243;s diagn&#243;stico de MCH em um parente. Como a maioria dos casos de MCH s&#227;o familiares, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de parentes de primeiro grau e outros membros da fam&#237;lia em risco de herdar a doen&#231;a deve ser um componente de rotina do manejo cl&#237;nico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica permanece um desafio.</p>
      <p>Recentemente, os avan&#231;os no diagn&#243;stico e nas op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento foram fundamentais para diminuir a frequ&#234;ncia de eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos. Entretanto, a elimina&#231;&#227;o completa da morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita ainda permanece o maior ganho e indescrit&#237;vel. Pacientes pedi&#225;tricos sintom&#225;ticos tem alto &#237;ndice de mortalidade (6%/ano) e a evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a miectomia tem sido boa, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> como tamb&#233;m demonstrado no presente caso. Mas, se deve lembrar que o tratamento m&#233;dico tem sido a conduta inicial para pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, mesmo com obstru&#231;&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos sem sinais de obstru&#231;&#227;o importante da via de sa&#237;da ventricular se recomenda firmemente a execu&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma sob estresse f&#237;sico, assim como a manuten&#231;&#227;o em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio como um fator importante na indu&#231;&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o anteriormente n&#227;o detectada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A miectomia septal para pacientes sintom&#225;ticos devido &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o detectada da via de sa&#237;da ventricular continua sendo um tratamento excelente, caso n&#227;o haja a devida melhora cl&#237;nica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De 1975 a 2003 na <italic>Mayo Clinic, Rochester-Minnesota, USA</italic> , 56 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; miectomia, de 2 meses a 20 anos de idade, em m&#233;dia de 11+5,6 anos. O gradiente de press&#227;o ventricular diminuiu de 103+34 para 16+12 mmHg e em evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria m&#233;dia de 8,6+6,2 anos, e a sobrevida foi de 97 e 93% em 5 e 10 anos respectivamente, estando 96% em CF-I-II. Reopera&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em 8 pacientes sendo em 2 por nova miectomia septal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Experi&#234;ncias recentes na MCH s&#227;o limitadas e saliento tamb&#233;m a boa evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes operados com obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da dos dois ventr&#237;culos. Em estudo da <italic>Zhejiang University-Hangzhou-China</italic> , desde 2009 a 2018 em 117 crian&#231;as consecutivas submetidas a miectomia, de 6 meses a 17 anos, observou-se sobrevida de 100% em 1 ano e 96,5% em 3 anos, excluindo-se tr&#234;s mortes s&#250;bitas p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. Neste estudo, havia 22 pacientes (18.8%) com obstru&#231;&#227;o &#224; direita e 61 (52,1%) &#224; esquerda e pontes mioc&#225;rdicas em 25 (21,4%) pacientes. Houve no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio evolutivo diminui&#231;&#227;o do gradiente de press&#227;o obstrutivo assim como da insufici&#234;ncia mitral e da espessura do septo ventricular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Outro estudo em 11 pacientes, operados de 1993 a 2013, na <italic>Mayo Clinic-USA</italic> , com m&#233;dia de idade de 13 anos (2 meses a 28 anos), todos sintom&#225;ticos com gradientes de press&#227;o de 60+18 e 78+24 mmHg &#224; direita e &#224; esquerda, obtiveram boa resolu&#231;&#227;o das obstru&#231;&#245;es e sem riscos evolutivos em tempo m&#233;dio de 4,6 anos, m&#225;ximo de 16,3 anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outra t&#233;cnica tamb&#233;m aplicada &#233; a de <italic>Konno</italic> modificada, especialmente quando h&#225; obstru&#231;&#227;o biventricular e em crian&#231;as abaixo de 5 anos. Servi&#231;o franc&#234;s do <italic>H&#244;pital Universitaire Necker em Paris</italic> mostrou bons resultados em 79 pacientes, operados entre 1991 e 2016, com sobrevida de 82% em 20 anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como conclus&#227;o, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico de les&#245;es obstrutivas causadas pela miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, se torna favor&#225;vel em pacientes selecionados, em vista da real necessidade da interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Esse procedimento sem d&#250;vida diminui a incid&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita, de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da progress&#227;o da miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. Controle m&#233;dico constante e rigoroso se imp&#245;e assim como institui&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos de atividade f&#237;sica restrita e ainda sem a necessidade de profilaxia antibi&#243;tica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Marked Concentric Myocardial Hypertrophy with Good Postoperative Evolution in a 4 Years Old Child</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7773-4174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Edmar Atik &#8226; Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74 cj 73. Postal Code 01308050 S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: edmaratik@uol.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Abnormalities Congenital/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Sudden Cardiac Death</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), characterized by hypertrophy of the left ventricle, has no etiological explanation under conditions of the usual diseases that cause cardiac overloads like systemic arterial hypertension, obstructive congenital heart diseases, and other pathologies. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> It results from cardiovascular genetic pathology causing a complex disease, from gene diversity (more than 1400 mutations identified in 11 different genes) to phenotypic expression, histological characteristics, and manifested symptoms. Beta myosins (MYH7) genes occur in 35% of the cases, and myosin is linked to protein C (MYBPC3) in 49%, corresponding to three-quarters of the pathogenic mutations. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Higher evolutionary risk is observed in the first group of changes, mainly to sudden death. The breakdown of myofibrils with bizarre nuclei and increased extracellular connective tissue characterize the histological findings. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Genetic diagnosis is achieved in 80% of these cases in children, which is important for risk stratification, therapeutic planning, and genetic counseling. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may include shortness of breath, especially during exercise, chest pain, fainting, fatigue, a feeling of rapid heartbeat or palpitations, heart murmur due to flow obstructions, and related mitral regurgitation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sudden cardiac death is the most unpredictable and feared consequence of HCM and occurs predominantly in young people, asymptomatic individuals, or even with frustrated symptoms. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Preventing sudden risks should be oriented towards surgical intervention after ineffective clinical treatment and due assessment by echocardiogram with physical effort. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The unique effectiveness of the implantable defibrillator cardioverter (ICD) in preventing sudden death is also recognized. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In the approach to patients with HCM and their families, it is essential to correctly assess the risk of sudden death and the potential benefit of implanting this device in primary prevention. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Diastolic heart failure occurs in 36% of patients who benefit from adrenergic beta-blockers. This medication, given in a high dose (&gt; 4.5 mg/kg/day), is essential in increasing the survival of these patients, which goes from 54 to 93% after 5 years of evolution. It improves diastolic function, reduces ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and increases the ventricular cavity and cardiac output. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Beta-blockers are thus the main drugs in the pharmacological treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. They relieve symptoms in 2/3 of patients and reduce left ventricular outflow tract obstruction during physical exertion, thus being the drug of choice in these patients. It also demonstrates the effectiveness of disopyramide, a negative inotrope by blocking sodium channels, in relieving left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, although it seems to decrease its effect over time. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is important to remember the recommendations of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and American Heart Association in this pathology since 2011 concerning diagnosis, treatment, and preventive aspects, mainly of sudden death. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> They are represented by at least one of these elements: maximum left ventricular wall thickness &#8805; 30 mm, unexplained syncope, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, family history of sudden death, and abnormal blood pressure response during exercise. Other classic risk factors combined are also considered, such as the pressure gradient in the left ventricular outflow tract, the diameter of the left atrium, and age. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among HCM patients, it is highlighted that one-third of them manifest obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract; in one-third, this obstruction is manifested during exercise, and in the other third, they evolve without any obstruction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Greater severity occurs in early externalization in the first year of life, and the risk after that is similar to that of adults, with about 1% of harm per year. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This work aims to demonstrate the surgical treatment of septal myectomy as an enhancement procedure in improving symptoms and preventing sudden death compared to the same procedure in the medical literature.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case description</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical data</title>
          <p>Female child, 4 years old, healthy until she developed syncope after having quickly climbed two flights of stairs a month ago, a picture repeated the next day. In retrospect, the mother noticed slight discreet tiredness, comparing her to the normal sister, even a twin sister. A mild heart murmur had been heard two years ago in the presence of a viral infection. At the time, the echocardiogram had highlighted a slight hypertrophic change in the ventricular septum. The current echocardiogram revealed concentric myocardial hypertrophy with septal predominance, marked left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and mitral valve insufficiency. Beta-blocking medication was started next, with propranolol- 40 mg/day.</p>
          <p>Physical examination: good general condition, eupneic, acyanotic, normal pulses in the four limbs. Weight: 19 Kg, Height: 100 cm, BP: 80/50 mm Hg, HR: 90 bpm, oxygen saturation = 98%. Aorta is not palpated at the suprasternal notch.</p>
          <p>Precordium: apical impulse not palpable, without systolic impulses at the left sternal border. Normal intensity heart sounds, a rough systolic murmur of moderate intensity ++/4, ejection, more audible on the left sternal border and in the mitral area. Liver not palpated, and lungs clear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complementary exams</title>
          <p><bold>Electrocardiogram:</bold> sinus rhythm, PR: 0.12, QRS: 0.93, QTc: 0.43, signs of left ventricular overload with deep S waves in V1-V3 and 38 mm Sokolof index. RS morphology in V1 and qR in V6. There were no changes in ventricular repolarization. AP = +60 <sup>o</sup> , AQRS= +45 <sup>o</sup> , AT = +35 <sup>o</sup> . Demonstration in the horizontal plane ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Chest radiographs in the immediate postoperative period highlight the globose shape of the heart, resulting from myocardial hypertrophy, and the ECG in the horizontal plane shows signs of left ventricular overload with normal ventricular repolarization.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Chest radiography:</bold> cardiac area with normal limit (cardiothoracic index = 0.50) with rounded and globular morphology, normal aortic arch, and normal pulmonary vascular network in two images in the immediate postoperative period ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p><bold>Echocardiogram:</bold> Cardiac cavities were normal, LV = 27, LA = 29, RV = 18, Ao = 15, LVEF = 88%, ventricular septum=13, LV posterior wall=9 mm. Hypertrophic obstruction of the basal ventricular septum with a maximum gradient of 87 mm Hg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2-7</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001"/>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Parasternal long-axis view, showing obstruction to flow in the left ventricular outflow tract and mitral regurgitation. VS: interventricular septum; PP: posterior wall; LV: left ventricle; AO: aorta; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle; MI: mitral insufficiency.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Apical five-chamber view, showing obstruction to flow in the left ventricular outflow tract and mitral insufficiency. VS: interventricular septum; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; AO: aorta; LA: left atrium; LVO: left ventricular outflow tract; MI: mitral insufficiency.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Apical five-chamber view, showing obstruction to flow in the outflow tract of the ventricle on color Doppler. Maximum gradient obtained in the ventricular outflow tract = 94 mmHg. Ao: aorta; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Intraoperative echocardiogram before cardiopulmonary bypass. LV: left ventricle; VS: interventricular septum; AO: aorta; LVO: left ventricular outflow tract; MI: mitral insufficiency; LA: left atrium.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiogram before and after off-pump cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). LV: left ventricle; VS: interventricular septum; AO: aorta; LVO: left ventricular outflow tract; MI: mitral insufficiency.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Apical five-chamber view, demonstrating a reduction in the left ventricular outflow tract gradient on color Doppler (12 mmHg) after myectomy. LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; AO: aorta.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220869-20869-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Clinical Diagnosis:</bold> concentric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with a predominance of the ventricular septum, marked left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and mitral insufficiency&#8212;recent episodes of syncope with physical exertion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical characteristics</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Clinical Reasoning:</bold> in this child without previous symptoms and with recent syncope to physical exertion, the clinical elements guided the presumptive diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract, denoted by the severe systolic murmur along the left sternal border. Plus, the globose heart shape on the chest X-ray. The echocardiogram consolidated this impression, which clearly demonstrated concentric myocardial hypertrophy with a predominance of the ventricular septum, which obstructed the left ventricular outflow tract.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Differential diagnosis:</bold> in a patient with syncope, a diagnosis of possible cardiac arrhythmia due to some canulopathy should also be remembered, as well as the possibility of coronary compression due to an anomaly of origin and also an anomalous coronary path. Such possibilities, however, were ruled out due to the presence of the systolic murmur denouncing an obstruction to blood flow.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p><bold>Management:</bold> Given the repercussion of HCM with obstruction, mitral regurgitation, and previous syncope, immediate guidance was the surgical relief of the defect. The thymus was preserved by median sternotomy, and a cardiopulmonary bypass was established through the aorta and two vena cava at a temperature of 30 <sup>o</sup> C. The right atrium and the atrial septum were opened to decompress the left cavities. Through the aortomy, the aortic valve was normal and marked septal hypertrophy was seen in the left ventricular outflow tract. Through the myectomy of this region, there was marked relief of the obstruction. CPB time of 65 minutes and anoxia of 42 minutes. At the exit of CPB, frequent supraventricular extrasystoles were observed.</p>
          <p>A transoperative echocardiogram revealed marked concentric HCM with septal predominance. The basal segment of the septum was 15 mm thick with a maximum gradient in the left ventricular outflow tract of 87 mm Hg. There was an anterior systolic movement of the mitral valve and marked mitral regurgitation. After septal myectomy of the basal region, the maximum gradient became 4 mm Hg and mild mitral regurgitation with two small jets. The ventricular function was preserved with the continuation of the change in left ventricular relaxation.</p>
          <p>In the immediate evolution, the systolic murmur of the left sternal border disappeared. In the immediate postoperative period, the lower heart rate of about 60 bpm increased to 80 bpm in sinus rhythm using Noradrenaline and systemic vasodilator, Milrinone, in low doses, for three days. It remained with exaggerated drainage through the pleural and mediastinal drains for 4 days. The chest X-ray showed the same aspect of the preoperative with the globose shape, and the electrocardiogram also remained unchanged, except for the junctional rhythm interspersed with the sinus. When returning the medication with Propranolol, she was discharged in good clinical condition, hoping to control the syncopal condition but with the continuity of the evolutionary care of myocardial hypertrophy.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the second most common form of heart muscle disease that affects children and adolescents and is the main cause of sudden death in young athletes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Mutations in the genes of the cardiac sarcomere protein1-5 cause the majority in childhood. The diagnosis of HCM in infants is usually made while assessing a heart murmur or congestive heart failure. Children are usually referred for symptom assessment, electrocardiographic abnormalities, a heart murmur, or family screening after diagnosis of HCM in a relative. As the majority of cases of HCM are familial, evaluating first-degree relatives and other family members at risk of inheriting the disease should be a routine component of clinical management. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Risk stratification in the pediatric population remains a challenge.</p>
        <p>Recently, advances in diagnosis and treatment options have been instrumental in decreasing the frequency of adverse clinical events. However, completely eliminating sudden cardiac death remains the greatest and indescribable gain. Symptomatic pediatric patients have a high mortality rate (6%/year), and the evolution after myectomy has been good, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> as demonstrated in the present case. However, remember that medical treatment has been the initial approach for symptomatic patients, even with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In symptomatic patients without signs of major ventricular outflow tract obstruction, performing an echocardiogram under physical stress is strongly recommended. Maintaining an orthostatic position after exercise is an important factor in the induction of previously undetected obstruction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The septal myectomy for symptomatic patients due to the detected ventricular outflow tract obstruction remains an excellent treatment if there is no clinical improvement. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>From 1975 to 2003, at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester-Minnesota, USA, 56 patients underwent myectomy, from 2 months to 20 years of age, with an average of 11 + 5.6 years. The ventricular pressure gradient decreased from 103 + 34 to 16 + 12 mmHg, the mean postoperative evolution was 8.6 + 6.2 years, and survival was 97 and 93% in 5 and 10 years, respectively, 96% in CF-I-II. Reoperation occurred in 8 patients, 2 due to a new septal myectomy. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recent experiences in HCM are limited, and I also highlight the good evolution of patients operated on with obstruction of the outlet of both ventricles. In a study by Zhejiang University-Hangzhou-China, from 2009 to 2018, in 117 consecutive children going myectomy from 6 months to 17 years, there was a 100% survival in 1 year and 96.5% in 3 years, excluding three sudden postoperative deaths. In this study, there were 22 patients (18.8%) with obstruction on the right and 61 (52.1%) on the left and myocardial bridges in 25 (21.4%) patients. In the postoperative period, there was a decrease in the obstructive pressure gradient, mitral regurgitation, and ventricular septum thickness. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Another study on 11 patients, operated from 1993 to 2013, at Mayo Clinic-USA, with a mean age of 13 years (2 months to 28 years), all symptomatic with pressure gradients of 60 + 18 and 78 + 24 mmHg at right and left, they obtained good resolution of the obstructions and without evolutionary risks in an average time of 4.6 years, maximum of 16.3 years. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another technique also applied is modified Konno, especially when there is biventricular obstruction and in children under 5 years of age. French service of the H&#244;pital Universitaire Necker in Paris showed good results in 79 patients operated on between 1991 and 2016, with 82% survival in 20 years. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In conclusion, the surgical treatment of obstructive lesions caused by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is favorable in selected patients because of the real need for the intervention.</p>
        <p>This procedure undoubtedly reduces the incidence of sudden death, heart failure, and the progression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Constant and rigorous medical control is necessary, as well as the establishment of restricted physical activity habits without the need for antibiotic prophylaxis.</p>
      </sec>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
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